GY 105 Study Guide 1

-Human: Human Geography is the geographic study of human

endeavors, such as politics and history.
-Physical: Physical Geography is the geographic study of scientific
events and processes.
-Applied Geography: the technological processes of geographic study. What is geography?
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5.

Location
Human-Environment Interaction
Place
Movement
Region - What are the five themes of geography?

Map scale is the ratio between Distance on the Map to actual distance
on the Earth.
Smaller scale means less detail, and a larger map.
Larger Scale means more detail and a smaller overall area featured on
the map.
Larger Scale-Smaller Number - What is scale?
Maps that illustrate the percentage occurance of an instance along a
map of a place. Percentage amounts are often indicated through color
or shading. "Colors" - What are Choropleth Maps?
A map that uses isolines, lines that connect points of equal value,
useful in illustrating the spread of cultural trends. Similar to
topographic maps. (possibly weather map) - What is an
Isometric/Isarithmic Map?
A symbolic map is a proportionally based symbol map. - What is a
symbolic Map?
Representative map of figures of outlandish/inaccurate size based on
percentages and statistics. - What is a cartogram?
Map Scale= Map Distance/Earth Distance
Verbal Scale is a map scale written out in words, 5 inches= 1 mile
Graphic Scale: Drawn Scale (Ruler-like figure) - What are the three
types of map scale?
Depicts the annual growth rate of a country, do not take in to
consideration changes from migration. - What is the Natural Right of
Increase? (NRI)

The average number of children a woman will have in her child-bearing

years (15-49). A high TFR=growing population - What is Total Fertility
Rate?
The average length of life expected at birth in a given country.
Developed countries have higher life expectancies. - What is life
expectancy?
Factors that push people to emigrate OUT of a place. - What are push
forces?
Factors that cause people to Immigrate into a place. - What are pull
forces?
The total value of Income from a nation. The GNI is GDP + plus all
other income from abroad - What is a Gross National Income?
The total value of goods and services produced within country divided
by the number of people in the country. - What is Gross Domestic
Product?
GNI divided by number of people in a country - How do we calculate
GNI per captia?
A zone of crustal instability along the tectonic plate boundaries,
marked by earthquakes and volcanic activity that rings the Pacific
Ocean's basin - What is the Pacific Ring of Fire?
Theory developed by Alfred Wegner in 1915, the theory of the
continental drift, that the continent landmasses exist on moving plates
of oceanic and continental crust. - What are plate tectonics?
Spatial region of plants and animals that have specifically adapted to
their environment. - What is a biome?
A Desert is a biome area that is classified by its precipitation, which is
less than 10 inches a year. Also areas with no standing water can also
be classified as deserts. - What is a desert?
Dry shrubby grasslands, with little vegetation, somewhat mountainous.
Found in Central Asia and Ukraine. - What are steppes?
Prairie are a high grasslands with few trees, found in N. America. What are prairies?

Maps of geographic perception based on personal recall. - What is a

mental or cognitive map?
Learned and shared traits held in common by a group of people. - What
is Culture?
Religion and Belief systems, Language, material culture and
technology - What are some cultural markers?
The outback is a large extremely dry desert in the interior of the
Australian continent. - What is the outback?
Naru is 100 percent urbanized, it is mined for phosphate. - NaruThe Great Barrier Reef is the largest coral reef in the world, off the
coast of NE Australia.
Water pollution around the Great Barrier Reef causes an effect called
bleaching in which chemicals in the pollution that harm the reef drain
the reef of its natural colors and slowly kill the reef. - What is the Great
Barrier Reef, bleaching?
Mallee is a desert scrub/shrub; a relative of the Eucalpytus, it is
basically useless, a very residual and tough plant, commonly found in
the Austrailian Outback. - . What is Mallee?
A measurement system of degrees that measures East to West, goes
horizontally across the Earth. The Latitude line of 0 degrees is the
Equator. - What is Latitude?
90 Degrees Latitude North - Where is the North Pole?
90 Degrees Latitude South - Where is the South Pole?
23.5 Degrees Latitude North - Where is the Tropic of Cancer?
23.5 Degrees Latitude South - Where is the Tropic of Capricorn?
66.5 Degrees Latitude North - Where is the Arctic Circle?
66.5 Degrees Latitude South - Where is the Antarctic Circle?
0 Degrees Latitude - Where is the Equator?
Meridians - What are lines of Longitude Called?

Vertical Measurement System of Degree'd Lines. Also influences the

passage of times and time zones across the Earth. - What is Longitude?
0 Degrees - Where is the Prime Meridian?
180 Degrees Longitude - Where is the International Date Line?
Western Australia, Northern Territory, South Australia, Queensland,
New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, and ACT. - What are the States of
Australia?
Canaberra - What is the capital of Australia?
is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume - What is
population density?
The Human Development Index, an overall ranking measurement of
country's quality of life. Measures whether a country is developed,
developing, or not developed. - What is the HDI?
New Zealand, they sit on much of the length of the Southern New
Zealand Island. They are formed by two plate boundaries. - Where are
the Southern Alps?
An enormous mountain range in Australia that spans the eastern
coastline - Where is the Great Dividing Range?
A- Tropical Humid Climate
B- Dry Climates
C. Mid-Latitude
H- Highland - What are the Major Climate types associated with
Oceania?
A-Humid Equatorial
B-Dry
C-Humid Temperate
D-Humid Cold
E- Cold Pola
H-Highland - What are the Major Climate Types?
Scale best suited to a smaller region or town - Local Scale
Graphical projections of a 3D earth onto a 2D surface without
mathematical calculations - Geometric Projections

Projection of maps based and organized in mathematical principles Mathematical Projections

Portions of the world and contients in a fragmented view - Conic
Projections
Planets and globes, also good for close up areas - Planar projections
Best projects the whole world as a rectangle - Cylindrical
Principal line that projections are based on - Concept of the Standard
Parallel
All projections are all somewhat flawed, no true best representation What is the major problem with projections?
Process of increasing international integration arising from increasing
human world activity - Globalization
Adaptation of a product or item to fit a local culture of a specific
country or region, alteration of something for a specific culture Localization
GNI divided by the population of a country - GNI per capita
Graphical illustration of the population of a country divided into age
groups, tells us how people within a population are of a various age. Population Pyramid
The transformation of a country and its various statistics from a
developing country to a developed one. - Demographic Tranistion
High Birth and Death rates of equal levels. Pre-Industrial Society Stage One of Demographic Transition
Developing Country, Death Rate rapidly drops, birth rates do not
decrease and population rises - Stage Two of Demographic Transition
Birth rates decrease and populatgion growth levels off. - Stage Three of
Demographic Transition
Low Birth and Death Rates, Shrinking population, economic shrinkage.
- Stage Four of Demographic Transition

Graphic representation of basic climatic parameters and monthly

average temperature and precipation, it is a quick view of an area's
climate. - Climograph
Solomon Islands, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu - What States make
up Melanesia?
Black Islands - What is Melanesia Greek for?
NW of Australia, Made up of big size islands. - Where is Melanesia?
Mostly North of the Equator - Where are most of the islands of
Micronesia?
Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, Guam, and Mariana Islands Which islands make up Micronesia?
Covers largest space of any island chain - What is significant about
Polynesia?
Cook Islands, Society Islands, Midway, Haiwaii, Papeete, French
Polynesia - Which islands are contained within Polynesia?
Two Islands, very mountainous and tectonic. Features the Cantebury
Plain and the Southern Alps. - Describe the geography of New Zealand?
Features an extremely dry desert interior. - Describe the geography of
Australia?
Egg laying mammals ex. the platypus and kangaroo. - What are
monotrains?
Ayers Rock. A large geological formation that holds significance to the
Anangu, has ancient carvings, paintings and settlement. - What is
another name for Uluru? Why is it significant?
Marsupials fill a unique niche in the Australian ecological system. - Why
are Marsupials important to the Australian environment?
Tropical cyclones, tectonic activity, deforestation, and pollution. - Whatt
are some environmental issues in the oceanic region?
A mammal subset with several unique features including the carrying
of undeveloped young in a pouch. - What are marsupials?

An extinct relative of the Emu killed by rats that stole eggs - What are
Moa?
Emu, Wallaby, Kangaroo, Koala, Brown Snake - Other types of animals
in Australia?
New Zealand - Which island sits on two plate boundaries?
Humid Temperate (Humid Sub Tropical) - What climate group is
Tuscaloosa in?
(33.2 N, 87.5 S) - What is the latitude and longitude of Tuscaloosa?
7 billion - What is the approx population of the earth today?
Larger Number - Smaller Scale
Smaller Number - Larger Scale
the standard paralell - The area on a projection where one finds the
most accuracy is based on the concept of the...
Absolute Location - Latitude and Longitude and coordinates and street
addresses
Relative Location - Abstract location, landmarks
Interaction between people and places - Movement
An area where there is something in common in between people or the
environment - Region
A region defined by governmental or administrative boundaries Formal Region
Regions that serve specific functions - Functional Regions
A region formed an unofficial opinion or preconcieved thought Vernacular Region