MECE

3100 Introduction to Mechanics of Fluids Fall 2013

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #2 - Solution
Due Friday, September 20, 2013



Problems:

Problem 3.18

[Difficulty: 2]

Given:

Data on partitioned tank

Find:

Gage pressure of trapped air; pressure to make water and mercury levels equal

Solution:
The pressure difference is obtained from repeated application of Eq. 3.7, or in other words, from Eq. 3.8. Starting
from the right air chamber
pgage

SGHg u H2O u g u ( 3 m  2.9 m)  H2O u g u 1 m

pgage

H2O u g u SGHg u 0.1 m  1.0 m

pgage

999

kg
3

u 9.81

m
2

u ( 13.55 u 0.1 m  1.0 m) u

Ns
kg m

pgage

3.48 kPa

pgage

123 kPa

If the left air pressure is now increased until the water and mercury levels are now equal, Eq. 3.8 leads to

pgage

SGHg u H2O u g u 1.0 m  H2O u g u 1.0 m

pgage

H2O u g u SGHg u 1 m  1.0 m

pgage

999

kg
3

u 9.81

m
2

u ( 13.55 u 1 m  1.0 m) u

Ns
kg m

MECE 3100 Introduction to Mechanics of Fluids Fall 2013

Problem 3.27

[Difficulty: 2]

Given:

Data on fluid levels in a tank

Find:

Air pressure; new equilibrium level if opening appears

Solution:
Using Eq. 3.8, starting from the open side and working in gage pressure

Using data from Table A.2

pair

H2O u g u SGHg u ( 0.3  0.1) m  0.1 m  SGBenzeneu 0.1 m

pair

999

kg
m

u 9.81

m
2

u ( 13.55 u 0.2 m  0.1 m  0.879 u 0.1 m ) u

N s
kg m

pair

24.7 kPa

To compute the new level of mercury in the manometer, assume the change in level from 0.3 m is an increase of x. Then, because the
volume of mercury is constant, the tank mercury level will fall by distance (0.025/0.25)2x. Hence, the gage pressure at the bottom of the tan
can be computed from the left and the right, providing a formula for x

SGHg u H2O u g u ( 0.3 m  x)

Hence

The new manometer height is

0.025
SGHg u H2O u g u 0.1 m  x
m 

0.25
 H2O u g u 0.1 m  SGBenzene u H2O u g u 0.1 m

[ 0.1 m  0.879 u 0.1 m  13.55 u ( 0.1  0.3) m]

0.025 2
1 
u 13.55
0.25

0.3 m  x

0.184 m

(The negative sign indicates the

manometer level actually fell)

0.116 m

MECE 3100 Introduction to Mechanics of Fluids Fall 2013

!"#$$#%&'()*+,Problem 3.40

./(01

Given:

./(01+#2+/+(&30+41+30(5002+6/1/''0'+6'/(07

Find:

80#9:(+h+$41+0/%:+7)7(0;

Solution:
/<+=&30*+>+$100?34@)+A01(#%/'+$41%0+/2/')7#7+$41+(:0+70%(#42+4$+5/(01+:0#9:(+'h+/34A0+(:0+B$100+7&1$/%0B+#2+(:0+(&30C+/7
7:452+#2+(:0+$#9&10C+'0/@7+(4

" %47 F <  9 :

"
G

>77&;6(#42*+H09'0%(+;02#7%&7+%&1A/(&10+$41+%4'&;2+:0#9:(+/2@+A4'&;0+%/'%&'/(#427

I4'A#29+$41+'h

G %47 F <
9 "

3<+J/1/''0'+J'/(07*+>+$100?34@)+A01(#%/'+$41%0+/2/')7#7+$41+(:0+70%(#42+4$+5/(01+:0#9:(+'h+/34A0+(:0+B$100+7&1$/%0B+30(5002
6'/(07+/13#(1/1)+5#@(:+w+F7#;#'/1+(4+(:0+$#9&10+/34A0<C+'0/@7+(4

D
I4'A#29+$41+'h

, 5 %47 F <  9 : 5 /

, %47 F <
9 /

D41+5/(01+V+K+L,MN+;HO;+/2@+T+K+E4+F=/3'0+>MG<C+74

/<+=&30

PPP

Q9
R

u PMNS

3<+J/1/''0'+J'/(07

PPP

Q9
R

Q9 ;
,

H 7

u EMEET ;

TMPG u SE

,MPL u SE

R

TMPG ;;

,MPL ;;

H
;

, u EMEL,N

H
;

G u EMEL,N

u PMNS

;
,

u EMEET ;

Q9 ;
,

H 7

R

MECE 3100 Introduction to Mechanics of Fluids Fall 2013

Problem 3.51

!"#$$#%&'()*+,-

Given:

23453(6)+4$+7%%388+946(

Find:

:38&'(7;(+$46%3+7;<+'4%7(#4;

y
a+.+/0,1+$(+

SG+.+,01

Solution:
=78#%+3>&7(#4;

9 <@

?:

<9
<)

46D+&83+%459&(#;A+3>&7(#4;8

B8

9% @

?:

dy

FR

b+.+/+$(+

)C ?:
)% 

)C

) <?:

) 9 <@

EFF
@ )%

G3+H#''+8I4H+J4(I+53(I4<8

Assumptions:++K(7(#%+$'&#<L++.+%4;8(7;(L+97(5+4;+4(I36+8#<3
?:

9 <@

K2 A ) <@

M3;%3

?:

K2 A ) J ) <)

7
N

@'(36;7(#P3')

?:

9% @

M3;%3

?:

K2 A J 7

7;<

J&(

<@

K2 A )%

)
7

J
)
7

K2 A J 7
O

K2 A J ), <)

7
N
9%

H
J

H <) 7;<

,
K2 A 7
O

H#(I

7 J

?46+)C

)C ?:

@'(36;7(#P3')

)C

) 9 <@

)% 

EFF
@ )%

V8#;A+A#P3;+<7(7D+7;<+K2+.+,01+SW7J'3+@0/U+
7;<

K2 A J 7

K2 A J )O <)

7
N

)C

7;<

?:
)C

EFF
,01
O
O
7
Q

J 7

/0XQ

S244A'3+#(TU

OR
8'&A
$(

u O,0,

$(
,

Q ?:

,
O
,

O
Q

7 

u / $( u S /0,1 $(U u

8
)C

)C

K2 A J 7
J 7

, O

OR 7 J , 7

O
Q

'J$ 8

8'&A $(

?:

Y/0O 'J$

N0XOY $(

MECE 3100 Introduction to Mechanics of Fluids Fall 2013

!"#$$#%&'()*+,Problem 3.63

Given:

./01/(2)+0$+2/%(345&'32+53(/

Find:

"/8(9+$02+53(/+(0+08/4

Solution:

L+

:3;#%+/<&3(#04

=8
=9

>?

A018&(#45+/<&3(#04;

BC

8% D

)E

D+

@
FGG
D )%

)% 

H "
67

FGG

F6
F7

Assumptions:+I(3(#%+$'&#=J++K+%04;(34(J+83(1+04+0(9/2+;#=/J+40+$2#%(#04+#4+9#45/
B02+#4%0182/;;#H'/+$'&#=

5 9

L9/2/+8+#;+535/+82/;;&2/+34=+9+#;+1/3;&2/=+=0L4L32=;

M9/+$02%/+04+(9/+N/2(#%3'+53(/+O53(/+6P+#;+(9/+;31/+3;+(93(+04+3+2/%(345'/+0$+;#?/+9+K+"+34=+L#=(9+L
Q/4%/

B6

M9/+'0%3(#04+0$+(9#;+$02%/+#;

)E

5 )% D

8% D

"
" L
7

FGG
D )%

)% 

5 L "
7

" L "
6
7

u
u
7
67
L " "

7
"
,

M9/+$02%/+04+(9/+902#?04(3'+53(/+O53(/+7P+#;+=&/+(0+%04;(34(+82/;;&2/R+34=+#;+3(+(9/+%/4(20#=
B7
I&11#45+101/4(;+3H0&(+(9/+9#45/

>9#45/
B6

B6 O "  )EP  B7

5 L "

"
,

5 L "
T

5 " L S

"P D

8 O)

"

, S

"

VWTT $(

"
,

5 " L S
7

B7

S
7

S
7

B6 " 

5 " L S

7
S
"  B7
,
7

S
7

, u U$(

MECE 3100 Introduction to Mechanics of Fluids Fall 2013

Problem 3.74

[Difficulty: 2]

Given:

Open tank as shown. Width of curved surface b

Find:

(a) Magnitude of the vertical force component on the curved surface

(b) Line of action of the vertical component of the force

Solution:

We will apply the hydrostatics equations to this system.

Governing Equations:

dp
dh

(Hydrostatic Pressure - h is positive downwards)

Fv

 p dAy

(Vertical Hydrostatic Force)

x dFv

x' Fv

Assumptions:

10 ft

x
FRy

(Moment of vertical force)

(1) Static fluid

(2) Incompressible fluid
(3) Atmospheric pressure acts at free surface of water
and on outside of wall

Integrating the hydrostatic pressure equation:

We can define along the surface

We also define the incremental area on the curved surface as:

L
y

dAy

b dx

L 

R  x dx

L R x

1
2

Substituting these into the force equation we get:

Fv

 p dAy

Fv

62.4

lbf
ft

2
2
 L  R  x b dx
0

u 10 ft u 4 ft u 10 ft  4 ft u

x' Fv

To find the line of action of the force:

Therefore:

x'

b R L  R
4

where

x b L 
0

1
2 1 3
L R  R
R ( 4 L  R ) 2
3

4 4 ft
10 ft 4 ft



4 10 ft  4 ft 2
3

 b R L  R

17.12 u 10 lbf

dFv

 b L 

R  x dx

x'

Fv

x dFv

Fv

Substituting known values:

x'

 b
0

x' Fv

Evaluating the integral:

(negative indicates downward)

R  x dx
R

R L  R
4

L R

R ( 4 L  R) 2 3
4 R

 L x  x

R  x dx

4 R
L R

4 L  R 2 3
x'

2.14 ft

MECE 3100 Introduction to Mechanics of Fluids Fall 2013

Problem 3.76

[Difficulty: 3]

Given:

Dam with cross-section shown. Width of dam

b 160 ft

Find:

(a) Magnitude and line of action of the vertical force component on the dam
(b) If it is possible for the water to overturn dam

Solution:

We will apply the hydrostatics equations to this system.

Governing Equations:

dp
dh

(Hydrostatic Pressure - h is positive downwards from

free surface)

Fv

p dAy

(Vertical Hydrostatic Force)

FH

pc A

(Horizontal Hydrostatic Force)

x dFv

Ixx
hc 
hc A

x' Fv

(Moment of vertical force)

h'

(Line of action of vertical force)

Mz

Assumptions:

(Rotational Equilibrium)

A
x

(1) Static fluid

(2) Incompressible fluid
(3) Atmospheric pressure acts at free surface of water
and on outside of dam

Integrating the hydrostatic pressure equation:

Into the vertical force equation:

Fv

From the definition of the dam contour:

p dAy

x y  A y

FV

g h
xB

g h b dx

h
FH
y
x

xB

g b
x

B Therefore: y

( H  y) dx

B
xA

and

xA

10 ft
 1 ft
9 ft

xA

2.11 ft

MECE 3100 Introduction to Mechanics of Fluids Fall 2013

xB

Into the force equation:

g b

Fv

xB  A
g b H xB  xA  B ln

xA  A

H  B dx

x  A

Fv

1.94

slug
ft

u 32.2

ft

x' Fv

Fv

Fv

xB

x g b H 

xA

x'

7.0  1 lbf s

2.11  1 slug ft

x' Fv

where
x dFv

x'

g b H 

dFv

xB

xB  A
H xB  xA  B ln
xA
xA  A

B
dx
x  A

Fv

dx

x  A

2.71 u 10 lbf

Therefore:

H x  B x dx

x  A

xB  A
H 2
2
x  xA  B xB  xA  B A ln

2 B
xA  A

Evaluating the integral:

Substituting known values:

u 160 ft u 9 ft u ( 7.0 ft  2.11 ft)  10 ft u ln

To find the line of action of the force:

x'

xB  A
H xB  xA  B ln

xA  A

Substituting known values we get:

9 ft
71
2
2 2
2
2
u 7  2.11 ft  10 ft u ( 7  2.11) ft  10 ft u 1 ft u ln

2
2.11  1
71
2
9 ft u ( 7  2.11) ft  10 ft u ln

2.11  1

x'

4.96 ft

To determine whether or not the water can overturn the dam, we need the horizontal force and its line of action:

FH

pc A

g b H
2

H
H b
2

Substituting values:

For the line of action:

1
slug
ft
2 lbf s
u 1.94
u 32.2 u 160 ft u ( 9 ft) u
3
2
2
slug ft
ft
s

FH

hc 

h'

Therefore: h'

Ixx
hc A

H b H 2 1


2
12 H b H

where

H H

2
6

hc

2
H
3

H
2

h'

2
9 ft
3

H b

FH

Ixx

h'

b H
12

4.05 u 10 lbf

6.00 ft

Taking moments of the hydrostatic forces about the origin:

Mw

FH ( H  h')  Fv x'

Mw

4.05 u 10 lbf u ( 9  6) ft  2.71 u 10 lbf u 4.96 ft

Mw

1.292 u 10 lbf ft

The negative sign indicates that this is a clockwise moment about the origin. Since the weight of the dam will also contribute a clockwise
moment about the origin, these two moments should not cause the dam to tip to the left.
Therefore, the water can not overturn the dam.

MECE 3100 Introduction to Mechanics of Fluids Fall 2013

Problem 3.74

[Difficulty: 2]

Given:

Open tank as shown. Width of curved surface b

Find:

(a) Magnitude of the vertical force component on the curved surface

(b) Line of action of the vertical component of the force

Solution:

We will apply the hydrostatics equations to this system.

Governing Equations:

dp
dh

(Hydrostatic Pressure - h is positive downwards)

Fv

 p dAy

(Vertical Hydrostatic Force)

x dFv

x' Fv

Assumptions:

10 ft

x
FRy

(Moment of vertical force)

(1) Static fluid

(2) Incompressible fluid
(3) Atmospheric pressure acts at free surface of water
and on outside of wall

Integrating the hydrostatic pressure equation:

We can define along the surface

We also define the incremental area on the curved surface as:

dAy

b dx

L 

R x

L R x

1
2

Substituting these into the force equation we get:

Fv

 p dAy

Fv

62.4

lbf
ft

2
2
 L  R  x b dx
0

u 10 ft u 4 ft u 10 ft  4 ft u

x' Fv

To find the line of action of the force:

Therefore:

x'

b R L  R
4

Substituting known values:

x dFv

Fv

where

x b L 
0

 dx

4 4 ft
10 ft 4 ft



4 10 ft  4 ft 2
3

R x

1
2 1 3
L R  R
R ( 4 L  R) 2
3

 b R L  R

17.12 u 10 lbf

 b L 

dFv

x'

Fv

x'

 b
0

x' Fv

Evaluating the integral:

 dx

(negative indicates downward)

R  x dx
R

R L  R
4

L R

R ( 4 L  R) 2
3
4 R

 L x  x

R x

 dx

4 R
L R

4 L  R 2
3
x'

2.14 ft

MECE 3100 Introduction to Mechanics of Fluids Fall 2013

PRACTICE/EXTRA CREDIT PROBLEMS:
Problem 3.79

Given:

Sphere with different fluids on each side

Find:

Resultant force and direction

[Difficulty: 4]

Solution:
The horizontal and vertical forces due to each fluid are treated separately. For each, the horizontal force is equivalent to that
on a vertical flat plate; the vertical force is equivalent to the weight of fluid "above".
For horizontal forces, the computing equation of Section 3-5 is FH pc A where A is the area of the equivalent vertical
plate.
For vertical forces, the computing equation of Section 3-5 is FV g V where V is the volume of fluid above the curved
surface.
kg
The data is
For water

999
3
m
For the fluids

SG1

For the weir

1.6
3 m

SG2
L

0.8
6 m

(a) Horizontal Forces

For fluid 1 (on the left)

FH1

pc A

g D D L
1

1
2
SG1 g D L
2
2

FH1

For fluid 2 (on the right)

FH2

1
kg
m
N s
2
1.6 999 9.81 ( 3 m) 6 m
3
2
2
kg
m
m
s
pc A

g D D L
2

4 2

FH1

423 kN

FH2

52.9 kN

1
2
SG2 g D L
8
2

FH2

The resultant horizontal force is

FH

1
kg
m
N s
2
0.8 999 9.81 ( 3 m) 6 m
3
2
8
kg
m
m
s
FH1  FH2

FH

370 kN

(b) Vertical forces

For the left geometry, a "thought experiment" is needed to obtain surfaces with fluid "above"

MECE 3100 Introduction to Mechanics of Fluids Fall 2013

Hence

D
4

FV1

SG1 g

FV1

1.6 u 999

2
kg
3

u 9.81

m
2

( 3 m)
N s
u 6 m u
8
kg m

( 3 m)
N s
u 6 m u
16
kg m

FV1

333 kN

FV2

83.1 kN

(Note: Use of buoyancy leads to the same result!)

For the right side, using a similar logic

The resultant vertical force is

D
4

FV2

SG2 g

FV2

0.8 u 999

FV

FV1  FV2

4
kg
3

u 9.81

m
2

FV

416 kN

Finally the resultant force and direction can be computed

F

FH  FV

FV

Problem
FH

atan

*3.95

557 kN

48.3 deg

[Difficulty: 2]

Open-Ended Problem Statement: Gas bubbles are released from the regulator of a submerged
Scuba diver. What happens to the bubbles as they rise through the seawater?
Discussion: Air bubbles released by a submerged diver should be close to ambient pressure at the
depth where the diver is swimming. The bubbles are small compared to the depth of submersion, so each
bubble is exposed to essentially constant pressure. Therefore the released bubbles are nearly spherical in
shape.
The air bubbles are buoyant in water, so they begin to rise toward the surface. The bubbles are quite light,
so they reach terminal speed quickly. At low speeds the spherical shape should be maintained. At higher
speeds the bubble shape may be distorted.
As the bubbles rise through the water toward the surface, the hydrostatic pressure decreases. Therefore the
bubbles expand as they rise. As the bubbles grow larger, one would expect the tendency for distorted
bubble shape to be exaggerated.

MECE 3100 Introduction to Mechanics of Fluids Fall 2013

Problem *3.108

Given:
Find:

[Difficulty: 3]

Data on boat

Floating

Sinking
H = 8 ft

Effective density of water/air bubble mix if boat sinks

Solution:
Basic equations

h = 7 ft
FB

g V

Fy

and

T = 60 o

We can apply the sum of forces for the "floating" free body
Fy

Vsubfloat

Hence

FB  W
1
2

where

2 h

L h

L
tan

SGsea g L h

SGsea g Vsubfloat

FB
2

tan( )

SGsea

1.024

(Table A.2)

(1)

tan( )

We can apply the sum of forces for the "sinking" free body
Fy

FB  W

where

SGmix g Vsub

FB

Vsubsink

1
2

2 H

L
tan

L H

tan( )

Hence

Comparing Eqs. 1 and 2

SGmix g L H
tan( )

SGsea g L h

SGmix

The density is

mix

(2)

SGmix g L H

tan( )

SGsea

SGmix

tan( )

SGmix
mix

1.024 u

0.784 u 1.94

SGmix

slug
ft

mix

0.784

1.52

slug
ft