Reviewer SCIENCE 10

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LAYERS of the Earth

The Earth is divided into four major layers, crust, mantle, inner and outer core
Terms to Remember
1. Lithosphere the rigid layer, outer layer of Earth that consist of the crust and the upper mantle
and is 100 km thick
2. Asthenosphere The zone in the upper mantle just below the lithosphere and is about 180 km
thick: contains magma and is involved in plate movements.
3. crust the rocky, outer layer beneath your feet.
4. Moho the interface between the crust and the mantle
5. mantle the semi-liquid, very high temperature layer below the crust. The cooler section near
to the crust is less mobile than the hotter section next to the core (known as the
asthenosphere).
6. Gutenberg- marks the boundary between the mantle and the outer core.
7. outer core The molten layer of the Earth that surrounds the inner core and is mostly made of
iron and nickel.
8. Lehman boundary between outer and the inner core.
9. Inner core- Pressure within the inner core is so great that, even at such high temperature, it
does not melt. This means that the inner core is solid. It mainly consists of iron and nickel.
10. Seismic Waves- energy waves within the Earth that are released when plates move: It is the
reason why earthquakes occur. It travels through the Earth and are classified as body or surface
waves.
Body Waves- a type of seismic wave that travel through the inner layers of Earth
a. P Waves-fastest wave, the first to be felt on the Earths Surface. Can travel in any state of
matter.
b. S waves- felt in a up and down motion. Do not travel through liquids
Surface Waves waves that can travel only on the crust.
a. Love Waves fastest type of surface wave, side by side movement
b. Rayleigh - circular movement, destructive type of wave.
11. Seismometer instrument used in detecting seismic waves
12. Seismograph records the seismic waves

PLATE MOVEMENTS
1. Pangaea- The supercontinent made up of all the Earths land masses, which existed about 200
million years ago.
2. Panthalassa water surrounding the Pangaea
3. Laurasia Northern continent
4. Gondwana southern continents
5. Continental drift (Alfred Wegener) The theory that the continents were once all joined
together and have slowly moved apart over millions of years. Here are the evidences of wegener

Fossils, Rock structure

Wegeners Theory was rejected because of

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

11.
12.

a. Wegener was a meteorologist not a geologist.

b. He could not explain the mechanism of continental drift
c. Wegener thought that the continents were moving at a very rapid rate.
seafloor spreading The movement of two oceanic plates away from each other, which results
in the formation of new oceanic crust and a mid-ocean ridge.
tectonic plate One of the huge sections of the Earths surface that moves slowly over the
mantle.
plate boundary An area where tectonic plates meet and interact, which affects the Earths
surface
Convection currents Circular currents in the mantle created by the rising of hot magma and
sinking of cool magma. These currents cause tectonic plates to move.
Convergent Boundary occurs when plates are moving towards each other, which may result in
land being destroyed .It may result to the formation of volcanoes, mountains and even it can
generates earthquake,trenches,
Divergent Boundary occurs when plates are moving apart, which result in the formation of
new land such as volcanoes, new oceanic crust, mid ocean ridges.
Transform Boundary occurs when plates slide past each other, which does not involved land
being created nor destroyed. Volcaqnoes and mountains are not created in this boundary,
instead earthquakes.
Key points about plate tectonics
The theory of plate tectonics explains the movement of, and changes to, the Earths crust. The
key points are:
The Earth's surface is made up of several huge tectonic plates (like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle) that
are continually moving.
The ocean floors are continually moving, spreading from the centre and sinking at the edges.
Earthquakes and volcanoes occur at plate boundaries, where the tectonic plates meet.
Convection currents in the mantle move the tectonic plates on the Earths surface. The source of
the heat driving the convection currents is radioactive decay deep within the Earths core.

Pacific Ring of Fire

Volcanoes are formed in subduction zone. Subduction is the convergence movement of tectonic plates
whereby a denser plate is pushed beneath a lighter one.
Earthquakes- refers to the shaking of the Earth as a result of the breaking or shifting of the rocks of the
tectonic plates, which release seismic energy.
-are vibrations caused by earth movements at plate boundaries and at major fault lines (cracks in the
earths surface.
Types of Fault

a. Dip-Slip NORMAL Fault

b. Strike Slip vertical movement

b. Dip Slip Reverse Fault

d. Oblique Slip combination

Water

The process of evaporation from plants is called transpiration. (In other words, its like plants
sweating.)
As water (in the form of gas) rises higher in the atmosphere, it starts to cool and become a liquid
again. This process is called condensation. When a large amount of water vapor condenses, it
results in the formation of clouds.
When the water in the clous gets too heavy, the water falls back to the earth. This is called
precipitation.
Runoff the water that moves across the surface of the land and enters bodies of freashwater.
Percolation the process of movement and filtering of rainwater into several layer.
Aquifer stored underground water.
WATER CYCLE (HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE)
1. Reservoir oceans, air (as water vapor), groundwater, lakes and glaciers; evaporation, wind
and precipitation (rain) move water from oceans to land
2. Assimilation plants absorb water from the ground, animals drink water or eat other
organisms which are composed mostly of water
3. Release plants transpire, animals breathe and expel liquid wastes
Freshwater little dissolved salts
Marine high salt concentration
Planktons primary producer (phytoplankton)
- Planktons that eat other planktons ( zooplankton)

Nektons free swimmers

Benthos- residing mostly at the bottom of the ocean
Sessile stationary
Motile has the ability to9 move around
Decomposers- degrade organic compounds
Marine Ecosystem
Coastal Zone - High tide to Continental shelf - (Ample sunlight) -90% of all marine species
Open Ocean extends from the end of the continental shelf to the vast region of the ocean wher
no land is n sight.
a. euphotic zone
-Sunlight layer: - phtyoplankton =photosynthesis:, big fish and mammals
b. bathyal zone
Dimly lit little/no producers, zooplankton, smaller fish
c. abyssal zone Dark deepest, cold scavenger

Estuary refers to the site where rivers meet and connect to the open sea.
Wetlands refers to an ecosystem where freshwater or saltwater and land meet. It is considered
as the most productive areas in the world.
Desalination the process of removing salt and mineral contents of saline water order to
produce potable water.

amplitude The maximum distance any point in a wave moves from its rest position.
compression A stretched-out section of a longitudinal wave.
frequency The number of waves passing a point each second. It is measured in hertz (Hz).
longitudinal wave A type of wave in which the particles vibrate back and forth, which is
parallel to the wave direction, e.g. sound and P waves.
rarefaction A bunched-up section of a longitudinal wave.
transverse wave A type of wave in which the particles vibrate up and down, which is at right
angles to the wave direction, e.g. electromagnetic, water and S waves.
wavelength The distance between two matching points
The amount of energy carried by an electromagnetic wave depends on the wavelength:
the shorter the wavelength, the higher its energy.
Wavelength and frequency are linked properties of a wave: the shorter the wavelength, the
higher its frequency.
So, frequency also tells you about the energy of a wave:
the higher its frequency, the higher the energy.
electromagnetic spectrum The continuous series of electromagnetic waves in order of wavelength or
frequency.

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radio waves Electromagnetic waves with the longest wavelengths, lowest energy. Used for
communications,automatic doors, WIFI, GPS, weather forecasting, MRI, AM (amplitude
modulation) in radio broadcasting FM (frequency Modulation
Frequency: 30 Khz to 3000mhZ
Wavelength 10-1 to 10 4 m
microwaves Electromagnetic waves that are short-wavelength than radio waves. Uses include
mobile phones, radar and cooking.
Frequency: 3000mhZ to 300 Ghz
Wavelength 10-3 to 10 -1 m
infrared waves Electromagnetic waves given off by hot objects. Uses include heating, cooking
and remote controls.
Frequency: 3 x 10 ^11 Hz to 4 X10^14
Wavelength 7.5 x 10 ^-7 m to 10^-3 m

visible light Electromagnetic waves that are detected by our eyes, allowing us to see. Other
uses include optical fibre communications and imaging. (ROYGBIV) , LASER ( light Amplification
by Stimulated Emission of Radiation)
Frequency: 4 x 10 ^14 Hz to 8 X10^14 Hz
Wavelength 4 x 10 ^-7 m to 8x10^-7 m

ultraviolet rays Electromagnetic waves that can be absorbed by certain chemicals and emitted
as visible light. Uses include tanning beds and security marking.
Frequency:
Wavelength: please see page 98
X-rays Electromagnetic waves that pass through most materials. Uses include medical imaging
and security.
Frequency:
Wavelength: please see page 98

gamma rays Electromagnetic waves with the shortest wavelengths. Uses include sterilizing
medical equipment and cancer treatment.
Frequency:

Wavelength: please see page 98

So to find
frequency (f),
cover up f

v
f =

x
V= F
=v/f

Note :Always remember that for all EM waves the

wave speed is always constant( 300,000,000)
or 3 x 10^8 m/s
Thank you , always remember Honesty is the best Police Di ako yung gumawa ng exam
pero alam ko kaya niyo sagutan mga tanong - sir Batman