Basic Hydraulics Seminar Handout

1/18/2013
Presenter
BasicHydraulics
RolandAsp
Manager of Technical Services
ManagerofTechnicalServices
January22,2013
asp@nfsa.org
RolandAsp
NationalFireSprinklerAssociation 2013
AIACESProgram#:NFSATV0213
Provider#:G131
1.5LU/HSW
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distributing,ordealinginanymaterialorproduct.
NationalFireSprinklerAssociation2013
Questionsrelatedtospecificmaterials,methods,andserviceswillbe
addressedattheconclusionofthispresentation
ProgramDescription
ReferenceMaterials
Theconceptsofpressureandfloware
vitaltotheperformanceofasprinkler
system.Therelationshipofthesetwo
variablescanbeexpressedinafew
equationsthatarethebasisforhydraulic
q
y
calculationsandthedemandofthe
sprinklersystem.Staticandresidual
pressurestowatersupplieswillbe
discussedalongwithflowconcepts.
Formulaswillbeexplainedcovering
pressurelossaswaterflowsbetween
pointsaswellasflowfromanorifice.
2ndEdition,Layout,Detail,andCalculationof
FireSprinklerSystems,KennethE.Isman,P.E
TheHydraulicsHandbook,
Hydraulics Handbook NationalFire
National Fire
The
SprinklerAssociation.2011
2013EditionofNFPA13
1/18/2013
LearningObjectives
StudyofWater
Attheendofthisprogram,participantswillbeableto:
Hydraulics
Thesciencewhichdefinesthe
mechanicalprinciplesofwaterat
restorinmotion
1. Understandtheconceptsofwateratrest
(hydrostatics)andwaterinmotion(hydrokinetics)
2. Understandtheconceptsofpressureandflowas
theyrelatetosprinklersystem.
3. Understandthetermsweusewhenreferringto
theseconcepts.
4. Becomefamiliarwiththebasicequationsthat
formthebasisforhydrauliccalculations.
Hydrostatics
Appliestotheprinciplesofwater
atrest.
Hydrokinetics
Appliestotheprinciplesofwater
inmotion.
BasicTerms
BasicTerms
Pressure measurementof
forceexertedbywater
Flow quantityofwaterthat
passes by a given point in a
passesbyagivenpointina
givenperiodoftime
Velocity speedofwater
flowing
Frictionloss lossofenergyof
flowingwaterinpipe
CFactor smoothnessofthe
inside of pipe
insideofpipe
Orifice openingthroughwhich
waterflows
Kfactor usedtocalculate
dischargeratefromanorifice
9
Hydrostatics
10
StaticPressure(Ps)
Wewillbeginbylearningabout
theprinciplesofwateratrest.
Thepotentialenergyavailable
withinasystemwhennowater
isflowing.Pressureiscreated
by elevating water above a
byelevatingwaterabovea
referencepoint,oritcanbe
createdmechanicallywith
pumpsorpressuretanks.
SymbolforStaticpressure=Ps
11
12
1/18/2013
ElevationPressure
ElevationPressure
Pressureduetoelevationcanbe
expressedinthefollowing
formula:
Pressure(psi)=0.433xElevation(ft)
or
P=0.433H
Pressure(psi)=0.433XElevation
(ft)
8ft
1ft
Whatisthepressuredifference?
Where:
P= Pressureinpsi
H= Heightinfeetthewateris
elevated
Elevationdifference=(81)=7ft
0.433x7=3.03psi
Pressuredifference=3psi
13
ElevationPressure
14
StaticPressureExample1
WhatistheStatic
Pressureatthe
Hydrant?
AddDemoVideoNo.1
`
Drawingisnottoscale
P=?
StaticPressureExample1
15
16
StaticPressure Example2
Iftwofirehydrantsonthesame
watersystemhavestaticpressures
of60psiand90psi,whatisthe
differenceinelevationbetween
them?
P=0.433xElevation
P=0.433x150ft
P=64.95psi
P65psi
60
P=?
90
17
18
1/18/2013
ElevationHead
Whatisthedifferencein
elevationbetweenthem?
Elevationheadorheadisanother
waytoexpresselevationpressure
orpotentialenergyofelevated
water.
Thepumpindustrytraditionally
usesheadtoexpresstheenergy
thepumpscreate.
Pumpsmechanicallycreateenergy
thatisequivalenttoelevatingthe
water.
Pressuredifference:
90 60=30psi
P 0.433 * elevation
P
elevation
0.433
30 psi
69.3 ft
0.433
60
90
ElevationHead
P
0.433
30 psi
elevation
69.3 ft
0.433
elevation
Can be turned around to convert

Canbeturnedaroundtoconvert
pressuretoelevationhead:
H=P/0.433
Thisformulacanalsobe
expressed:
H=2.31P
2.31x30=69.3ft.
Thisformulamayalsobeexpressed
as:
H=2.31xP
60
90
21
Pressures Hydrostatics
AtmosphericPressure
GagePressure
Causedbytheweightofair,varies
withaltitude
69.3ft.
22
Theactualreadingonagage,
doesnotaccountforatmospheric
pressure
Gagepressureisreferredtoas
psigalthoughinourindustrywe
typicallydroptheg,Whenwesay
psi,wereallymeangagepressure
orpsig
Lowerathighaltitudes,higheratlow
altitudes
ltit d
14.7psiatsealevel
20
Theformulawehavebeenusing:
P=0.433xH
19
23
24
1/18/2013
Hydrokinetics
AbsolutePressure(Pab)
Wearenowgoingtolearnabout
waterinmotion.Aswelearned
staticorstoredwaterhas
potential energy now we want
potentialenergy,nowwewant
theenergyofwatertoworkfor
us.
TotalPressureinsideavessel
(tankorpipe)
Thesumofatmosphericpressure
andgagepressure
psia+psig=absolutepressure
25
26
Pressures Hydrokinetics
Pressures Hydrokinetics
ResidualPressure(PR)
NormalPressure(PN)
Thepressureatagivenpointina
conduitorappliancewitha
specificvolumeofwaterflowing.
p
g
Whenwaterstartstomove,it
losessome,butnotallofits
potentialenergy.Theremaining
energyisResidualPressure.
Residualpressurewillalwaysbe
lowerthenstaticpressure.
Thepressurecreatedonthe
wallsofpipeortanksholding
water.Thisisthepressureread
p
bymostgages.
PN
VelocityPressure(PV)
Thepressureassociatedwith PV
theflowofwatermeasuredin
thesamedirectionastheflow
27
Flow
28
Formula forflow
Thequantityofwaterwhich
passesbyagivenpointina
givenperiodoftime.
Generallymeasuredin
Generally measured in
gallonsperminute(gpm)or
cubicfeetpersecond(cu
ft/sec).
WeusethetermQin
mostequations.
Q=AxV
Q=flowinpipeincuft/sec
A=crosssectionalareaofpipeinsqft
V=watervelocityinftpersec
29
Q
A
30
1/18/2013
FlowingWaterExample1
Q=250gpm
V=?
4pipe
Q=250gpm
Wemustnowconverttotheunitsofthe
W
t
t t th
it f th
formula(gpmtocuft/sec&sqintosqft
Whatisthevelocityofwaterin4
h i h
l i
f
i
inchpipewith250gpmflowing?
Q AV
Q=250gpmx0.002228cuftper
sec/gpm=0.56cuftpersec
Q
A
A= r2 = (2in)2 =12.6in2
144in2/ft2 =0.0875ft2
Q=AxV=constantflow
Q=250gpm
V=?
Ifthepipesizechanges
then:
Q=A1 xV1 =A2 xV2
A1 xV1 =A2 xV2
Q=250gpmx0.002228cuftper
sec/gpm=0.56cuftpersec
A= r2 = (2in)2 =12.6in2 144
in2/ft2 =0.0875ft2
Q 0.56 ft 3 / sec
6.4 ft / sec
A
0.0875 ft 2
33
34
?
4
32
Formula forflow
WenowcansolveforV
31
4pipe
V=?
4pipe
6.4ft/s
6.4ft/s
Howfastisitflowingwhenthepipesizeisreducedto2inch?
Ifwaterisflowingat6.4ftpersec
in4inchpipe,howfastisit
flowingwhenthepipesizeis
reducedto2inch?
Weknowthatflowisconstant
We
know that flow is constant
whichisrepresentedbythis
formula: A V A V
1 1
2 2
WethenchangetheformulatosolveforV2
V2
35
A1V1
A2
36
1/18/2013
FrictionLoss(PL)
Occurswhenwaterflowsin
pipesorhoses
Causedbythecontactbetween
water and the walls
waterandthewalls
Usedtoaccountforlossesin
energyfromwatermakingturns
ortravelingdifficultpaths
?
6.4ft/s
V2
A1V1
A2
A1 = r2 = (2in)2 =12.6in2
A2 = r2 = (1in)2 =3.14in2
V2
(12.6in2 )(6.4 ft / sec)

25.7 ft / sec
3.14in2
FrictionLossFormula
38
CFactor
TheHazenWilliamsCFactorisan
expressionofhowsmooththeinsideofa
pipeis.Thesmootherthepipewallisthe
highertheCFactor
HazenandWilliam'sFormula
PL
37
4.52Q1.85
C1.85di4.87
PL =frictionlossperftofpipeinpsiperft
Q=flowingpm
C=piperoughnesscoefficient
di =interiorpipediameterininches
2.26Q
di2.63PL0.54
39
CFactor
40
PipeDimensions Interior
Type ofpipeortube
CfactorAssuming
AgingofPipe
Unlinedcastorductileiron
100
Blacksteel(wetpipesystem)
120
Blacksteel(dry, preaction,deluge
system)
100
Cementlined castorductileiron
140
Copper tube
150
Plastic
150
HazenWilliamsformularequiresthe
actualinteriordimensionofthepipe
beingused.
CanbefoundinNFPA13(Table
A.6.3.2 & A.6.3.5), manufacturerss
A.6.3.2&A.6.3.5),manufacturer
datasheet,andASTMstandards
Example:
2Schedule40SteelPipe=2.067
41
42
1/18/2013
CCalculationExample
FrictionLossExample
Thereis565gpmflowingfromafirehydrant
witharesidualpressureof83psi.Ahydrant
50ftaway(atthesameelevation)reading78
psiisconnectedby6inchlinedductileiron
pipe.CalculatetheapproximateCvalueof
th
theundergroundpipe.
d
d i
Ifapressuregageisreading30psiat
oneendofa25ftsectionof2Schedule
40pipe(blacksteelwithC=120)andis
flowing95gpm,whatwillagageatthe
otherendread?
30
25 ft
25ft
2schedule40pipe
PL
50ftbetweenhydrants same
elevation
psi
4.52Q1.85
4.52*951.85
0.085
C1.85di4.87 1201.85 * 2.0674.87
ft
Frictionloss=0.85psi/ftx25ft=2.1psi
78psi
83psi
6linedD.I.P. insidediameteris5.85
43
Pressure=30psi 2.1psi=27.9psi
CCalculationExample
FlowFromanOrifice
Thereare565gpmflowingfromafire
hydrantwitharesidualpressureof83psi.A
hydrant50ftaway(atthesameelevation)
reading78psiisconnectedby6inchlined
ductileironpipe.Calculatetheapproximate
C
C valueoftheundergroundpipe.
value of the underground pipe
Theformulausedinfireprotection
forcalculatingtheflowfroman
orificeis:
Qk P
Nowweinserttheinformationfromthe
examplestatement:
C
Q=flowingpm
K=constantdependentonorifice
sizeandconfiguration
P=pressureinpsi
2.26Q
2.26*565gpm
43
di2.63PL0.54 5.85in2.6383 78 psi/ 50 ft0.54
WefindthattheapproximateCFactorfor
thisundergroundpipeis43
46
OrificeSizes(Table6.2.3.1)
Flow FromanOrifice
K Values for Many Sprinklers
kfactorisaconstantdependentontheorifice
sizeandconfiguration.
thek factorsisknownfordifferentsprinklers
y p
y
NFPAusedtoidentifysprinklersbynominalsizes
butnowidentifiesthembetheirkfactor
Kfactorwillpredicttheamountofwaterthatwill
flowfromasprinkler
Nominal K-Factor
Thread Type
1.4
NPT
1.9
NPT
2.8
NPT
4.2
NPT
56
5.6
NPT
8.0
NPT or NPT
11.2
NPT or NPT
14.0
NPT
16.8
NPT
19.6
1 NPT
22.4
1 NPT
25.2
1 NPT
28.0
1 NPT
48
47
1/18/2013
VariationsofKFactorFormula
OrificeFlow:Example1
Howmuchwaterwillflowfroma
sprinklerat35psiwithakfactorof
8?
FormulatosolveforFlow:
Qk P
Qk P
Formulatosolveforpressure:
2
Q
P
k
Q 8.0 35psi 47gpm
Formulatosolvefork:
k Q/ P
49
50
OrificeFlow:Example2
Kfactors
Whatpressureisneededto
get40gpmfromasprinkler
withakfactorof5.6?
Everypartofasprinklersystem
canhaveakfactor
Thekfactoratanodeinthe
y
systemistheconstantthatrelates
thepressureandflowdemand
downstreamofthenode
Thekfactorforabranchlinecan
beextremelyhelpfulin
performinghydrauliccalculations
Qk P
2
Q 40gpm
P
51psi
k 5.6
51
Summary
ThankYou
Questions?
DontforgettodothequizforCEUcredit.
NextTechTuesday:
1. Understandtheconceptsofwateratrest
(hydrostatics)andwaterinmotion
(hydrokinetics)
2. Understandtheconceptsofpressureandflow
as they relate to sprinkler system
astheyrelatetosprinklersystem.
3. Understandthetermsweusewhenreferringto
theseconcepts.
4. Becomefamiliarwiththebasicequationsthat
formthebasisforhydrauliccalculations.
52
February5,2013
BackflowPreventersandSprinklerSystems
Backflow
Preventers and Sprinkler Systems
Basic JamesD.Lake
RolandAsp
NationalFireSprinklerAssociation
asp@nfsa.org
53
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Can be turned around to convert

(12.6in2 )(6.4 ft / sec)

K Values for Many Sprinklers

Q 8.0 35psi 47gpm

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