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1.15
1.5
Es
200
bh3 / 12
Permanent Actions
Variable Actions
Accidental Actions
Gpa
Properties of concrete
Elastic modulus, Ec =
24 ~ 32
KN/mm2
( 1.25Ed - 19)
KN/mm2
Properties of reinforcement
Elastic modulus, Es =
200
KN/mm2
The characteristic strength of concrete, fcu is the cube strength after 28-days of standard
The characteristic strength of reinforcement, f y is the tensile yield stress.
Concrete, fcu =
25 - 50
N/mm2
Mild Steel , fy =
250
N/mm2
460
N/mm2
b) The characteristic strength is the value below which only 5% of the test results would be
to fall.
Design strength =
Characteristic strength
Partial factor of safety
Reinforcement
Concrete in flexure or axial load
1.15
1.5
Shear strength
Bond strength
Others (eg.bearing stress)
1.25
1.4
1.5
a) The characteristic or service loads are the actual loads. They have 95% probability of no
exceeded during the life of the structure.
Imposed load, Qk or qk
Wind load, Wk or wk
Dead, Gk
Adverse
1.4
1.4
1.2
Beneficial
1.0
1.0
1.2
Imposed, Qk
Adverse
1.6
1.2
In the design of members such as beams and slabs, it is normally sufficient to consider lo
combination 1 only (Dead and Imposed).
In the design of a structuref for which stability consideration is important, load combinat
3 must be considered.
Load combination 1
a) Simply supported beam:
An adverse load (1.4gk + 1.6 qk) will produce the worst possible
sagging moment, shear and deflection.
1.0 Gk
1.4 Wk
1.4 Gk
Fig. B shows a linear distribution of strain over the section. The strain in concrete and steel is
strain. The concrete is assumed to fail when the compressive strain reaches a limiting value of 0.
Two concrete stress blocks may be used for flexural design: the rectangular parabolic stress dist
simplified stress block is much simpler to use and gives results that are very close to those obtain
Fc = 0.45 * cu * b * 0.9x
z = d - 0.45x
Using the simplified stress block, three fundamental equations are derived:
1) Equilibrium of forces : Fc = Ft
0.45 * cu * b * 0.9x = 0.87 * y * As
2) Equilibrium of moments:
The ultimate moment of resistance of the section is given by either of
M = Fc * z = 0.45 * cu * b * 0.9x * z
M = FT * z = 0.87 * y * As * z
3) Depth of neutral axis
To ensure a ductile type failure, the depth of neutral axis x is not to exceed d/2. This will ensure t
the yield strain of steel, ie, s > 0.002 for fy = 460 N/mm2; and the corresponding tensile stress
0.87 fy
5 Design Procedure
2
1) Calculate K = M / ( cu * b * d )
2) Check K :
K'
K'
0.43
> 0.43
continue on to stage 4
compression reinforcement elastic ; substitute 0.87
2
'
4) Calculate As' = ( K - K' ) * cu * b * d / [ 0.87 * y * ( d - d ) ]
2
5) Calculate As = [ ( K' * cu * b * d ) / ( 0.87 * y * z ) ] + As'
25
30
Notation
Acv
Ag
As
A's
Asc
Asv
Asv / sv
a
b
b'
bf
bw
C
d
d'
Ec
Es
emin
fcu
f's
fy
fyv
h
hf
K'
k1
k2
fk
le
lo
M
M1 , M2
Mi
Flange thickness, mm
Mx , My
N
Sv
T
V
c
95% probability of not being
'c
x , y
bal
ons, services
uilding size
ad type
Imposed, Qk
Lever arm, mm
's
Wind, Wk
Beneficial
0.0
1.2
1.4
1.2
1.4 gk + 1.6 qk
1.4 gk + 1.6 qk
1.0 gk
C
A
B
1.4 gk + 1.6 qk
1.0 gk
C
A
1.4 gk + 1.6 qk
C
A
1.2 Gk + 1.2Qk
1.2 Wk
in concrete and steel is directly proportional to the distance from the axis of zero
hes a limiting value of 0.0035 at the top.
ular parabolic stress distribution in Fig c and the simplified stress block in Fig d. The
ery close to those obtained using the rectangular parabolic stress distribution.
ed d/2. This will ensure that the strain at the level of tension reinforcement exceeds
esponding tensile stress in the reinforcement is always taken as fy / m = fy / 1.15 =
' = 0.156 )
en z = 0.95d
30
37
45
50
55
60
75
85
31
33
34
35
36
37
39
41
reinforcement, mm 2
cement, mm
einforcement, mm
8days, Mpa
plane of bending, mm
sign load, N
ed section, mm
95
105
42
44
Concrete strength, cu =
40
N/mm2
Rebar strength, y =
460
N/mm2
250
N/mm2
Width of Beam b =
300
mm
Depth of Beam h =
500
mm
Concrete cover =
30
mm
16
mm
25
mm
effective depth d =
10
mm
Design Moment M =
500
KNm
Design Shear V =
500
KN
Flexural Design
1)
K = M / ( cu * b * d2 )
= 0.199
0.156
>
Design as Doubly Reinforced Section
2)
3)
4)
mm
hagg + 5
Horizontal :
mm
2) Maximum requirements
Horizontal (fy = 460 N/mm2) :
s1 160mm
s2 s1 / 2 mm
s3 250mm (sides of beam only)
Shear Design
Max allowable shear stress (CP65~3.4.5.2)
max = min ( 0.8 fcu , 5 )
1)
=
5.00
N/mm2
3.643
N/mm2
<
max
>> OK
0.980
N/mm2
m =
Design of links
Asv = 2(2/4 )
4)
157.14 mm2
cu =
400 / d =
100As/(bv*d) =
Links at midspan
Sv = 0.87Asvyv/(0.4bv)
5)
=
285
mm
< 0.75*d = 343 mm
Provide R10 at 250 mm centres
>> OK
Links at support
Sv = 0.87Asvyv/[bv*(v-vc)]
=
43
mm
< 0.75*d = 343 mm
Provide R10 at 0 mm centres
>> OK
WORKINGS
Maximum concrete strain
c = 0.0035 - [fcu-60]/50000
(=0.0035, if fcu60
= 0.0035
Modulus of elasticity of reinforcement
Es = 200000 Mpa
mm
458
mm
20
mm
0.199
4078
mm2
Nos. of bo
Area of bot
0.199
300
if d' / 0.043,
substitute 0.87 y w
= ( d - z ) / 0.45
=
227
mm
mm2
As min = 0.13%b*h
=
195
mm2
0.168
>
0.043
442
mm2
3196
mm2
Nos. of bo
Area of bot
1.25
40
40 N/mm2
1.00
2.33
3 & 0.15
(=0.0035, if fcu60MPa)
Check K
if K > 0.043, z = d * [0.5 + (0.25 - K / 0.9 ) ]
=
306
mm
if K 0.043, z = 0.95 * d
=
435
mm
' =
Nos. of bottom bars required =
25
9
4420
K' =
mm
mm2
0.156
Check d' /
if d' / 0.043,
substitute 0.87 y with 's = Esc [ 1 - ( 2d' / d ) ]
=
584
* b * d2 / [ 0.87 * y * ( d - d' ) ]
' =
Nos. of top bars required =
Area of top steel provided =
* d2 ) / ( 0.87 * y * z ) ] + As'
16
3
604
mm
25
mm
7
3438
mm
mm
gk = 20 kN/m ; qk = 16 kN/m
B
6m
gk =
20
kN/m
qk =
16
20
kN/m
kN
Wall =
VA =
312.53
kN
Wall = 20 kN
C
2m