Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Introduction
1.1
Motivation
WDM optical networks are the revolution in data transmission because of low loss,
high speed, better bandwidth and high capacity. So a lot of research is going on in
this field.
Information in the form of light transmits between transmitter and receiver in optical
communication via optical fiber. WDM provides virtual fibers, in that it makes a single Fiber
looks like multiple virtual fibers, with each virtual fiber carrying a single data stream.
Fibres also suffer from dispersion due to fibre material nonlinearities and distance the signal
travels inside the fibre. In WDM network, dispersion, Group velocity dispersion (GVD) and
nonlinear effects, such as self- and cross-phase modulation (SPM/XPM) and four-wave
mixing (FWM) is observed at different data rates. So this dispersion and non linearity has to
be minimised by some methods like using DCF, FBG, electronic equalizer, different optical
modulation format and optical phase conjugation method. Installing the DCF fibres is one of
the methods to compensate the dispersion due to single mode fibres. The DCF is analysed
with various data rate and configurations for defining the optimum results. By
1
introducing varieties of optical modulation formats to minimize non linearity is also analyzed
at higher data rate and different frequency spacing.
1.2
Literature Survey
This section includes list of literatures and research paper referred for finding project
definition, problems and its possible solution.
M. I. Hayee and A. E. Willner compare non return-to-zero (NRZ) with return-to-zero (RZ)
modulation format for wavelength-division multiplexed systems operating at data rates up to
40 Gb/s. They find that in 1040-Gb/s dispersion-managed systems (single-mode fiber
alternating with dispersion compensating fiber), NRZ is more adversely affected by
nonlinearities, whereas RZ is more affected by dispersion. In this dispersion map, 10- and 20Gb/s systems operate better using RZ modulation format because nonlinearity dominates.
However, 40-Gb/s systems favour the usage of NRZ because dispersion becomes the key
limiting factor at 40 GB/s. [1]
Anu Sheetal, AjayK.Sharma and R.S.Kaler describes the simulative analysis of 40 Gb/s long
haul (5002000 km) DWDM system with ultra high capacity up to 1.28 Tb/s has been carried
out for carrier-suppressed return-to-zero (CSRZ), duo binary return-to-zero (DRZ) and
modified duo binary return-to-zero (MDRZ) modulation formats. The DWDM system has
been analyzed for the pre, post and symmetrical dispersion compensation schemes for 16
Channels with 25GHz channel spacing in order to find the optimum modulation format for a
high bit rate optical transmission system. [2]
Bo-ning HU1, Wang Jing1, Wang Wei2 and Rui-mei Zhao1 analyzed Fiber-optic dispersion
and its effect on optical transmission system. In this paper, three schemes (pre-compensation,
post
compensation,
mix-compensation
of
dispersion
compensation)
of
dispersion
compensation with DCF are proposed. Mix-compensation gives best result among all of these
three. [3]
R.S. Kaler, Ajay K.Sharma and T.S. Kamala investigate pre-, post- and symmetrical
dispersion compensation methods for 10 Gb/s non-return to zero (NRZ) links using standard
and dispersion compensated fibers through computer simulations to optimize high data rate
optical transmission. The influence of EDFA power and increase in length of each type of
fiber has been studied to evaluate the performance of optical communication systems. [4]
Annika Dochhan, Sylvia Smolorz, Harald Rohde and Werner Rosenkranz investigate the use
of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) for in-line dispersion compensation in optical long-haul
wavelength division multiplex (WDM) transmission systems. They considered upgrade
scenarios contain the increase of the data rate from 10.7 Gb/s to 43 Gb/s and employment of
other modulation formats than conventional NRZ-ASK (non-return-to-zero amplitude shift
keying), such as optical duo binary (ODB) and differential phase shift keying (DPSK). [5]
Samy Ghoniemy, Karim F. George and Leonard Mac Eachern presented modelling and
design, simulation, characterization and performance evaluation of high data rate and high
capacity long-haul DWMD light wave systems. Results showed the superiority of the Duo
binary format over the other presented modulation formats. The effect of using different fiber
types (SSMF, LEAF, and TW-RS) on the proposed 42.7 Gb/s DWDM system`s performance
was discussed. The results showed that the superiority map of the different modulation
formats was changed by changing the fiber type. It was seen that using the LEAF made the
RZ-DQPSK the best modulation format of those considered. They also demonstrated that the
choice of the RZ-DQPSK modulation format over the LEAF type fiber resulted in a 50%
increase in the transmission distance of the DWDM system in spite of the reduced channel
spacing. [6]
M.D. Pelusi, F. Luan, S. J. Madden, D.-Y. Choi, D.A.P. Bulla, B. Luther-Davies and B.J.
Eggleton performed demonstration dispersion free transmission of a WDM 3 x 40 Gb/s (100
GHz spaced) using RZ-DPSK modulation format over a 162 km standard fiber link by using
optical phase conjugation via CW pumped four wave mixing in a As2S3 planar waveguide for
all channels and other approaches include using different chalcogenide glass compositions,
whose n2 can be quadruple that of As2S3. [7]
Saurabh Kumar, Prof. A. K. Jaiswal, Er. Mukesh Kumar, Er. Rohini Saxena investigated
post, pre and symmetrical/mix dispersion compensation methods for 40 Gb/s non-return to
zero link using standard and dispersion compensated fiber through FBG compensator to
optimize high data rate optical transmission. They found that fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) are
implemented instead of using dispersion compensated fiber (DCF)
for
dispersion
100GHz. Multiplexed systems operating at 10, 20, 30 and 40Gb/s/channel with non
return-to-zero (NRZ) signal. The transmitted power is kept constant while the bit rate and the
length of the fiber are varied and the observations are based on the modelling and
numerical simulation of optimum dispersion-managed transmission link. Performance study
is done for variable fiber span length for NZDSF. It is observed that at low bit rate
(10Gb/s/ch)
better
performance
matrices (Q, BER, eye pattern) for variable fiber span. But with increase in per
channel bit rate over 10Gb/s/ch viz 20 Gb/s/ch, 30Gb/s/ch and 40Gb/s/ch transmission
performance degrades on the increase of fiber length, it is much higher for 40Gb/s/ch
multiplexed optical system as compared to other systems operating on 20, 30Gb/s/ch bit
rate. They concluded by observing various results that that with increase of per channel bit
rate nonlinearities limits the fiber transmission length, while with lower bit rate system
performance parameters are very attractive, also for 40Gb/s/channel optical transmission
NRZ lacks of the necessary dispersion tolerance to accommodate. [9]
Kawal Preet Singh, Navpreet Singh, Gurinder Singh Dhaliwal have analyzed different WDM
systems using NRZ, RZ and CSRZ modulation formats and concluded that WDM system has
been effected by dispersion and non-linear effects. They also concluded that CSRZ signal is
far less sensitive to fiber Non linear effects and provides better robustness against
transmission impairments, RZ system has reduced dispersion tolerance and a reduced spectral
efficiency of RZ based WDM systems and the NRZ system has improved dispersion tolerance
but it has the effect of inter-symbol interference between the pulses this modulation format is
not suitable when high bit rates and distance. [10]
Malti, Meenakshi Sharma and Anu Sheetal have simulated 8-channel WDM-PON system for
downstream signals using carrier suppressed return-to-zero (CSRZ), duo binary return-to-zero
(DRZ) and the modified duo binary return-to-zero (MDRZ) modulation formats by varying
input power from 0 to 20 dBm for different modulation formats and found CSRZ is
superior to DRZ and MDRZ and system gives optimum performance at input power
Pin=15dBm. [11]
Rajani, Raju Pal, Vishal Sharma investigate pre, post and symmetrical-dispersion
compensation methods for 10/15Gb/s using different modulation formats like NRZ, RZ and
RZ Super Gaussian using standard and dispersion compensated fibers through computer
simulations to optimize high data rate optical transmission. It is recommended to use
symmetric- and post-DCF schemes for all the simulated optical pulses rather than using pre
techniques increase the total losses nonlinear effects and costs of optical transmission system
and FBG helps in decreasing the cost of the system and also have low insertion loss. [13]
Vjaceslavs Bobrovs, Sandis Spolitis, Girts Ivanovs describes that the possible transmission
distance of the Dense WDM-PON (DWDM-PON) transmission system can be restricted by
chromatic dispersion (CD).In this paper, various chromatic dispersion compensation
techniques are compared. The best results were obtained by using FBG for CD precompensation. It is preferable to use FBG for CD compensation in pre-compensation
configuration (before SMF fiber span) in future high speed long-reach DWDM-PON systems.
[14]
M. I. Hayee and A. E. Willner describe the group velocity dispersion (GVD) and nonlinear
effects, such as self- and cross-phase modulation (SPM/XPM) and four-wave mixing (FWM)
in wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) systems at 10 Gb/s that degrade the performance
of the system. In this paper, 10-Gb/s WDM systems that use pre-compensation, Post
compensation or dual-compensation of each channel to minimize dispersion and nonlinear
effects are explained. [15]
J. Vojtech 1, M. Karasekt'2, J. Radill describe that the low loss of fibers, together with the
availability of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA's), makes the 1550nm window an
attractive wavelength range of operation at 10Gb/s. However the chromatic dispersion of
SSMF is relatively large (z 17 ps/nm/km) within this window, severely limiting transmission
distances unless compensating techniques are employed. In this paper, investigation on the
transmission tolerance to signal input power launched into the link for post compensation
Scenario with fixed value of compensated CD for different compensating devices is done. CD
Compensators available were: broadband FBGs, channelized FBGs, channelized tunable
FBGs (TFBGs). Comparison of different partial CD pre-compensation schemes has been
addressed. Both fixed and channelized FBGs perform nearly identically; performance of
tunable ones is a little worse due to higher Insertion loss. [16]
Xianming Zhu, Shiva Kumar, Srikanth Raghavan, Yihong Mauro and Sergey Lobanov
describe that the Fiber-optic communication systems operating at 10 Gb/s and beyond suffer
from severe inter-symbol interference (ISI)
polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) and fiber Kerr nonlinearity. In this paper, Non-linear
Electronic dispersion compensation technique is proposed. Two different types of nonlinear
EDCs to cancel ISI caused by chromatic dispersion, nonlinearity from square-law detection,
and fiber nonlinearity are shown. [17]
Niels Neumann, Christian G. Schaffer, TU Dresden, Institut fur Nachrichtentechnik and
Dresden describes the estimation of the dispersion for different modulation formats using
nonlinear detection. [18]
Gaurang H Patel and Rohit B Patel simulate and compare dispersion compensation using
DCF and using electrical compensation (feed forward decision feedback equalizer) with
data rate of 1.28 Tb/s at fiber length of 300km. They have concluded that hybrid dispersion
compensation gives better performance than other compensation scheme. It means hybrid
compensation provides three times performance enhancement than mix optical compensation
scheme. [19]
Majid Moghaddasi and Assoc.Prof. Dr. Syuhaimi Bin Ab. Rahman compares the efficiency
of on-off Keying (OOK) modulation formats non-return-to-zero (NRZ) and return-to-zero
(RZ) in both electrical (using feed forward-decision feedback equalizer (FFEDFE) method)
and optical chromatic dispersion compensation (using Dispersion Compensation Fiber (DCF))
and concluded that in electrical compensation NRZ seems predominate in most parts of the
route compare to RZ 0.67 while RZ 0.5 produces the worst performances almost at all points
but in optical compensation RZ modulation with both duty cycle (0.67 and 0.5) gives us
definitely much better performance than NRZ especially in shorter distances. [20]
Vjaceslavs Bobrovs, Sandis Spolitis
compensate using DCF or FBG as a dispersion compensate module for WDM PON network
for 16 channels each with 10 Gb/s.They concluded that by implementation of DCF fiber in
DCM unit the 16 channel DWDM-PON systems maximal link length between OLT and
ONT in pre-compensation configuration improved by 19.3% or 11 km in length from 57
km to 68 km, but in post-compensation configuration by 5.3% or 3 km in length from 57 km
to 60 km and by implementation of fiber Bragg grating pre-compensation solution in
dispersion compensation module DWDM passive optical network transmission line can
1.3
Thesis Organization
Chapter 2 gives the overview of optical fiber communication, WDM network and linear &
nonlinear impairments.
Chapter 5 describes the simulation setup and result discussion of single link, 8- channel link,
16-channel link and finally 32-channels 1.28 Tbps data rate channel using different
modulation formats.
Chapter 6 gives the conclusion from the above discussed chapters and discussed possible
future work in dispersion compensation fields.
In the next chapter, we will discuss about the optical fiber communication and different types
of linear and non-linear impairments.
Chapter 2
2.1 Overview
The world telecommunication consists two parts: the Greek word tele which means the over
a distance, and communication which means the exchange of information. We can define
telecommunication as Exchange of information over a certain distance using some type of
medium.
One of these mediums that really had a big impact on data transmission was coaxial-cable
system. The first coaxial-cable system, deployed in 1940, was a 3MHz system which could
transmit 300 voice channels [33]. But these coaxial-cables, they mostly suffer from high cable
losses and repeater spacing is also very limited and is costly for a longer transmission length.
And these shortcomings led to the development of microwave communication system.
Microwave communication system uses electromagnetic carrier waves in the range of GHz to
transmit signals with different techniques to modulate the carrier waves. The microwave
communication system allowed larger repeater spacing but suffered from limited bit rate.
As we begin the new millennium, we are seeing dramatic changes in the telecommunications
industry that have far-reaching implications for our lifestyles. There are many drivers for
these changes. First and foremost is the continuing, relentless need for more capacity in the
network. This demand is fueled by many factors like growth of internet and the World Wide
Web, both in terms of number of users and the amount of time, and thus bandwidth taken by
each user, is a major factor.
The Shannon-Hartley theorem states that information carrying capacity is proportional to
channel bandwidth, the range of frequencies within which the signals can be transmitted
without substantial attenuation. [32]
The frequency of the carrier signal limits the bandwidth. The higher the carrier frequency, the
greater the channel bandwidth and the higher the information carrying capacity of the system.
Fiber optical communication system use light as a carrier with the highest frequency among
all the practical signals and this is what makes these systems the linchpin of modern
telecommunications.
Then Optical fiber was first developed in the 1970s, which revolutionized the
telecommunications industry and played a major role in the Information era. Because of its
advantages over electrical transmission, optical fibers have largely replaced copper wire
communications in core networks in the developed world [34]. Optical communication
system use high carrier frequency (~100 THz) in the visible or near infrared region of the
electromagnetic spectrum. Because of its low loss, high capacity and capacity it become more
popular [32].
Consider the following statement from a leading telecommunication provider The explosive
growth of Internet traffic, deregulation and the increasing demand of users are putting
pressure on our customers to increase the capacity of their network. Only optical networks can
deliver the required capacity and the bandwidth-on-demand is now synonymous with
wavelength-on demand.
2.2.1 Transmitter
The role of an optical transmitter is to convert the electrical signal into optical form and to
launch the resulting optical signal into the optical fiber. Fig. 2.1 shows the block diagram of
an optical transmitter. It consists of an optical source, a modulator, and an information signal
as an input signal. Semiconductor lasers or light-emitting diodes are used as optical sources
because of their compatibility with the optical-fiber communication channel. The optical
signal is generated by modulating the optical carrier wave with information signal (electrical
form).Then resulting modulated optical signal pulse propagates through optical fiber.
2.2.2 Receiver
An optical receiver converts the optical signal received at the output end of the optical fiber
back into the original electrical signal. Fig. 2.1 shows the block diagram of an optical
receiver. It consists of an optical detector, and a demodulator. Semiconductor photodiodes are
used as photo detectors because of their compatibility with the whole system which converts
optical signal to electrical signal and demodulator is used to convert modulated signal to
information signal.
10
11
12
2.4.2 Transparency
WDM networks supports data to be transmitted at different bit rates. It also supports a number
of protocols. So there is not much constraint in how we want to send the data. So it can be
used for various very high speed data transmission applications.
2.4.4 Scalability
WDM networks are also very flexible in nature. As per requirement we can make changes to
the network. Extra processing units can be added to both transmitter and receiver ends. By
this infrastructure can redevelop to serve more number of people.
2.4.5 Reliability
WDM networks are extremely reliable and secure. Here chance of trapping the data and
crosstalk is very low. It also can recover from network failure in a very efficient manner.
There is provision for rerouting a path between a source-destination node pair. So in case of
link failure we will not lose any data.
in Wavelength
Division
performance. Nonlinear effects play a major role in optical fiber with respect to transmission
capacity and performance of the system.
Impairments in optical fiber are broadly classified in to two categories: linear and non-linear
impairments. The terms linear and non-linear in fiber optics mean intensity-independent and
intensity-dependent, respectively. The linear impairments are static in nature and non-linear
13
impairments are dynamic in nature. The non-linear impairments strongly depend on the
current allocation of route and wavelength, i.e., on the current status of allocated light paths.
Linear impairments are independent of the signal power and affect each of the wavelengths
(optical channels) individually, whereas nonlinear impairments affect not only each optical
channel individually but they also cause disturbance and interference between them.
14
Power loss can be defined as the optical loss that is accumulated from source to destination
along fiber links and is normally made up of intrinsic fiber losses and extrinsic bending
losses. Intrinsic fiber losses are due to attenuation, absorption, reflections, refractions,
Rayleigh scattering, optical component insertion losses, etc. Let
the input of a fiber of length L; then the output power
=
is given by
(2.1)
15
between the dispersion slopes of CD and DCF, some wavelengths may be over-compensated
and some others may be under compensated.
Moreover DCF modules may only be available in fixed lengths of compensating fiber. Hence,
sometimes it may be difficult to find a DCF chat exactly compensates the CD introduced by
the fiber, leading to residual CD. A typical value of dispersion compensation tolerance in
commercial receivers is around 800 ps/nm for non-return-to-zero (NRZ) 10 Gb/s, while it is
160 ps/nm for optical duo binary (ODB) 40 Gb/s.
2.5.1.3 Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)
broadening is relatively small compared to CD. The PMD on a fiber link is a function of PMD
on each fiber-span. The PMD values vary from fiber to fiber in the range of 0.01-10 ps/
PMD becomes a major limiting factor for WDM systems designed for longer distances at
higher bit-rates. The effect of second and higher order PMD becomes prominent at high-bit
rates exceeding 40 Gb/s. PMD induced problems can be reduced by shortening the optical
16
transmission distance by placing OEO regenerators between two optical nodes. However, as
most long-haul DWDM systems are multi-wavelength, the transmission link must first be demultiplexed, then regenerated, and then multiplexed again, which is a very expensive
operation. Another alternative is to use dispersion compensation modules (DCM) at optical
add/drop multiplexers (OADMs), optical cross-connects (OXCs), or amplifier sites to
compensate for accumulated PMD on an optical path. Because PMD effects are random and
time-dependent, this requires an adaptive/active PMD compensator that responds to feedback
over time. Hence, the most reliable and efficient PMD compensation technology is the use of
adaptive optics to realign and correct the pulses of dispersed optical bits.
17
modulation is an important effect in optical systems that use short, intense pulses of light,
such as lasers and optical fiber communications systems. Where The Kerr effect, also called
the quadratic electro-optic effect (QEO effect), is a change in the refractive index of a
material in response to an applied electric field.
For an ultra short pulse with a Gaussian shape and constant phase, the intensity at time t is
given by I(t):
( )=
Where
exp( )
(2.2)
the peak intensity and is is half the pulse duration. If the pulse is travelling in a
medium, the optical Kerr effect produces a refractive index change with intensity:
( )=
(2.3)
Where n0 is the linear refractive index and n2 is the second-order nonlinear refractive index of
the medium.
As the pulse propagates, the intensity at any one point in the medium rises and then falls as
the pulse goes past. This will produce a time-varying refractive index:
( )
( )
(2.4)
This variation in refractive index produces a shift in the instantaneous phase of the pulse:
( ) =
Where
and
( )
(2.5)
are the carrier frequency and (vacuum) wavelength of the pulse, and L is the
18
( )
(2.6)
( )=
( )
(2.7)
Plotting (t) shows the frequency shift of each part of the pulse. The leading edge shifts to
lower frequencies ("redder" wavelengths), trailing edge to higher frequencies ("bluer") and
the very peak of the pulse is not shifted. For the centre portion of the pulse (between t = /2),
there is an approximately linear frequency shift (chirp) given by:
( )=
(2.8)
Where is:
=
It is clear that the extra frequencies generated through SPM broaden the frequency spectrum
of the pulse symmetrically. In the time domain, the envelope of the pulse is not changed,
however in any real medium the effects of dispersion will simultaneously act on the pulse. In
regions of normal dispersion, the "redder" portions of the pulse have a higher velocity than
the "blue" portions, and thus the front of the pulse moves faster than the back, broadening the
pulse in time.
Hence, the primary effect of SPM is to broaden the pulse in the frequency domain, keeping
the temporal shape unaltered. As the chirping effect is proportional to the transmitted signal
power, the SPM effects are more pronounced in systems with high transmitted power. SPM is
the strongest among the Kerr effects for DWDM systems working at 100GHz spacing. The
chirp also depends on the input pulse shape. The appropriate chirping of input signals using
chirped RZ (CRZ) modulation can reduce the SPM effects. The effects produced by nonlinear
SPM and linear dispersion are opposite in nature. By proper choice of pulse shape and input
power, one effect will compensate for another, leading to undistorted pulse in both time and
frequency domains. Such a pulse is called a Soliton pulse and is useful in high-bandwidth
optical communication systems.
2.5.2.2 Cross-Phase Modulation (XPM)
The non-linear refractive index seen by an optical pulse depends not only on the intensity of
the pulse but also on the intensity of the other co- propagating optical pulses, i.e., the
nonlinear phase modulation of an optical pulse caused by fluctuations in intensity of other
optical pulses is called XPM. The result of XPM may be asymmetric spectral broadening and
distortion of the pulse shape. XPM hinders the system performance through the same
19
mechanism as SPM: chirping frequency and chromatic dispersion. XPM damages the system
performance even more than SPM and influences it severely when the number of channels is
large. The XPM-induced phase shift can occur only when two pulses overlap in time.
Due to this overlap, the intensity-dependent phase shift and consequent chirping is enhanced,
leading to enhanced pulse broadening. The effects of XPM can be reduced by increasing the
wavelength spacing between individual channels. Another way to reduce XPM effects is by
careful selection of bit-rates for adjacent channels that are not equal to the present channels.
For increased wavelength spacing, the pulses overlap for such a short time that XPM effects
are virtually negligible. XPM is more important at 50 (or less) GHz spacing compared to 100
GHz spacing.
M=
(2.9)
The FWM effect is independent of the bit-rate and is critically dependent on the channel
spacing and fiber dispersion. Decreasing the channel spacing increases the four-wave mixing
effect. FWM has severe effects in a WDM system, which uses dispersion-shifted fiber. If
there is some dispersion in the fiber, then the effect of FWM is reduced. This is why non-zero
dispersion-shifted fibers are normally used in WDM systems. Another way to reduce FWM
effect is to employ unequal channel spacing in such a way that the generated signals do not
interfere with the original signals.
20
21
+
=
| +
1
6
(2.10)
Where T is a frame of reference moving with the pulse at the group velocity and
, |
attenuation constant;
and
Raman gain and is usually estimated to be ~5 fs. Equation (2.1.1) includes the effects of fiber
loss through , of chromatic dispersion through linear delay
. The term which is proportional to
becomes important for ultra-short pulses. The last two terms on the right-side of the equation
are related to the effects of stimulated inelastic scattering such as SRS and SBS.
Equation (2.1.1) is a nonlinear partial differential equation which generally does not have an
analytical solution except for some special cases. A numerical approach is needed to
22
understand the nonlinear effects in fibers most of time. Many of simulators use Split-Step
Fourier Transform (SSFT) to simulate the evolution of optical waveform over fiber. In a
standard SSFT method, fiber span is divided into many short sections and the dispersion
operator and the nonlinear operator are treated separately in each section (Ref. [6]). If were
write the Equation (2.1.1) like this (Ref. [2, 6]):
( , )
=( + )
(2.11)
Where D and N are dispersion operator and nonlinear operator respectively. They are given
by:
=
|+
(2.12)
(2.13)
From Equation (2.1.2), we can get the evolution of the complex optical field along the fiber
from one section to the next section:
( + , ) = exp(
) exp(
) ( , )
(2.14)
Where, is the length of the
fiber section.
)
)=
) ( , )=
{exp[
)] [ ( , )]}}
(2.15)
denote the Fourier and inverse Fourier transformations respectively. Finally, for SSFT
numerical method, the equation for the optical field evolution can be written as following:
( + , ) = exp(
{exp(
)) [ ( , )]}
(2.16)
In Equation (2.1.7), the dispersion acts with optical signal first in frequency domain, and
nonlinear effects interfere with optical signal in time domain separately. In general, the
simulation using SSFT starts with the known wave format the transmitter A(0,T) and finds the
optical field of each consecutive fiber section till the end of the transmission.
23
Chapter 3
3.1. Introduction
To increase the capacity of light wave systems, or bit rate-distance product, high speed data
rate per channel and close channel spacing in DWDM systems are the possible solutions.
10Gb/s or 40Gb/s DWDM system would be the next generation of light wave systems. In
such high speed DWDM systems, linear and nonlinear impairments become severe. Those
linear impairments include chromatic dispersion (CD), and first order polarization mode
dispersion (PMD); nonlinear impairments include self-phase modulation (SPM), cross-phase
modulation (XPM) and four-wave mixing (FWM) as discussed in previous chapter. To
compensate both the linear and the nonlinear impairments over the transmission fiber, an
optimal modulation format is desired: A modulation format with narrow optical spectrum can
enable closer channel spacing and tolerate more CD distortion; A modulation format with
constant optical power can be less susceptible to SPM and XPM; A modulation format with
multiple signal levels will be more efficient than binary signals and its longer symbol duration
will reduce the distortion induced by CD and PMD. In addition, in an optical repetitive
24
amplified light wave system, amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise is another concern
which requires modulation formats more tolerant to additive ASE noise. There have been
many optical modulation formats in the scope of this researching area. Because of its easy to
modulate and demodulate, most of them are binary signaling, e.g. duo binary, VSB/SSB, RZ,
phase-shift-keying (PSK) etc.. While, others are multi-level signaling, e.g. differentialQuadra-phase-shift-keying (DQPSK), and M-PAM etc.. It is impossible to cover all of those
modulation formats in this thesis. However, we will detail and compare several very
important modulation formats often used in recent years. The modulation formats covered in
this thesis are NRZ-OOK, RZ-OOK, CS-RZ, MDRZ and DRZ. Although this is not a
complete screening of the advanced optical modulation formats arena, the results in this thesis
and the mechanism under each modulation format are still valuable and can be extended for
the future research. In the following part, the basic waveform generation/detection and major
characteristics of these five modulation formats will be discussed. It will form a foundation
for the following parts of the thesis where system performance of different modulation
formats will be detailed.
(a)
(b)
(c)
25
Fig. 3.1 NRZ (a) Schematic diagram of NRZ transmitter (b) time domain (c) frequency
domain visualize
For a long time, non-return-to-zero on-off-keying (NRZ-OOK) has been the dominant
modulation format in IM/DD fiber-optical communication systems. For convenience we
would like to refer NRZ-OOK as NRZ. There are probably several reasons for using NRZ in
the early days of fiber-optical communication: First, it requires a relatively low electrical
bandwidth for the transmitters and receivers (compared to RZ); second, it is not sensitive to
laser phase noise (compared to PSK); and last, it has the simplest configuration of
transceivers. In recent years, as optical amplifiers, NRZ modulation format may not be the
best choice for high capacity optical systems. However, due to its simplicity, and its historic
dominance, NRZ would be a good reference for the purpose of comparison.
The block diagram of a NRZ transmitter is shown in Fig. 3.1(a), where electrical signal is
modulated with an external intensity modulator. The intensity modulator can be either MachZehnder type or electro-absorption type, which converts an OOK electrical signal with data
rate of Rb into an OOK optical signal at the same data rate. The optical pulse width of each
isolated digital 1 is equal to the inverse of the data rate. To detect a NRZ optical signal, a
simple photodiode is used at the receiver, which convert s optical power of signal into
electrical current. This is called direct detection (DD). If there is no mention, same direct
detection scheme is used for other modulation formats. Fig. 3.1 (b), (c) shows the spectrum of
NRZ with10Gbps of data rate. In general, NRZ modulated optical signal has the most
compact spectrum compared to that with other modulate formats. However, this does not
mean that NRZ optical signal has superior resistance to residual chromatic dispersion in an
amplified fiber system with dispersion compensation. Also this does not mean NRZ is more
tolerant to XPM and FWM in crowded DWDM systems because of its strong carrier
component in the optical spectrum [36]. In addition, NRZ optical signal has been found to be
less resistive to GVD-SPM effect in transmission compared to its RZ counterparts. A simple
explanation is that different data patterns in a PRBS NRZ data stream require different
optimum residual dispersion for the best eye opening. For example, an isolated digital 1
would generate more self-phase modulation (SPM) effect than continuous digital 1s.Since
SPM can be treated as an equivalent signal frequency chirp; it modifies the optimum value of
the dispersion compensation in the system. The difference in the optimum dispersion
compensation between an isolated digital 1 and continuous digital 1s makes it impossible
to optimize the residual dispersion in the system and thus makes the system performance
26
vulnerable to the data patent-dependent fiber nonlinear effect. This effect is especially
important in long distance fiber-optic systems.
3.2.2. RZ-OOK
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 3.2 RZ (a) Schematic diagram of RZ transmitter (b) time domain (c) frequency domain
visualize
RZ means return-to-zero, so the width of optical signal is smaller than its bit period. Usually
a clock signal with the same data rate as electrical signal is used to generate RZ shape of
optical signals. Fig. 3.2(a) shows the block diagram of a typical RZ transmitter. First, NRZ
optical signal is generated by an external intensity modulator; then, it is modulated by a
synchronized pulse train with the same data rate as the electrical signal using another intensity
modulator. RZ optical signal has been found to be more tolerant to nonlinearity than NRZ
optical signal. The reason for its superior resistance to nonlinearity than NRZ is probably due
to its regular data pattern of optical signal. Because of characteristic of return-to-zero of RZ
optical signals, an isolated digital bit 1 and continuous digital 1s would require the same
amount of optimal dispersion compensation for the best eye opening. So with the optimal
dispersion compensation in the system, RZ format shows better tolerance to nonlinearity than
27
NRZ. The spectrum of RZ is also shown in Fig. 3.2 (b), (c). Compared to NRZ, it has a wider
spectrum because of its narrower pulse width. This would lead to less spectrum efficiency for
RZ in a WDM system.
3.2.3. CS-RZ
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 3.3 CSRZ (a) Schematic diagram of CSRZ transmitter (b) time domain (c) frequency
domain visualize
In general, the generation of a CS-RZ optical signal requires two electro-optic modulators as
shown in Fig. 3.3(a). In this configuration, the first intensity modulator encodes the NRZ data.
Then the generated NRZ optical signal is modulated by the second intensity modulator to
generate a CS-RZ optical signal. The second intensity modulator is biased at the minimum
power transmission point and driven by a sinusoidal clock at the half data rate of the electrical
signal. As illustrated in Fig. 3.3(b), a MZ intensity modulator biased at this condition doubles
the frequency of the modulating signal and the phase of output pulse train is alternated
between 0 and . This configuration only requires half data rate of bandwidth for the
second electro-optical modulator, which reduces the complexity of configuration. CS-RZ has
shown better tolerance to fiber nonlinearity and residual chromatic dispersion in recent
28
research. Its RZ intensity bit pattern makes it easy to find the optimum dispersion
compensation. In addition, carrier suppression reduces the efficiency of four wave-mixing in
WDM systems.
3.2.4. DRZ
(a)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 3.4 DRZ (a) Schematic diagram of DRZ transmitter (b) time domain (c) frequency
domain visualize
Fig. 3.4(a) illustrates the schematic of the 40 Gb/s duo-binary transmitter. The duo binary
was generated by first creating an NRZ duo binary signal using a duo binary precoder,
NRZ generator and a Duo binary pulse generator. The generator drives the first MZM, and
then cascades this modulator with a second modulator that is driven by a sinusoidal
electrical signal with the frequency of 40GHz Phase = -90 . The duo binary precoder
used here is composed of an exclusive-or gate with a delayed feedback path. DRZ formats
29
are very attractive, because their optical modulation bandwidth can be compressed to the
data bit rate B, that is, the half-bandwidth of the NRZ format 2B as shown in Fig. 3.4(b),
(c).
3.2.5 MDRZ
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 3.5 MDRZ (a) Schematic diagram of MDRZ transmitter (b) time domain (c) frequency
domain visualize
Duo binary data encoding has received much attention because of its advantages in
dispersion tolerance and reducing nonlinear effects in optical communication systems
[38]- [40]. Relative to non-return-to-zero (NRZ) format optical signals, return-to-zero
(RZ) format optical signals can tolerate high input power, and have small inter-symbol
interference and high receiver sensitivity [41]. Recently it has been shown [38], that
modified duo binary RZ (MD-RZ) signals show more advantages compared to regular
30
RZ, duo binary RZ, and alternating phase RZ signals because the MD-RZ has an
opposite-phase in the adjacent 1s, which leads to the fact that self-phase modulation in
single channel, cross-phase modulation and intra-channel four-wave mixing in WDM
transmission systems can be reduced. In a conventional scheme, generation of the duo- binary
RZ usually needs two modulators; one is used to generate duo binary signals and the other is
cascaded to this modulator for carving NRZ signals to generate RZ signals.
Fig. 3.5(a) displays the schematic for the production of the MDRZ modulation format. In
this, first NRZ duo-binary signal is generated that drives the first MZM and then
connecting this modulator with a second modulator that is driven by a sine wave
generator with the frequency of 40GHz and phase -95. Fig. 3.5(b), (c) shows the optical
spectrum of MDRZ signal. The generation of MDRZ signal is almost identical to the
DRZ signal, except the delay -and-add circuit is replaced by a delay-and subtract circuit. In
the duo binary signal used earlier where the phase of bits '1's are modified only after a bit
'0' appear whereas in the modified duo binary signal the phase is alternated between 0
and for the bits 1. The phase of all the "zero" bits is kept constant and a 180
phase variation between all the consecutive "ones" is introduced.
31
Chapter 4
4.1 Introduction
In WDM networks optical fibers are employed to transmit information in form of light pulse
between the transmitter and the receiver. WDM systems have the potential to transmit
multiple signals simultaneously. But the light signals degrade in intensity when they travel a
long distance inside the fiber. Fibers suffer from dispersion and other nonlinearities due to
fiber material nonlinearities and distance the signal travels inside the fiber. In WDM network,
dispersion, Group velocity dispersion (GVD) and nonlinear effects, such as self- and crossphase modulation (SPM/XPM) and four-wave mixing (FWM) is observed at different data
rates.
To support a high-capacity wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) transmission, the
embedded standard single-mode fiber (SMF) should be upgraded to overcome the dispersion
limit. For this purpose, some dispersion compensation scheme must be employed periodically
at the amplification stages. There are several different methods that can be used to
compensate for dispersion, including dispersion compensating fiber (DCF), fiber Bragg
gratings, optical phase conjugation and electrical dispersion compensation.
32
(4.1)
Where, D and L are the dispersion and length of each fiber segment, respectively.
33
Pre-Compensation:
The optical communication system is pre compensated by the dispersion compensating fiber
of negative dispersion against the standard fiber. In pre-compensation, the dispersion
compensating fiber is placed before standard single mode fiber.
Post-Compensation:
The optical communication system is post compensated by the dispersion compensating fiber
of negative dispersion against the standard fiber. In post compensation, the dispersion
compensating fiber is placed after standard single mode fiber.
Mix-Compensation:
The optical communication system is symmetrically compensated by the dispersion
compensating fiber of negative dispersion against the standard fiber. This scheme is
combination of the pre and post compensation scheme.
The diagram of Pre, Post and Mix dispersion compensation is shown in following figure:
(a)
(b)
34
(c)
Fig. 4.1 (a) Pre, (b) Post and (c) Symmetrical/Mix Compensation
35
Therefore, the shorter wavelength (blue) is reflected at a point farther into the device than the
longer wavelength (red) as shown in fig.4.2, this wavelength-dependent time delay can be
used to compensate for dispersion.
dispersion map of
the
In a mid-link OPC transmission link, the phase of the signals is conjugated mid-link. At
that point, the signal is severely distorted by chromatic dispersion and nonlinear impairments.
As a result, the distortions that occur in the second part of the link after the OPC,
revert the impairments that were accumulated in the first part. Full compensation for
nonlinear impairments occurs when the nonlinear effects before and after OPC are identical.
The use of mid-link OPC is twofold. Firstly, mid-link OPC can compensate for impairments
caused by the Kerr-effect. The Kerr effect causes a change in the refractive index of the
transmission fiber in response to an electric field. In fiber-optic transmission systems, the
Kerr effect leads to distortions in the phase of the signals and can significantly reduce the
system performance. Through the compensation for Kerr-effect, the feasible transmission
distance is significantly extended and the amount of required OEO repeaters reduced.
Secondly, OPC can be used to compensate for chromatic dispersion. In such a link, no inline
DCF modules are required. The omission of DCFs translates into reduced losses per span,
which enables the use of single stage amplifiers instead of two stage amplifiers required in
DCF-based transmission systems. As a result, mid-link OPC enables a simplified and cost
efficient amplifier design. The block diagram of mid-link OPC is shown in figure below.
A more cost-effective solution is to use mid-link OPC. In this configuration OPC is used for
both chromatic dispersion compensation and compensation of the Kerr-effect. Hence no inline
DCF modules are used in this configuration. Instead the dispersion accumulates along the
transmission line and is compensated for by placing an OPC mid-link.
Since the dispersion accumulates linearly along the fiber-optic transmission link, OPC must
be placed exactly in the middle of link to obtain full dispersion compensation. This way the
distortion that occurred in the first part of the transmission link before the OPC is cancelled
by distortions that occur in the second part of the link after the OPC. It should be mentioned
that it is not always possible to place OPC exactly in middle of fiber transmission link.
Therefore an extra DCF module can be employed to obtain full chromatic dispersion
compensation.
The propagation of a signal in a nonlinear, dispersive and lossy medium can be expressed by
the nonlinear Schrodinger equation assuming a slowly varying envelope approximation [23]
37
| |
(4.2)
where A represents the complex amplitude of the signal, z the propagation distance in km,
the attenuation coefficient in neper per kilometer, the nonlinearity coefficient (Kerr effect)
in 1/(Wkm), and T = t z/vg the time measured in a retarded frame. 2 in ps2/nm and 3 in
ps3/nm are terms for the group velocity dispersion (GVD) and dispersion slope, respectively.
Its complex conjugate can be expressed as [23]
(4.3)
Where * denotes the complex-conjugate operation. Note that in this equation the signal
evolution over the fiber after conjugation is still denoted by A. In this expression, it can be
seen that the sign of the chromatic dispersion term (2) and the Kerr effect term () are both
inverted. The chirp induced through GVD increases linear along the transmission link. Since
the sign of the GVD term is inverted by OPC, the GVD induced chirp that occurs after OPC
cancels the GVD induced chirp before OPC. Thus, in a transmission link with the same fiber
before and after OPC, full GVD compensation is obtained by placing the OPC mid-link.
38
Optical
Trasmitter
Transmission
Link
Optical
Reciver
EDC
d k
N2
n N1
*
n
39
y k n
(4.4)
Where C*n represents complex filter coefficients or tap weights, d k is the output of equalizer
and yi is the input received signal.
d k
N2
N3
n N1
i 1
C*n y k n Fi d k i
40
(4.5)
Where C*n represents complex filter coefficients or tap weights, d k is the output of equalizer
and yn is the input received signal. Fi is the tap gain for feedback filter and di is the previous
decision made on detected signal.
41
Chapter 5
42
Simulation setup:
Parameter
Data rate
Wavelength
Power
Modulation formats
No. of iterations
Frequency spacing
No. of channels
Attenuation
Dispersion
Dispersion slope
Differential group delay
Aeff
N2
Raman contribution
Attenuation
Dispersion
Value
10, 20 and 40 GBPS per channel
192.3 to 193.8 THz
0.1 to 1 mW
NRZ and RZ
20 x 50 km for and 10 and 20 Gbps, 6 x 50 km for 40 Gbps
100 GHz for 10 and 20 Gbps, 200 GHz 40 Gbps
16
SMF
0.2 dB/km
17 ps/nm/km
0.075 ps/nm^2/k
0.2 ps/km
70
^2
26E-21 m^2/W
0.18
DCF
0.5 dB/km
-0.85 ps/nm/km
43
10
Dispersion slope
Differential group delay
Aeff
N2
Raman contribution
Multiplexer
11
De-multiplexer
12
EDFA
13
-3 ps/nm^2/k
0.2 ps/km
22
^2
26E-21 m^2/W
0.18
Idle
Bandwidth: 4 * Bit rate
Depth: 100 dB
Filter type: Bessel
Order: 6
SMF: Gain=10 dB
NF=6 dB
DCF: Gain=5 dB
NF= 6 dB
90 GHz
Results:
TABLE 5.2 FOR NRZ AT 16 X10 GBPS DATA R ATE
Sr. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
With nonlinearity
P avg.
EYE Height
126
59.3
235
131.7
350
224.2
470
273.1
550
320.2
680
360
760
462.8
860
443.7
1020
494.2
1100
525.8
ECP
3.273159
2.514821
1.934324
2.357762
2.349414
2.762064
2.154202
2.87409
3.146974
3.205721
Without nonlinearity
P avg. EYE Height
ECP
134
61.2
3.403534
245
146
2.248132
350
233.7
1.754093
460
323
1.535553
570
413.2
1.397145
670
504.2
1.23472
780
595.7
1.17067
880
687.5
1.0721
980
779.8
0.992428
1100
872.3
1.007268
With nonlinearity
P avg.
EYE Height
108
34
200
105.7
285
173.1
390
219.6
460
293.2
550
371.1
610
428.5
680
492.3
760
573.9
820
619
ECP
5.019448
2.76955
2.165478
2.494323
1.955939
1.708717
1.53379
1.402791
1.219774
1.221232
44
P avg.
118
205
290
375
460
545
630
710
800
880
Without nonlinearity
EYE Height
ECP
39
4.808174
103
2.989166
170.5
2.306736
239.9
1.94001
310.5
1.706962
382
1.543331
454
1.422847
526.6
1.297775
600
1.249387
673
1.164676
RZ without N.L
ECP(dB)
RZ with N.L.
3
2
1
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Fig. 5.2 ECP for NRZ, RZ with and without Non-Linearity at 10 Gbps
TABLE 5.4 FOR NRZ AT 16 X20 GBPS DATA R ATE
Sr. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
With nonlinearity
P avg.
EYE Height
165
23.9
285
91.2
400
163.6
510
238.6
620
315.2
730
392.8
840
471.2
940
550.2
1050
629.6
1160
709.4
ECP
8.39086
4.9485
3.882767
3.298997
2.938055
2.691514
2.51074
2.326073
2.221246
2.135668
Without nonlinearity
P avg. EYE Height
ECP
140
39.5 5.495309
265
103.2 4.095662
390
160 3.869446
515
212.5 3.844483
575
304.7 2.757954
655
369 2.492149
820
411.7 2.99233
1040
418.1 3.957532
1070
479.1 3.489576
1070
525.8 3.085632
With nonlinearity
P avg.
EYE Height
160
10
260
41.9
350
95.4
440
152
530
210.7
620
270.8
690
331.9
785
393.9
870
456.5
960
519.7
ECP
12.0412
7.927593
5.645197
4.616091
4.006113
3.59743
3.178418
2.994837
2.800785
2.665185
45
Without nonlinearity
P avg. EYE Height
ECP
139
8.3
12.23937
210
66
5.026754
300
109.4
4.381039
410
157.9
4.144017
450
224.2
3.025769
560
304.3
2.648861
640
350.4
2.616159
800
366.3
3.392531
850
437.1
2.888381
860
530
2.102226
14
RZ with N.L.
12
ECP(dB)
10
RZ without N.L.
8
6
4
2
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Fig. 5.3 ECP for NRZ, RZ with and without Non-Linearity at 20 Gbps
TABLE 5.6 FOR NRZ AT 16 X40 GBPS DATA R ATE
Sr. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
With nonlinearity
P avg.
EYE Height
160
46.5
290
118.5
405
198
520
279.1
610
363.9
740
413.2
840
473.7
950
522.9
1075
553.8
1200
613.1
ECP
5.36667
3.886796
3.107898
2.702435
2.243478
2.530714
2.487759
2.59305
2.880555
2.916499
P avg.
155
275
395
510
630
740
860
980
1100
1210
Without nonlinearity
EYE Height
ECP
47.1
5.173108
121
3.565473
198
2.999319
276.6
2.65718
356.1
2.477686
436.3
2.294465
517.1
2.209239
598.2
2.143797
679.6
2.091393
761.4
2.011725
With nonlinearity
P avg.
EYE Height
98
1.1
165
27.2
220
56.7
280
91.3
330
128.3
375
174
420
216.6
480
259.8
530
300
600
342.7
ECP
19.49833
7.82915
5.888396
4.866873
4.102873
3.33482
2.875908
2.666021
2.471546
2.432371
46
Without nonlinearity
P avg. EYE Height
ECP
97
3.25
14.74888
165
32.9
7.00288
225
66.3
5.30669
285
101.4
4.488069
345
137.6
3.992007
400
174.4
3.605135
465
211.8
3.41527
520
249.6
3.187588
580
287.6
3.046391
640
326
2.929624
25
RZ without N.L.
20
RZ with N.L.
ECP(dB)
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Fig. 5.4 ECP for NRZ, RZ with and without Non-Linearity at 40 Gbps
Results Discussion:
In 10- and 20-Gb/s systems, the eye closure penalty is large for lower channel powers because
the EDFA noise is dominant [See Fig. 5.2 and 5.3]. For higher channel powers, the eye
closure penalty decreases since the signal power now overcomes the EDFA noise. However,
at the highest channel powers being considered, the eye closure penalty increases as a
function of power due to nonlinearity. The penalty due to nonlinearity is more severe in NRZ
as compared to RZ. Since RZ performs better than NRZ in both 10 and 20 Gb/s systems, we
can conclude that RZ is less affected by nonlinearity than is NRZ. This is because: 1) isolated
RZ pulses take advantage of Soliton-like pulse compression in SMF, whereas the variable
number of adjacent 1s in NRZ are non uniformly degraded by nonlinearity, thereby
causing the rail of 1s to spread and 2) long strings of 1s in NRZ as compared to RZ have
a much longer cross-wavelength interaction time, thereby producing more severe penalty
from nonlinearity.
In a 40-Gb/s system [see Fig. 5.4], the narrower RZ pulses are more susceptible to dispersion;
note that dispersion-based penalties grow inversely as the square of the pulse width.
Moreover, the required larger channel spacing of 1.6 nm for 40-Gb/s transmission produces
more dispersion in the end channels since the total wavelength range is increased. An
indication that RZ is more affected by dispersion can be derived from the fact that 40-Gb/s
RZ systems have a larger eye closure penalty as compared to NRZ systems for low and
moderate channel powers [Fig. 5.4]. For higher channel powers, the penalty for NRZ
increases because of nonlinearity, whereas no appreciable change in penalty is noticed for the
RZ system.
47
Parameter
Data rate
Modulation format
Duty cycle
4
5
Wavelength
Power
Value
10 GBPS
NRZ and RZ
0.5 bit for RZ
0.67 bit for RZ
1550 nm
0 dBm
SMF
Attenuation
Dispersion
Dispersion slope
PMD
Aeff
N2
Length
0.2 dB/km
16 ps/nm/km
0.016 ps/nm^2/k
0
70
^2
26E-21 m^2/W
70 to 160 km
DCF
Attenuation
Dispersion
Dispersion slope
PMD
0.6 dB/km
-90 ps/nm/km
-0.075 ps/nm^2/k
0
48
8
9
Aeff
N2
Length
EDFA
GAIN
GAIN
Cut off frequency for Low pass Gaussian filter
22
^2
26E-21 m^2/W
12.4 to 28.4 km
NF: 4 dB
15 dB for different length of SMF FOR 1 span
Variable as a function of length of DCF for 1 span
0.75*Bit rate
Results:
This paper compares the efficiency of on-off Keying (OOK) modulation formats non-returnto-zero (NRZ) and return-to-zero (RZ) in optical chromatic dispersion compensation using
DCF. I got the following result.
TABLE 5.9 RESULTS FOR DIFFERENT LENGTH OF SMF
NRZ
BER-NRZ
1.40E-22
6.30E-22
1.30E-21
3.00E-22
7.50E-22
8.00E-21
7.80E-19
2.60E-16
1.50E-12
1.00E-08
Length of
SMF(km)
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
RZ 0.5
BER-RZ 0.5
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
2.50E-247
2.40E-109
2.40E-47
1.10E-20
1.90E-09
RZ 0.67
BER-RZ 0.67
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
4.80E-271
1.40E-120
2.40E-52
2.60E-22
6.30E-10
0
-5
70
80
90
-10
log10(BER)
-15
-20
NRZ
-25
RZ 0.5
-30
RZ 0.67
-35
-40
-45
49
Results Discussion:
Optical compensation as we observe in the Fig. 5.6, NRZ gives acceptable quality to the
system and keeps the quality along the whole distance until 160 km which the signal quality
crosses the minimum acceptable line and we cannot achieve this distance. But if we use RZ
(0.67) modulation form, from 70 km until 140 km, we can get excellent signal quality at
receiver which can be considered as error free. After 140 km, the quality of signal is going to
be drops hugely. Since with DCF we should get rather zero dispersion, the reason for this
descent could be of decrement of Signal to Noise ratio that after this distance, the attenuation
of SSMF has caused this problem. On the other hand if we use RZ 0.5 we can attain same
result with RZ 0.67 with a slight difference.
50
Parameter
Data rate
Wavelength
Modulation formats
Value
10 GBPS
1550 nm
NRZ
SMF
Attenuation
Dispersion
Dispersion slope
Aeff
N2
PMD
0.2 dB/km
16 ps/nm/km
0.016 ps/nm^2/k
88
^2
26E-21 m^2/W
0.1 ps/
DCF
6
7
Attenuation
Dispersion
Dispersion slope
Aeff
N2
PMD
EDFA
Cut off frequency for Low pass Gaussian filter
0.6 dB/km
-80 ps/nm/km
-0.075 ps/nm^2/k
59
^2
26E-21 m^2/W
0.1 ps/
Work as a power control device
0.75*Bit rate
Note: The values of Non linear co-efficient is given in the paper as following:
= 1.2
for SMF
= 1.8
for DCF
And from
= 88
for SMF
= 59
for DCF
Results:
In this paper, they investigate pre-, post- and symmetrical-dispersion compensation methods
for 10 Gb/s non-return to zero (NRZ) links using standard and dispersion compensated fibers
through computer simulations to optimize high data rate optical transmission. The influence
of EDFA power and increase in length of each type of fiber has been studied to evaluate the
performance of optical communication systems. Further, it has also been observed that system
needs proper matching between the EDFA power and length of the fiber for optimum
performance. Also, they increase simultaneously the lengths of dispersion compensated fibers
51
and standard single mode fibers in the original setups for pre-, post- and symmetrical
compensation methods for five different cases as shown in following Tables.
TABLE 5.11 RESULTS FOR DIFFERENT POWER LEVEL
POWER(dBm)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
BER-Post
1.70E-50
1.40E-95
3.90E-144
1.80E-127
4.30E-60
2.00E-21
1.20E-07
BER-Pre
5.00E-59
1.70E-116
3.80E-153
5.10E-105
3.00E-44
3.00E-14
4.80E-04
BER-Symmetrical
1.30E-43
2.20E-70
3.00E-103
1.40E-128
1.90E-120
1.60E-78
3.00E-37
0
-5
10
12
-10
BER-Post
log10(BER)
-15
BER-Pre
-20
BER-Symmetrical
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
Fig. 5.8 Bit error rate vs. fixed output power of EDFA for pre-, post- and symmetrical
compensation methods
TABLE 5.12 DIFFERENT CASES FOR VARIATION OF EDFA POWERS AND LENGTHS FOR DCF
AND
CASE
1
2
3
4
5
SMF LENGTH
BER-Post
3.00E-298
4.00E-110
5.70E-82
7.30E-33
2.20E-09
BER-Pre
0
7.00E-96
4.00E-52
2.60E-27
5.30E-05
52
BER-Symmetrical
0
0
0
1.00E-155
2.00E-20
EDFA Power(dBm)
0
3
6
9
12
0
1
-5
log10(BER)
-10
-15
-20
BER-Post
-25
BER-Pre
-30
BER-Symmetrical
-35
-40
-45
CASE #
Fig. 5.9 Bit error rate for different cases indicated in Table 5.12 for pre-, post- and
symmetrical compensation methods
TABLE 5.14 DIFFERENT CASES FOR VARIATION OF LENGTHS FOR DCF AND SMF
CASE
1
2
3
4
5
BER-Post
4.50E-51
1.00E-30
1.20E-14
4.00E-10
3.60E-04
BER-Pre
1.00E-53
5.30E-27
3.30E-11
5.80E-07
4.10E-02
BER-Symmetrical
1.20E-102
3.60E-68
1.80E-42
1.90E-20
6.10E-15
53
0
-5
log10(BER)
-10
-15
-20
BER-Post
-25
BER-Pre
-30
BER-Symmetrical
-35
-40
-45
CASE #
Fig. 5.10 Bit error rate for different cases indicated in Table 5.14 for pre-, post- and
symmetrical compensation methods
Results Discussion:
From the simulation results, it is found that as the EDFA power increases, the bit error rate
increases. The symmetrical compensation has the best performance followed by post- and precompensation. Also, the influence of transmission distance on the three compensation
methods has been discussed by simultaneously increasing the lengths of fibers and keeping
the EDFA power constant. As the lengths of the fibers are increased, the bit error rate
increases. The bit error rate for symmetrical compensation method is again minimum but for
pre- and post-compensation methods, the situation is not so good. For acceptable bit error rate
of 10^-12 , the maximum transmission distance for post-compensation is up to 288 km
whereas it is approximately up to 216 km for pre compensation method for this simulation.
Further, on varying the EDFA power and lengths of the fibers simultaneously, it is found that
there is need of optimization between these two parameters. If the EDFA power is small, the
length of the fiber should be small and if it is not so, the situation will deteriorate on account
of more nonlinear effects. For less EDFA power over larger length of the fiber, the situation
will be worse as predicted. This reflects the need of optimization and there should not be any
mismatch between the EDFA power and length of the fiber.
54
Parameter
Data rate
Wavelength
Power
Modulation formats
No. of iterations
Frequency spacing
No. of channels
Value
40 GBPS per channel
1550 to 1555.6 nm
0 to 12 dBm
CSRZ
2 x 80 km
100 GHz
8
SMF
Attenuation
Dispersion
Dispersion slope
Differential group delay
Aeff
N2
Raman contribution
0.22 dB/km
17 ps/nm/km
0.016 ps/nm^2/k
0.2 ps/km
80
^2
30E-21 m^2/W
0.18
DCF
Attenuation
Dispersion
Dispersion slope
0.55 dB/km
-0.8 ps/nm/km
-0.076 ps/nm^2/k
55
8 x 1 Multiplexer
11
De-multiplexer
12
EDFA
13
0.2 ps/km
20
^2
25E-21 m^2/W
0.18
Bandwidth: 75 GHz
Depth: 100 dB
Filter type: Gaussian
Order:
2
Bandwidth: 75 GHz
Depth: 100 dB
Filter type: Gaussian
Order: 2
SMF: Gain=17.6 dB
NF=5 dB
DCF: Gain=4.675 dB
NF= 5 dB
90 GHz
Results:
TABLE 5.17 R ESULTS OF TRANSMISSION INFLUENCE OF THREE COMPENSATION SYSTEM
POWER(dBm)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Q post
15.2
16.7
17.9
19.1
19.6
20.1
19.5
18.9
17.8
16.5
15.2
13.8
11.4
Q pre
12.1
14.1
15.6
18.1
19.5
20.7
21.6
20.1
18.7
16.7
14.2
11.4
9.1
56
Q symmetrical
14.9
15.9
17.8
19.9
19.6
20.1
20.3
22.1
25.7
26.1
22.5
20.1
16.6
30
Q value
25
20
15
Q post
10
Q pre
Q symmetrical
5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Power (dBm)
57
Parameter
Data rate
Wavelength
Modulation formats
Compensation scheme
Span
Attenuation
Dispersion
Dispersion slope
Aeff
N2
Value
10, 20 and 40 GBPS
1550 nm
NRZ and RZ
Pre, Post and Symmetrical
SMF: 10 x 50 km for 10, 20 Gbps
5 x 50 for 40 Gbps
DCF: 10 x 10.625 km for 10, 20 Gbps
5 x 10.625 km for 40 Gbps
-7 to +5 dBm
SMF
0.22 dB/km
17 ps/nm/km
0.016 ps/nm^2/k
80
^2
30E-21 m^2/W
DCF
Attenuation
Dispersion
Dispersion slope
Aeff
N2
EDFA
0.55 dB/km
-0.80 ps/nm/km
-0.076 ps/nm^2/k
20
^2
25E-21 m^2/W
SMF: Gain=11 dB
NF=4 dB
DCF: Gain=5.844 dB
58
NF= 4 dB
9
0.7*Bit rate
Results:
TABLE 5.19 R ESULTS FOR NRZ AT 10 GBPS SINGLE LINK
POWER(dBm)
-7
-5
-3
-1
1
3
5
7
Q
12
15.5
18.7
19.5
16.6
11.8
8.2
5.8
10GBPS @500km
POST
PRE
ECP
Q
ECP
5.452989 11.8
5.62132
4.86949
15
4.958953
4.529402 17.6 4.669004
4.489772 17.5 4.720061
4.808672 13.4 5.026754
5.13772
8.1
6.23921
5.876795
4.3
9.988847
7.302841
2
#NUM!
SYMMETRICAL
Q
ECP
14.2
5.146062
18.8
4.633121
24.1
4.176623
29.3
3.976988
35.3
3.751686
42.2
3.815478
30.6
4.266126
9.4
6.306046
POWER(dBm)
-7
-5
-3
-1
1
3
5
7
Q
10.3
13.7
17.9
22.7
28
33.2
36.7
30.4
10GBPS @500km
POST
PRE
ECP
Q
ECP
5.701708 10.3
5.8039
4.957265 13.5 5.001356
4.374485 17.4 4.546139
4.048765 21.9 4.145393
3.864602 27.2
3.88818
3.553877 33.6 3.700173
3.645522 42.3 3.525754
3.690639 50.2 3.448907
(a)
59
SYMMETRICAL
Q
ECP
12
5.44068
15.8
4.806378
20.4
4.272294
25.6
3.994719
31.1
3.859884
36.4
3.717571
44.2
3.539959
61.5
3.608306
(b)
(c)
Fig. 5.14 ECP and Q factor of the single channel versus average-power for NRZ and RZ
systems at 10 Gbps (a) Per (b) Post (c) Symmetrical compensation scheme
TABLE 5.21 R ESULTS FOR NRZ AT 20 GBPS SINGLE LINK
POWER(dBm)
-7
-5
-3
-1
1
3
5
7
Q
9.5
12
13.9
13.3
8.7
4.5
2.2
1.2
20GBPS @500km
POST
PRE
ECP
Q
ECP
5.956732
9.7
5.888985
5.372369 12.8 5.097457
4.957265 16.1 4.636188
5.277782
18
4.607845
6.46212
14.7 5.121065
10.09606
7.6
6.571289
#NUM!
2.6
#NUM!
5.260488
0
#NUM!
60
SYMMETRICAL
Q
ECP
8.7
6.114909
11.5
5.320221
14.9
4.727999
18.7
4.355141
22.5
4.119257
19.3
4.281618
8.6
5.791971
3.1
20.25285
POWER(dBm)
-7
-5
-3
-1
1
3
5
7
Q
6.5
8.8
11.8
15.6
19.7
21.7
18.5
13.2
20GBPS @500km
POST
PRE
ECP
Q
ECP
7.518223
8.4
6.584365
6.276141 11.2 5.570928
5.428171 14.8 4.929155
4.774034 18.8 4.476278
4.37758
22.6 4.162549
4.161088 23.6 4.124494
4.356605 18.9 4.248977
4.831694 12.7 5.052272
(a)
(b)
61
SYMMETRICAL
Q
ECP
7.4
6.819367
9.8
5.789947
12.8
5.055046
16.9
4.5176
21.9
4.232081
28.4
3.88732
34.6
3.678428
31.9
3.658107
(c)
Fig. 5.15 ECP and Q factor of the single channel versus average-power for NRZ and RZ
systems at 20 Gbps (a) Per (b) Post (c) Symmetrical compensation scheme
TABLE 5.23 R ESULTS FOR NRZ AT 40 GBPS SINGLE LINK
POWER(dBm)
-7
-5
-3
-1
1
3
5
Q
9.1
11.5
13.8
14.7
12.3
8.4
4.9
40GBPS @250km
POST
PRE
ECP
Q
ECP
6.0206
9.5
6.298891
5.38673
12.3 5.477023
4.929155 15.4 4.881166
4.813518 17.3 4.592447
5.077354 16.1 4.740918
5.934598 12.3
5.0289
8.622486
8.2
6.257824
SYMMETRICAL
Q
ECP
9.4
5.856696
12.1
5.173463
15.1
4.760369
17.7
4.465919
17.4
4.621809
13
4.87246
7.6
6.076451
POWER(dBm)
-7
-5
-3
-1
1
3
5
Q
8.2
10.7
13.6
16.7
19.4
19.2
15.9
40GBPS @250km
POST
PRE
ECP
Q
ECP
6.306155
8
6.276141
5.413622 10.5 5.371192
4.81212
13.7 4.789733
4.476278 17.3 4.329571
4.314948 21.3 4.064119
4.243632 23.8 3.881518
4.504049 22.8
3.93539
62
SYMMETRICAL
Q
ECP
7.6
6.320232
10
5.409968
13
4.817662
16.5
4.475151
20.4
4.142372
24
3.976299
23.7
4.034029
(a)
(b)
(C)
Fig. 5.16 ECP and Q factor of the single channel versus average-power for NRZ and RZ
systems at 40 Gbps (a) Per (b) Post (c) Symmetrical compensation scheme
63
5.2.1.2 Performance comparison between DCF and DCF + Equalizer for Dispersion
Compensation
Simulation setup:
10 GBPS
(a)
64
(b)
Fig. 5.18 Eye diagram for single channel (10 Gbps) using (a) DCF (b) DCF +
Equalizer at 1250 km at 0 dBm
TABLE 5.25 P ERFORMANCE C OMPARISON FOR DCF AND DCF + EQUALIZER IN SINGLE
LINK
Sr. No.
1
2
Compensation Scheme
DCF
DCF + Equalizer
BER
1.1 E -12
0
65
Q
7
140.5
10 GBPS
No. of Span:
Results:
TABLE 5.26 R ESULTS FOR COHERENT AND DIRECT DETECTION AT 10 GBPS
NRZ
Coherent
BER
3.80E-34
2.60E-56
4.40E-87
4.50E-135
7.50E-152
5.30E-73
6.70E-26
4.00E-03
1
1
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
1
2
3
4
Q
coherent
12.1
15.8
19.7
24.7
26.2
18
10.5
2.61
0
0
Q value
NRZ
-20
Direct
BER
4.00E-13
2.80E-23
6.10E-37
4.80E-64
1.30E-114
1.60E-181
1.70E-208
2.80E-189
2.70E-128
4.10E-54
Coherent
Q
direct
7.1
9.9
12.6
16.8
22.7
28.7
30.78
29.3
24
15.4
BER
1.90E-24
6.00E-39
7.60E-64
2.80E-92
2.30E-123
3.70E-111
2.10E-68
3.90E-29
9.30E-06
1
Qcoherent
Direct
Q
coherent
10.1
13
16.8
20.3
23.6
22.4
17.4
11.1
4.3
0
RZ
Qdirect
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-10
10
-5 0
Input optical Power(dBm)
BER
9.00E-12
1.60E-19
1.20E-32
4.00E-58
1.80E-93
1.40E-152
5.30E-196
7.00E-248
2.60E-281
8.20E-290
Qcoherent
Qdirect
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Q value
Power(dBm)
RZ
-20
-10
10
(a)
(b)
Fig. 5.20 Power vs. Q value for single link (10 Gbps) using coherent and direct detection
(a) NRZ (b) RZ
66
Q
direct
6.7
8.9
11.8
16
20.5
26.3
30
33.6
35.8
36.4
5.2.1.4 Performance Comparison of Single link using different types of fiber for 40 Gbps
Data rate for NRZ and RZ
Parameters: Same as TABLE 5.18
Data rate:
40 GBPS
No. of Span:
Results:
TABLE 5.28 Q VALUES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF FIBERS FOR NRZ AND RZ
40 GBPS Link @ 250 km
NRZ
POWER (dBm)
-7
-5
-3
-1
1
3
5
Q
SSMF
8.6
11.3
14.1
14.9
11.3
5.9
2.4
Q
TW
8.8
11.5
14.7
18.4
21.5
23.2
23
RZ
Q
TW-RS
8.8
11.5
14.8
18.7
22.2
23.5
21.5
67
Q
LEAF
8.6
11.3
14.7
18.9
23.2
26.5
27.2
Q
SSMF
7.2
9.6
12.5
16.1
20.2
22.1
17.3
Q
TW
7
9.2
12.1
15.8
20.8
27.5
37
Q
TW-RS
7.5
9.8
12.7
16.2
20.1
24.1
25.9
Q
LEAF
7.3
9.6
12.6
16.1
20.5
25.9
32.6
SSMF
TW
TW-RS
LEAF
NRZ
30
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
25
20
Q value
Q value
SSMF
TW
TW-RS
LEAF
RZ
15
10
5
0
-7
-5
-3
-1
-7 -5 -3 -1 1
Power (dBm)
Power (dBm)
(a)
(b)
Fig. 5.21 Power vs. Q value for single link (40 Gbps) using different fibers
Results Discussion:
From the above simulation results symmetrical compensation scheme performance is the best
than pre and post scheme. As data rate increases performance degrades and as power
increases up to certain limit performance enhance and then degrades due to non linearity as
power increase. RZ performs better comparatively NRZ for higher power level at all data
rates. I introduced many techniques like DCF and DCF+Equalizer and among these two,
DCF+Equalizer gives higher Q value at 1250 km for 10 Gbps and 0 dBm power level using
NRZ modulation. We also observed that direct detection using DCF performs better than
direct detection using DCF for NRZ and RZ at 10 Gbps data rate for lower input optical
power level. We also used different types of cable like SSMF, TW, TW-RS and LEAF and
analyzed that LEAF performs better at higher power level in NRZ modulation and TW and
LEAF performs better in RZ at 10 Gbps data rate.
68
Parameter
Data rate
Wavelength
Power
Modulation formats
No. of iterations
Frequency spacing
No. of channels
Compensation scheme
Attenuation
Dispersion
Dispersion slope
Differential group delay
Aeff
N2
Raman contribution
10
Attenuation
Dispersion
Dispersion slope
Differential group delay
Value
40 GBPS per channel
192.7 to 193.4 THz
-15 to 10 dBm
NRZ, RZ 0.5, RZ 0.67, CSRZ, DRZ and MDRZ
6 x 50 km
100 GHz / 200 GHz
8
Symmetrical
SMF
0.2 dB/km
17 ps/nm/km
0.075 ps/nm^2/k
0.2 ps/km
70
^2
26E-21 m^2/W
0.18
DCF
0.5 dB/km
-0.85 ps/nm/km
-3 ps/nm^2/k
0.2 ps/km
69
11
Aeff
N2
Raman contribution
Multiplexer
12
De-multiplexer
13
EDFA
14
22
^2
26E-21 m^2/W
0.18
Idle
Bandwidth: 2 * Bit rate for NRZ
4 * Bit rate for RZ
Depth: 100 dB
Filter type: Bessel
Order: 6
SMF: Gain=10 dB per Span
NF=6 dB
DCF: Gain=5 dB per Span
NF= 6 dB
0.8 * Bit rate
Results:
TABLE 5.30 Q VALUES FOR DIFFERENT MODULATION FORMATS 200 GHZ SPACING
40GBPS System NRZ,RZ 0.5,RZ 0.67CSRZ,DRZ,MDRZ for 200GHz spacing
POWER(dBm)
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
NRZ
Q nrz
3.8
7.2
12.6
17.8
11.8
0
RZ0.5
Q rz0.5
0
3.8
7
12.5
18.2
10.4
RZ 0.67
Q rz0.67
2.6
5.1
8.8
18.5
17.6
5.8
CSRZ
Q csrz
2.6
5.4
11
12.1
13
5.7
DRZ
Q drz
2.1
4.4
8.3
15.5
23
10
NRZ
RZ0.5
RZ 0.67
CSRZ
DRZ
MDRZ
MDRZ
Q mdrz
0
3.9
7.8
14
20.1
16
15
10
5
0
-15
-10
-5
0
5
Input Optical Power (dBm)
10
Fig. 5.23 Power vs. Q for 8-channel (320 Gbps) using different modulation formats at 200
GHz spacing
70
TABLE 5.31 Q VALUES FOR DIFFERENT MODULATION FORMATS 100 GHZ SPACING
40GBPS System NRZ,RZ 0.5,RZ 0.67CSRZ,DRZ,MDRZ for 100GHz spacing
POWER(dBm)
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
NRZ
Q nrz
3.5
6
8.5
10.4
8.3
0
RZ0.5
Q rz0.5
2.7
5.7
10.8
18.5
23.9
10.1
RZ 0.67
Q rz0.67
3.7
7
11.1
14.6
16.8
4.3
CSRZ
Q csrz
3.8
7.5
13.8
22.3
22.7
4.9
DRZ
Q drz
3.1
6
11.6
19.9
19.8
9.3
MDRZ
Q mdrz
2
4.1
7.5
14.4
23
16.2
NRZ
RZ0.5
RZ 0.67
CSRZ
DRZ
MDRZ
20
15
10
5
0
-15
-10
-5
10
Fig. 5.24 Power vs. Q for 8-channel (320 Gbps) using different modulation formats at 100
GHz spacing
71
5.2.2.2 Performance comparison between DCF (direct detection), DCF + Equalizer and
DCF (coherent detection) for 8-channel WDM Link
Simulation Setup:
No. of Span:
(a)
72
(b)
3. Using DCF + Equalizer for 100 km at 0 dBm Power level
(c)
Fig. 5.26 Eye diagram for 8-channel (320 Gbps) (a) Using DCF (direct detection) (b) Using DCF
(coherent detection) (c) DCF + Equalizer
Compensation Scheme
DCF (coherent
detection)
DCF (direct detection)
DCF + Equalizer
BER
2 E -38
Q
12.9
3.1 E -109
0
22.2
83.76
73
Results Discussion:
we have simulated 8 channel 40 Gb/s WDM channel with 100 and 200 GHz spacing
over 300 km transmission distance using various modulation formats like NRZ, RZ 0.5,
RZ 0.67, CSRZ, DRZ and MDRZ and analyzed performance of the system for the
symmetrical
outcome of the analysis is that for different power level and channel spacing, each
modulation format gives the different performance. For 200 GHz spacing, NRZ gives better
for lower power level up to 0 dBm but for higher power level MDRZ and DRZ gives the best.
For 100 GHz spacing, CSRZ gives better for lower power level up to 5 dBm but for higher
power level RZ 0.5 and MDRZ have the superior performance. We have also analyzed each
modulation formats for 100 and 200 GHz spacing. For 200 GHz spacing, NRZ for all power
level, RZ 0.67 for moderate power level and DRZ for higher power level gives better than 100
GHZ spacing. For 100 GHZ spacing, RZ 0.5, CSRZ and MDRZ gives better for all power
level but RZ 0.67 and DRZ gives better Q value for low power level. We also analyzed the
performance for DCF+Equalizer, DCF using coherent and DCF using direct detection and
DCF+Equalizer performance is best among these three techniques.
74
Parameter
Data rate
Wavelength
Power
Modulation formats
No. of iterations
Frequency spacing
No. of channels
Compensation scheme
Attenuation
Dispersion
Dispersion slope
Differential group delay
Aeff
N2
Raman contribution
11
Attenuation
Dispersion
Dispersion slope
Differential group delay
Aeff
N2
Raman contribution
Multiplexer
12
De-multiplexer
13
EDFA
14
10
Value
40 GBPS per channel
191.4 to 194.5 THz
0.1 to 1 mW
NRZ, RZ, CSRZ, DRZ and MDRZ
10 x 50 km
100 GHz
32
Symmetrical
SMF
0.2 dB/km
17 ps/nm/km
0.075 ps/nm^2/k
0.2 ps/km
70
^2
26E-21 m^2/W
0.18
DCF
0.5 dB/km
-0.85 ps/nm/km
-3 ps/nm^2/k
0.2 ps/km
22
^2
26E-21 m^2/W
0.18
Idle
Bandwidth: 2 * Bit rate for NRZ
4 * Bit rate for RZ
Depth: 100 dB
Filter type: Bessel
Order: 6
SMF: Gain=10 dB
NF=6 dB
DCF: Gain=5 dB
NF= 6 dB
0.8 * Bit rate
75
Results:
TABLE 5.34 Q VALUE USING DIFFERENT M ODULATION FORMAT FOR 1.28 TBPS
POWER(mw)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Q nrz
4.3
8.3
7.5
7.4
8.9
8.4
7.5
8.1
6.7
6.6
Q rz
2.3
3.5
4.7
5.7
6.5
6.2
5.5
6
6.3
6.2
Q mdrz
2.8
3.6
4.2
4.5
4.6
4.5
5.4
5.5
5.8
6.5
Q drz
2.7
3.9
4.6
5
5.03
5.2
5.4
6
5.7
5.2
Q csrz
3.4
4.5
6.1
6.5
6.2
5.8
5.8
6.1
6.2
5.5
Q nrz
Q rz
Q mdrz
Q drz
Q csrz
10
9
8
Q value
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
76
TABLE 5.35 BER VALUE USING DIFFERENT MODULATION FORMAT FOR 1.28 TBPS
POWER(mw)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
-log(BER)
nrz
5.2
15.4
13.7
13.5
18.8
16.7
13.7
15.9
11.0
10.9
-log(BER)
rz
2.0
3.7
6.0
8.4
10.4
9.7
7.8
9.0
9.9
9.7
-log(BER)
mdrz
2.7
3.8
4.9
5.4
5.7
5.6
7.6
7.7
8.5
10.4
-log(BER)
drz
2.5
4.3
5.7
6.6
6.7
7.0
7.6
8.9
8.3
7.0
20
-log(BER) nrz
-log(BER) rz
-log(BER) mdrz
-log(BER) drz
-log(BER) csrz
18
16
14
-log10 (BER)
-log(BER)
csrz
3.6
5.6
9.2
10.4
9.5
8.5
8.5
9.5
9.6
7.9
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
77
TABLE 5.36 ECP (dB) V ALUE USING DIFFERENT MODULATION FORMAT FOR 1.28 TBPS
POWER(mw) ECP(dB)NRZ
0.1
7.3
0.2
3.5
0.3
3.6
0.4
3.5
0.5
2.8
0.6
3.0
0.7
3.5
0.8
3.2
0.9
3.6
1.0
3.8
ECP(dB)RZ
12.4
7.8
6.3
6.0
6.1
6.7
6.2
5.8
5.8
14.0
ECP(dB)NRZ
12.0
ECP(dB)RZ
10.0
ECP(dB)DRZ
ECP(dB)MDRZ
ECP(dB)
ECP(dB)CSRZ
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Input optical power (mW)
78
Chapter 6
6.1
Conclusion
Our main objective of this dissertation is to reduce dispersion and non linearity. In this work,
we have investigated the performance of single link and WDM link at different data rates and
frequency spacing using different optical modulation formats like NRZ-OOK, RZ-OOK,
CSRZ, DRZ and MDRZ and analyzed the results for single channel, 8 channels and 32
channels.
From analysis for single channel the conclusion is as following. Symmetrical compensation
scheme performance is the best than pre and post scheme. As data rate increases performance
degrades and as power increases up to certain limit performance enhance and then degrades
due to non linearity as power increase. RZ performs better comparatively NRZ for higher
power level at all data rates. I introduced many techniques like DCF and DCF+Equalizer and
among these two, DCF+Equalizer gives higher Q value at 1250 km for 10 Gbps and 0 dBm
79
power level using NRZ modulation. We also observed that direct detection using DCF
performs better than direct detection using DCF for NRZ and RZ at 10 Gbps data rate for
lower input optical power level. We also used different types of cable like SSMF, TW, TWRS and LEAF and analyzed that LEAF performs better at higher power level in NRZ
modulation and TW and LEAF performs better in RZ at 10 Gbps data rate.
For 8-channel (8 x 40 Gb/s = 320 Gbps) WDM link with 100 and 200 GHz spacing over
300 km transmission distance using various modulation formats like NRZ, RZ 0.5, RZ
0.67, CSRZ, DRZ and MDRZ and analyzed performance
symmetrical
of
the
system
for
the
outcome of the analysis is that for different power level and channel spacing, each
modulation format gives the different performance. For 200 GHz spacing, NRZ gives better
for lower power level up to 0 dBm but for higher power level MDRZ and DRZ gives the best.
For 100 GHz spacing, CSRZ gives better for lower power level up to 5 dBm but for higher
power level RZ 0.5 and MDRZ have the superior performance. We have also analyzed each
modulation formats for 100 and 200 GHz spacing. For 200 GHz spacing, NRZ for all power
level, RZ 0.67 for moderate power level and DRZ for higher power level gives better than 100
GHZ spacing. For 100 GHZ spacing, RZ 0.5, CSRZ and MDRZ gives better for all power
level but RZ 0.67 and DRZ gives better Q value for low power level. We also analyzed the
performance for DCF+Equalizer, DCF using coherent and DCF using direct detection and
DCF+Equalizer performance is best among these three techniques. Only disadvantage is that
it introduces jitter effect because of the equalizer.
For 32-channel (32 x 40 Gb/s = 1.28 Tbps) WDM link with 100 GHz spacing over 500 km
transmission distance using various optical modulation formats and concluded that NRZ gives
best performance than all other modulation formats those I have introduced in terms of Q
value, BER and ECP.
80
formats like NRZ-DPSK, RZ-DPSK, OFDM, and QPSK in the same link and analyze the
results.
81
References
[1]
[2]
Anu Sheetal et al., Simulation of high capacity 40 Gb/s long haul DWDM system using different
modulation formats and dispersion compensation schemes in the presence of Kerrs effect, Science
direct, Nov 2008.
[3]
Bo-ning HU et al., Analysis on Dispersion Compensation with DCF based on Optisystem, IEEE 2nd
International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems, 2010.
[4]
R.S. Kaler et al., Comparison of pre-, post- and symmetrical-dispersion compensation schemes for 10
Gb/s NRZ links using standard and dispersion compensated fibers, Optics Communications, 2002.
[5]
Annika Dochhan et al., FBG Dispersion Compensation in a 43 Gbit/s WDM System: Comparing
Different FBG Types and Modulation Formats , IEEE ICTON, 2009.
[6]
Samy Ghoniemy et al., Performance Evaluation and Enhancements of 42.7 Gb/s DWDM
Transmission System using Different Modulation Formats, Ninth Annual Communication Networks
and Services Research Conference, 2011.
[7]
M.D. Pelusi et al., Dispersion Compensation of 100 GHz Spaced WDM 40 Gb/s Signals by Phase
Conjugation in As2S3Glass.
[8]
Saurabh Kumar et al., Performance Analysis of Dispersion Compensation in Long Haul Optical Fiber
with DCF, IOSR-JECE,e-ISSN: 2278-2834, ISSN: 2278-8735. vol. 6, Issue 6, pp. 19-23, Jul. - Aug.
2013.
[9]
[10]
Er. Kawal Preet Singh et al., Performance Analysis of different WDM systems, IJEST, ISSN : 09755462 vol. 4 No.03 March 2012.
[11]
Malti et al., Comparison of CSRZ, DRZ and MDRZ Modulation Formats for High Bit Rate WDMPON System using AWG, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
,ISSN 2250-2459, vol. 2, Issue 6, June 2012.
[12]
Rajani et al., Comparison of Pre-, Post- and Symmetrical-Dispersion Compensation Schemes for
10/15Gbps using Different Modulation Formats at Various Optical Power Levels using Standard and
Dispersion Compensated Fibers, International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887) vol.
50 No.21, July 2012.
[13]
[14]
[15]
M. I. Hayee et al., Pre- and Post-Compensation of Dispersion and Nonlinearities in 10-Gb/s WDM
82
[17]
Xianming Zhu et al., Nonlinear Electronic Dispersion Compensation Techniques for Fiber-Optic
Communication Systems, IEEE 2008.
[18]
Niels Neumann et al., Dispersion Monitoring for Advanced Modulation Formats using Nonlinear
Detection.
[19]
Gaurang H Patel, Rohit B Patel, Performance Enhancement of 1.28 Tb/s DWDM Optical Network
with use of Hybrid Approach.
[20]
Majid Moghaddasi et al., Comparison Between NRZ and RZ OOK Modulation Format in Chromatic
Dispersion Compensation in Both Electrical and Optical Compensator, IEEE Symposium on Business,
Engineering and Industrial Applications (ISBEIA), Langkawi, Malaysia, 2011.
[21]
[22]
[23]
S. L. Jansen, Student Member, IEEE et al., Long-Haul DWDM Transmission Systems Employing
Optical Phase Conjugation, IEEE Journal Of Selected Topics In Quantum Electronics, vol. 12, NO. 4,
Aug. - 2006.
[24]
[25]
[26]
Shi Yuhu, Research on the dispersion problem in High Speed Optical Communication Systems,
IEEE 2011
[27]
[28]
Jin-Xing Cai, Senior Member, IEEE, et al., Transmission of 40-Gb/s WDM Signals Over
Transoceanic Distance Using Conventional NZ-DSF With Receiver Dispersion Slope Compensation,
Journal Of Light wave Technology, vol. 24, NO. 1, JAN 2006.
[29]
[30]
[31]
Cheng-Chun Chang et al.,Fiber Transmission for Sub-500-fs Pulses Using a DispersionCompensating Fiber IEEE Journal Of Quantum Electronics, vol. 33, NO. 9, sept. 1997.
[32]
83
[33]
John M. Senior, Optical fiber communications principles and practice(2nd edn), Pearson,pp. 1-2,2006.
[34]
Rajiv Ramaswami and Kumar N. Sivarajan and Galen H. Sasaki,Optical Networks-A practical
perspective(3rd edn),Morgan kaufman,pp. 1,2012.
[35]
[36]
Chris Xu et al., Comparison of return-to-zero differential phase-shift keying and on-off keying in
long-haul dispersion managed transmission, IEEE photonics technology letters, vol. 15, NO. 4, pp.
617-619, April 2003.
[37]
A. Hirano, et,al., 320 Gbit/s (840 Gbit/s) WDM transmission over 367-km zero-dispersion-flattened
line with 120-km repeater spacing using carrier suppressed return-to-zero pulse format, OSA TOPS
vol. 30 ,1999.
[38]
[39]
T. Franck et al., Duo binary transmitter with low intersymbol interference, IEEE photonics
technology letters , vol. 10, No. 4, : pp. 597-599, 1998.
[40]
[41]
D. Breuer et al., Comparison of NRZ and RZ modulation format for 40Gb/s TDM standard-fiber
systems, IEEE photonics technology letters, vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 340-398, 1997.
[42]
Ron Hui et al., Advanced Optical Modulation Formats and The Comparison in Fiber-Optic
Systems, A Technical Report to Sprint, by Light wave Communication Systems Laboratory, The
University of Kansas, 2004.
84
Publications
[1] Bhumit P. Patel, Prof. Rohit B. Patel, Comparison of Different Modulation Formats for
8-Channel WDM Optical Network at 40 Gbps Data rate with Non-Linearity,
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology
(IJARET),Volume:5,Issue:2,Pages:37-51. [PUBLISHED].
[2] Bhumit P. Patel, Prof. Rohit B. Patel, NRZ Vs. RZ Based on Eye Closure Penalty and
Q factor for Long Haul Optical Communication Link at Different Data rate with Nonlinearity, 2014 Seventh International Conference on Contemporary Computing (IC3),
IC3-2014. [UNDER REVIEW].
85