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[REGULATION 2013]
GE6163 PHYSICS LAB MANUAL
2 m d - d1 T 0
T2
2
-T1
2
2
Kg m
2
The Rigidity modulus of the material of the wire
8 Il
2 4
T r
Nm-2
0
Symbol
Explanation
Unit
m
Mass of any one of the cylindrical masses
r
Radius of the suspended wire
meter
l
Length of the suspension wire
meter
Minimum distance between the suspension wire and the
centre of mass of the cylinder
Maximum distance between the suspension wire and the
centre of mass of the cylinder
meter
Time period when no masses are placed
Time period when two identical masses are placed at the
maximum distance
Moment of inertia of the disc
sec
d1
d2
T0
T1
I
Kg
meter
sec
2
kg-m
PROCEDUR
One end of the long uniform metallic wire whose rigidity modulus to be
determined is clamped. On the other lower end, a heavy metallic disc is attached
by
means of a chuck. The length of the suspension wire is fixed to a particular val
ue say,
60 or 70 cm. Now the disc is slightly twisted so that it executes torsional osci
llations.
-3
x 10 m
Observed
Reading =
(PSR + HSR)
-3
x 10
-3
m
x 10 m
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mean=
CALCULATION
Mass of any one of the cylindrical masses
m
Radius of the suspended wire
r
Minimum distance between the suspension
wire and the centre of mass of the cylinder d1
Maximum distance between the suspension
=
Correct
Reading =
(OR ZC)
x 10
-3
kg.
-3
=
x 10 m
=
x 10
-2
m
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Length of the suspended wire
Time period without masses
l
-2
x 10 m
=
T0
=
Time period when two identical masses are
placed at the minimum distance d1 T1 =
sec
Time period when two identical masses are
placed at the maximum distance d2 T2 =
sec
sec
The moment of inertia of the metallic disc is given by
I
2 m d - d1 T0
2
T2 -T12
2
Kg m
2
The Rigidity modulus of the material of the wire is given by
8 Il
T 2 r 4 Nm-2
0
RESULT
1. The moment of inertia of the metallic disc (I)
=
2. The Rigidity modulus of the material of the wire ( )
=
VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS
1. What is torsion pendulum?
2. What is a rigid body?
3. Why it is called torsion pendulum?
4. What is the type of oscillation executing in torsion pendulum?
5. On what factors the time of oscillation depends?
6. Is there any rigidity modulus for fluids?
2
kg m
Nm
-2
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MSR
cm
VSC
div
Mean
TR
cm
(y)
Mean
y for M kg
cm
x10 m
-2
ZC)
x 10 m
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mean
=
Table 2.3. To find the thickness of the beam using Screw gauge
LC = 0.01 mm
S.No.
PSR
ZE =
-3
ZC =
HSC
-3
x 10 m
----- div
(ZE x LC) =------ x 10 m
Div
(HSR
x 10 -3 m
OR =
(PSR + HSR)
-3
x 10 m
CR =
(OR ZC)
-3
x 10 m
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mean=
CALCULATION:
-3
Load applied at mid point
Acceleration due to gravity
m = -------------- x10
g =--------------ms-2.
Breadth of the beam
b = -------------- x10
Thickness of the beam
-2
kg.
m
-3
d = ------------- x10
m
Radius of the boe of the capillay tube
mete
l
Length of the capillay tube
mete
V
45 50
50
h 0 = .x 10
m
Time fo
Height of
flow of 5 cc
initial
eading h1
liquid
second
cm
Height of
initial
Pessue head
h = (h1+h2)/2 h0
ht
cm
cm-sec
eading h2
cm
d1
d2 = ------- cm
d = ------- cm
CALCULATION:
-6
V = ..x 10 kg
Volume of the liquid collected
Density of the given liquid
3
= kg/m
-2
Acceleation due to gavity g = 9.8 ms
Radius of the capillay tube
Length of the capillay tube
g ht
8l v
-2
Nsm
= .
RESULT:
-2
The coefficient of viscosity of the given liquid
= ..Nsm .
A D 2
sin
sin A / 2
2. Dispesive powe of the pism,
2
1
1
12
Whee
(
2 )
12
2
Symbol
Explanation
A
Angle of the pism
Unit
degees
D
Angle of minimum deviation
degees
1
Refactive index of the pism
L.C)
L.C)
Refracted
Vernier A
Vernier B
ray
readings
Lines of
MSR VSC TR MSR VSC TR
spectrum deg
div
Deg deg
div
Deg
R1
R1
Va
Vb
R1 R2 R1 R2
deg
deg
Direct ray
R2
R2
Table 4.3. Determination of
S.No
Refractive index
1
2
(
1
2
2
Mean
D
Va+Va/2
deg
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RESULT:
(1) Angle of the prism A = --------------------(2) Angle of minimum deviation D = ------------------------(3)
Refractive index of the material of the given prism = ----------(4 )
Mean dispersive power of the given prism = -------------------VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS:
1. Define refractive index
2. How does refractive index changes with wavelength of light?
3. What is the condition for obtaining minimum deviation
4. Define dispersive power.
5. Which lines have the greatest deviation from the direct ray? Why?
6. What is the significance of dispersive power?
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2
m
Expanation
Waveength of the sodium vapour amp (=589310
Unit
Meter
10m)
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DIAGRAM
Fig. 5. Air wedge arrangement
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(R2)
-2
= R2~ R1 .. 10 m
RESULT
Thickness of the thin wire = meter.
VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS:
1. What is interference?
2. What is an air-wedge arrangement?
3. How interference fringes are formed in an air-wedge arrangement?
4. Why straight ine fringes are formed in an air wedge arrangement?
t
2
m
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sin
Nm
Symo
Expanation
Ange of diffraction
N
Numer of ines per metre in the grating
m
Order of the diffraction
Unit
degree
ines/meter
--PROCEDURE
(A) To standardize the grating using sodium ight:
The preiminary adjustments of the spectrometer are made. The sit is iuminate
d
with sodium ight. The teescope is rought in a ine with the coimator and th
e direct
reading is taken on oth the verniers. The prism tae is firmy camped and the
teescope
0
is turned through 90 and fixed in this position (Fig.1). The grating is mounted
on the
tae so that the ruings on it are parae to the sit. The grating patform i
s rotated ti the
image of the sit refected from the surface of the grating is seen in the tees
cope.
The patform is fixed in the position at which the vertica crosswire coincides
with the
0
fixed edge of the image of the sit. The vernier tae is rotated through exact
y 45 in the
proper direction, so that the surface of the grating ecomes norma to the coi
mator. The
prism tae is a fixed in this position, now the grating is adjusted for norma
incidence.
The teescope is now reeased and rought to the position of the direct image. O
n
either side of it are seen the diffracted images of the first order.
The teescope is turned to the eft to view the first order diffracted image. Th
e vertica
oth the verniers are taken (fig-2).The teescope is turned to the right. Readin
g are noted
when the crosswire coincides with the first order image on the right. The differ
ence
0
etween the two readings gives 2 . Hence is determined ( =5893 A , m=1).The
numer of ines per metre N of the grating is cacuated using the reation
N
sin
m
sin
m
Nm
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Fig. 6.1. To set the norma incident position
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Fig. 6.2 Diffracted rays from grating
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T
R
MS
R
VS
R
TR
Left
2
Right
2
A1
A2
B1 B2
Mean 2
Angle of
diffraction
N = sin / m lines/m
=
sin /Nm
A
Symbol
M
2
2r
2h
1
d
1
2
dt
2
-1
Explanation
Mass of the metallic disc
S
(d/dt)2
-1
W m K
Specific heat capacity of the material of the disc
Rate of cooling at 2
Unit
kg
J kg-1 K-1
0
r
Radius of metallic disc
C/s
meter
h
Thickness of metallic disc
meter
d
Thickness of bad conductor
meter
1
Steady temperature of a steam chamber
2
Steady temperature of the metallic disc
C
0C
0
THEORY
The thickness of the bad conductor say card board and thickness of the metallic
disc are determined using a screw gauge. The radius of the metallic disc is foun
d using a
vernier caliper. The mass of a metallic disc is also found using a common balanc
e. The
readings are tabulated.
m/s
V
Velocity of the given liuid
Kg/m
---1
3
PROCEDURE:
The measuring cell which is an especially double walled cell for maintaining the
temperature of the liuid constant during the experiment is filled up with given
liuid.
The measuring cell is connected to the output terminal of the high freuency gen
erator
through a coaxial cable provided with the instrument. The micrometer screw is in
itially
set as 25 mm. The generator is switched on to excite the uartz crystal at its f
reuency to
generate ultrasonic waves in the liuid. This has to be done only after filling
the liuid in
the measuring cell and not earlier. The generator consists of two knobs namely g
ain and
adj knobs, which for sensitivity regulation for greater deflection and for initi
al adjustment
of micrometer at zero initially. The adj knob is adjusted slightly to adjust the
position of
the needle on the ammeter which is used to notice the number of maximum deflecti
ons.
The gain knob is rotated and set it to show maximum reading in the ammeter. The
= ..m N
--meter
meter
meter
PROCEDURE:
Sprinkle a thin uniform layer of lycopodium powder on a glass plate. Mount the
screen and glass plate upright. The light from laser source transmitted through
the layer
of lycopodium in the glass plate is adjusted to form a diffracted image in the c
entre of the
screen. Diffracted circular fringes of laser co lour will e visible on the scree
n.
10 M
10
-4
m
X 2n
2
Xn
-10
2
Particle size
2
2d
2
Xn
m
Xn
10
-2
1
2
3
1
2
3
Mean 2d = 10
-10
m
m
10
-10
m
2
Angle of diffraction
Degree
r1
Diameter of the beam spot at a distance D1
if
cm
r2
Diameter of the beam spot at a distance D2
cm
sin
m
Where,
-10
m)
= R 1- R 2
=
= S1- S2
=
Mean
x2
tan
x
tan
1
Wavelength
sin
1
Nm
x
-2
10 m
m
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mean
-10
1 = .. m
= ............10
= ..
m
CALCULATION:
The wavelength of the given source of light is
sin
1
Nm
sin
sin ..........
1
Nm
m
1
To find the angle of divergence ( ):
Angle of divergence gives the degree of directionality of the laser beam. As
shown in fig the laser source and a stand are kept at some distance say d1 and the
diameter of the spot r1 is measured. By varying the Distance to d2, the diameter of
the spot r2 is measured. By substituting these values in the given formula, the an
gle of
divergence can be calculated. The experiment is repeated for various values of d
1 and d2
PRECAUTIONS:
The experiment should be done in a dark room.
The grating should have a less number of lines.
Direct view of the laser should be avoided.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What does the term LASER stands for?
2. What is the principle of laser?
3. What are the properties of laser?
4. What are the different types of lasers available? Which one is used in this e
xperiment?
5. What is stimulated emission?
6. Explain the basic mechanism of lasing action.
7. Mention a few applications of laser.
8. Distinguish between laser source and convention light sources.
9. What is an optical cavity?
10. What is population inversion? Explain why it is easier to achieve it in a fo
ur
level laser compared to that in a three level laser?
11. What is the wavelength of laser light from (a) Ruby laser, (b) He-Ne laser,
and
(c) CO2 laser?
-2
m
m
b
Breadth of the beam
m
d
Thickness of the beam
m
y
Elevation produced for a load
m
PROCEDURE
The given beam is symmetrically supported on two knife edges. Two
weight hangers are suspended at equal distance from the knife edges. A pin is fi
xed
vertically at C by some wax. The length of the beam (l) between the knife edges
is set for
60 cm. A traveling microscope is focused on the tip of the pin such that the hor
izontal
cross wire coincides with the tip of the pin. The reading in the vertical traver
se scale is
noted for dead load. In equal steps of m Kg added to the weight hangers; the
TR
cm
MSR
cm
VSCd
iv
Mean
for M kg
-2
cm
TR
cm
x10 m
Mean (y) =
Table 11.2. To find the breadth of the beam using vernier caliper
LC = 0.01cm
OR = MSR + (VSC x LC)
S.No.
MSR
VSC
VSR =(VSCXLC)
OR =MSR + VSR
cm
div.
cm
x10 m
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mean (b) =
-2
----- div
(ZE x LC) =------ x 10 m
PSR
HSC
-3
x 10 m
Div
OR =
PSR+ (HSC x LC)
-3
x 10 m
CR = OR
-3
ZC
x 10 m
1
2
3
4
5
Mean=
CALCULATION:
Load applied at mid point
-3
m=
-------------- x10 kg.
g =-------------- ms-2.
Acceleration due to gravity Breadth of
the beam Thickness of the beam
Distance between the points of application of load
and nearest knife edge
b = -------------- x10
-2
-3
d = ------------- x10
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r Ohm
2 b
X r2
ohm-metre
Explanation
Unit
rb
Resistance per meter length of the bridge wire
X
Unknown resistance
ohm
meter
R
Balancing lengths
Known value of resistance in the resistance box
r
Radius of the given coil of wire
meter
l
Length of the given coil of wire
meter
la , lb , l1 & l2
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Fig. 12. CAREY-FOSTERS BRIDGE
ohm/meter
meter
ohm
1
2
b
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Table12.2. To find the radius of the given coil of wire.
LC = 0.01 mm
ZE =
-3
ZC =
PSR
S.No.
HSC
-3
x 10 m
----div
(ZE x LC) =------ x 10 m
Div
OR =
PSR+ (HSC x LC)
-3
x 10 m
CR = OR
-3
ZC
x 10 m
1
2
3
4
5
Mean(diameter d) =
-3
Radius of the wire = d/2 = --------x 10 m
THEORY
The Carey -Foster Bridge consist of a one meter wire (AB) of uniform resistance
stretched on a wooden board. Carey Foster Bridge is similar to that of a metre bri
dge,
with a difference of having four gaps, in which proper resistances can be insert
ed as
shown in the figure.
r2
metre
metre
ohm-metre
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RESULT
The unknown resistance of the given coil of wire(X) =-------ohms
Specific resistance of the given coil of wire
= ------------ ohm-metre
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is Carey-Foster Bridge?
2. What is meant by specific resistance?
3. What is meant by balancing length?
4. What is meant by Wheatstone network?
5. What is the use of interchanging the values of R and X in the circuit?
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v
V
joule
H
-1
-3
cycle m
Symbol
Explanation
Unit
N1
Number of turns in the primary coil
--N2
Number of turns in the secondary coil
--V
Volume of the core
m
Sv
Vertical sensitivity of CRO
Vm-1
SH
Horizontal sensitivity of CRO
Vm-1
Resistances in the circuit
Capacitance of the capacitor in the circuit
ohm
Farad
R1 & R2
C
3
PROCEDURE
The experimental arrangement is as shown in the figure.
One of the specimens used in the unit is made using transformer stampings. There
are two winding on the specimen (primary and secondary). The primary is fed to l
ow A.C
voltage (50 Hz). This produces a magnetic field H in the specimen. The voltage a
cross R 1
(resistance connected in series with primary) is proportional to the magnetic fi
eld.
It is given to the input in the CRO. The A.C magnetic field induces a voltage in
the
secondary coil. The voltage induced is proportional to dB/dt.
0.01 cm
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Fig. 13.2. Hysteresis loop
Observatio
ns
Number of
turns in the
primary N1=
Number of
turns in the
secondary
N 2=
Resistance
R1=
Resistance
R2=
Capacitance
of the
capacitor
Vertical
sensitivity
of CRO
Horizontal
sensitivity
of CRO
C=
SV=
SH=
CALCULATION
A
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r
e
a
o
f
t
h
e
2
m
C
v
V
H
l
o
o
p
=
(
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
g
r
a
p
h
)
N
Hysteresis loss
1
N2
R
2
R1
RESULT
-1 -3
Energy loss=.. joules cycle m
65
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