Title : Physical properties of water

Aim: 1. To state the meanings of freezing point and boiling points

2. to describe the physical characteristics of water
Information
1.
Water is colourless, tasteless and odourless substance
2.
It exist in three states : solid, liquid and gas
3.
Melting : when ice receives heat energy, its particles vibrate faster and
move apart to form water. Melting point is 0 oC
4.
Boiling : when water receives a lot of heat energy, its particles move out
very fast and many escape into the air, causing boiling to take place. Boiling
point is 100 0C
5.
Condensation : when steam loses heat energy, its particles slow down in th
eir movement and come together to form water.
6.
Freezing : when water loses heat energy, its particles come together and a
rrange themselves to form ice. Freezing point is 00C.
7.
Water has a density of 1 g/cm3.
8.
Water is a bad conductor of heat and a poor conductor of electricity.

Title: Electrolysis of water

Aim: to identify the process electrolysis of water
Information
1.
Water is a compound made up of hydrogen and oxygen
2.
Each molecule of water, consists of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of
oxygen
3.
The formula of water is H2O
4.
The chemical name for water is hydrogen hydroxide
5.
Water can be split into elements, hydrogen and oxygen by the electrolysis
of water
6.
In electrolysis, oxygen gas is released at the positive electrode where a
s, hydrogen gas is released at the negative electrode.
7.
The ratio of volume of oxygen gas to hydrogen gas is 1:2. Thus it can be
concluded that water is made up of one volume of oxygen and two volumes of hydro
gen.
8.
Oxygen released at anode(positive electrode) will relights glowing splint
er.
9.
Hydrogen released at cathode(negative electrode) will explode with a pop soun
d.

Title: Evaporation
Information;
1. Evaporation is a process in which a liquid changes to a gas at any temperat
ure below the liqui's boiling point.
2. During the process, water molecule receive enough energy to escape from the
surface of water
3. Water evaporates faster, when:
a. The temperature of the surrounding is higher
b. The surface area of water is larger
c. The humidity is lower
d. There is movement of air
Title: Solution and solubility

Aim : to explain what solute, solvent and solution are

Information
1. A solution is produced by dissolving a substance in another substance
2. The substance is called a solute.
3. The substance that the solute dissolves in is called a solvent.
4. When only a little solute is dissolved in a solvent, it is known as dilute
solution.
5. A concentrated solution has more dissolved solute in than a dilute one
6. A saturated solution has the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in
it at a given temperature.
7. Suspensions is a mixtures containing insoluble substances.
8. The solubility of a solute is defined as the maximum amount of the solute i
n grams that will dissolve in 100g of solvent at a given temperature.
9. Solubility depends on the nature of solvent , nature of solute and temperat
ure of solution.
10.
The rate of dissolving depends on these three factors;
Temperature,
rate of stirring,
size of solute particles, volume
of solvent.
11.
Water is known as universal solvent.
Title: Acid and Alkali
Aim: to identify properties of acids and alkalis
Information
1.
Acids and Alkalis are two important solutions.
3.
Acids or alkalis may exist in solids, liquids or gases. However, acids and
alkalis only show their properties when dissolved in water.
4.
The indicator used to test acidity and alkalinity is by using pH paper or
the universal indicator.
5.
pH 1- pH 6 is acidic, pH 7 is neutral and pH8- pH 14 is alkaline.
Title: Neutralization
Aim: to identify process of neutralization, words equation and uses
Information
1.
Neutralization is a chemical reaction in which and acid and an alkali reac
t to form a salt and water
2.
General equation for neutralization is;
ACID + ALKALI
SALT + WATER
3.
In neutralization, acids losses its acidic properties and alkali loses its
alkaline properties.
4.
Different acids and different alkalis produce different types of salts. Ex
amples;
Hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide
sodium chloride + water
Sulphuric acid + potassium hydroxide
potassium sulphate + water
Nitric acid + calcium hydroxide
calcium nitrate + water
5.
Neutralization used a method called titration
6.
The acid-alkali indicator is used to detect the end-point of neutralizatio
n.
8.
Applications of neutralization
a.
Red ant and bee sting are acidic, can be neutralized by applying alkaline
substances such as calamine lotion
b.
Hair is healthy when it is slightly acidic, but shampoo which alkaline, ma
ke it dull and coarse. Using conditioners which is acidic neutralize the residue
of shampoo on the hair
c.
Bacteria in mouth produce acid and attacks the tooth enamel causing it to
decay. Therefore toothpastes contain alkalis help to reduce acidity of mouth

d.
Excessive acid in stomach can cause indigestion or gastric pain. Antacids
such as milk of magnesia or gaviscon that is alkalis help to reduce acidity in t
he stomach
e.
Most crops do not grow too well in acidic soil . slaked lime is added to
the soil to make it acidic