2012-EE-200

OSAMA WAQAR

ASSIGNMENT :
Question 1 : Consider three principle orbit LEO,MEO,GEO using atleast six
different parameters
Parameter

LEO

MEO

GEO

Satellite Height

500-1500 km

5000-12000 km

35,800 km

Orbital Period

10-40 minutes

2-8 hours

24 hours

Number of Satellites

40-80

8-20

Satellite Life

Short

Long

Long

Number of Handoffs

High

Low

Least(none)

Gateway Cost

Very Expensive

Expensive

Cheap

Propagation Loss

Least

High

Highest

Question 2: Compare the relative advantages and disadvanages of the

above 3 orbits for global satellite telecom network
Geo-Stationary Earth Orbit
These satellites have almost a distance of 36,000 km to the earth.
E.g. All radio and TV, whether satellite etc, are launched in this orbit.
Advantages of Geo-Stationary Earth Orbit
1.

It is possible to cover almost all parts of the earth with just 3 geo satellites.

2. Antennas need not be adjusted every now and then but can be fixed
permanently.
3.

The life-time of a GEO satellite is quite high usually around 15 years.

Disadvantages of Geo-Stationary Earth Orbit

1.

Larger antennas are required for northern/southern regions of the earth.

2.

High buildings in a city limit the transmission quality.

3.

High transmission power is required.

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OSAMA WAQAR

4.

These satellites cannot be used for small mobile phones.

5.

Fixing a satellite at Geo stationary orbit is very expensive.

Medium Earth Orbit

Satellite at different orbits operates at different heights. The MEO satellite operates
at about 5000 to 12000 km away from the earth's surface.
These orbits have moderate number of satellites.
Advantages of Medium Earth Orbit
1.

Compared to LEO system, MEO requires only a dozen satellites.

2.

Simple in design.

3.

Requires very few handovers.

Disadvantages of Medium Earth Orbit

1.

Satellites require higher transmission power.

2.

Special antennas are required.

Low Earth Orbit

LEO satellites operate at a distance of about 500-1500 km.
Advantages of Low Earth Orbit
1.

The antennas can have low transmission power of about 1 watt.

2.

The delay of packets is relatively low.

3.

Useful for smaller foot prints.

Disadvantages of Low Earth Orbit

1.

If global coverage is required, it requires at least 50-200 satellites in this orbit.

2.

Special handover mechanisms are required.

3.

These satellites involve complex design.

4. Very short life: Time of 5-8 years. Assuming 48 satellites with a life-time of 8
years each, a new satellite is needed every 2 months.
5.

Data packets should be routed from satellite to satellite.

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OSAMA WAQAR

Question 3: Obtain upper and lower limits of C,Ka,Ku band

C band : 4 to 8 GHz
Ka band : 12 to 18 GHz
Ku band : 27 to 40 GHz
Question 4: Explain how the data capacity varies with the frequency band
If we take analog transmission line coding techniques like Binary ASK, Binary FSK or
Binary PSK, information is tranferred by altering the property of a high frequency
carrier wave. If we increase the frequency of this carrier wave to a higher value,
then this reduces the bit interval T (= 1/f) duration, thereby enabling us to transfer
more bits per second.
Similarly, if we take digital transmission techniques like NRZ, Manchester encoding
etc., these signals can be modelled as periodic signals and hence is composed of an
infinite number of sinusoids, consisting of a fundamental frequency (f) and its
harmonics. Here too, the bit interval (T) is equal to the reciprocal of the
fundamental frequency (T = 1/f). Hence, if the fundamental frequency is increased,
then this would represent a digital signal with shorter bit interval and hence this
would increase the data rate.
So, whether it is analog or digital transmission, an increase in the bandwidth of the
signal, implies a corresponding increase in the data rate. For e.g. if we double the
signal bandwidth, then the data rate would also double.
In practice however, we cannot keep increasing the signal bandwidth infinitely. The
telecommunication link or the communication channel acts as a police and has
limitations on the maximum bandwidth that it would allow. Apart from this, there
are standardization transmission constraints that strictly limit the signal bandwidth
to be used. So the achievable data rate is influenced more by the channels
bandwidth and noise characteristics than the signal bandwidth.
Question 5 : Considering the distribution of V channel to end user explain
advantages and disadvantages of satellite system from user and operator
point of view
DIRECT TV AND DISH TV:
ADVANTAGES :

In general satellite TV offers more when it comes to sports , international

national and speciality channels

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OSAMA WAQAR

It is a high powered broadcast service to home using satellite as the primary

form of signal transmission
Great variety of channels and commercial free

DISADVANTAGES

As for the number of HDTV channels satellite tv is ahead

Reception quality can decrease in case of storm ,heavy rain or snow
People living in forested and mountainous region cant be able to find
correct line of sight for the satellite

TV Cables:
ADVANTAGES

Have more local channels

High speed internet connection is convenient
Cheaper compare to Dish tv

DISADVANTAGES

With cable outages usuall require resetting your system or calling tech
support

Question 6 :List some of the services found in each of the orbit

A low Earth orbit is simplest and cheapest for satellite placement. It provides
high bandwidth and low communication time lag (latency), but satellites in
LEO will not be visible from any given point on the Earth at all times
The most common use for MEO satellites is for navigation, communication,
and geodetic/space environment science
One very popular orbit format is the geostationary satellite orbit. The
geostationary orbit is used by many applications including direct broadcast as
well as communications or relay systems.
The geostationary orbit has the advantage that the satellite remains in the
same position throughout the day, and antennas can be directed towards the
satellite and remain on track.
This factor is of particular importance for applications such as direct
broadcast TV where changing directions for the antenna would not be
practicable.