Lecture 15c

Review of last lecture
Momentum eq.
Energy eq.
u
u
u
+v
= 2
x
y
y
2
u
u
= f y
x
u
C f ( x)
6.4 The Prandtl number and the

boundary layer thicknesses
College of Energy and Power Engineering
6 . Laminar and turbulent

boundary layers
JHH
1
2
c p
3 = Pr
JHH

Momentum and energy transfer in a gas with a velocity

or temperature gradient
Nuseelt number
Reynolds number
yx can be expressed as
the change of momentum
of all molecules that pass
y plane, per unit area:
Prandtl number
mass flux of molecules change in fluid
velocity
from y - l / 2 to y + l / 2
yx =
Nu x = fn (Re x , Pr)

boundary layers
JHH


boundary layers
Kinetic theory of and k
where
du l
u y +l / 2 = u y +
dy 2
du l
u y l / 2 = u y + (
dy 2
thus
du
du
=
dy
dy
yx = C1 (C ) l
where
= C1 (C l )
JHH

Heat flux cross y plane, by the same token

dT
dT
= k
q y = C2 (cv C ) l
dy
dy
C u or v
yx = C1 ( C ) ( u y +l / 2 u y l / 2 )
JHH
Mass flux pass through y plane: C

C is the mean molecular speed of the stationary fluid
In incompressible flow
t
4.92
Tw T
=

= f
x
Re x
Tw T
hx
= Nu x = 0.33206 Re x
k
Mean free path l:

Planes at y l/2 which
bracket the average
travel of those molecules
found at plane y
7 variables:
4 dimensions: J/K, m, kg, s
7-4=3 pi-groups
2 = Re x
4.92
Re x

boundary layers
h = fn (k , x, , c p , , u )
h, k , x, , c p , , u
hx
k
u x
Dimensional functional eq.
1 = Nu x
T
T
2T
+v
= 2
x
y
y
Dimensional analysis
w
0.664
=
u2
Re x

= C1 (C l )
5
Cl
k = C2 (cv C l )
= C2
where
c p / cv
Prantdtl number:
Pr
C1 (Cl )
C
= 1
C2 (Cl / ) C2
C1 and C2 are constant of order unity

JHH

boundary layers


boundary layers
B.l. thicknesses, and t , and the Prandtl number
For gases
Prandtl number Pr O(1)
The exact solution of flat surface flow shows

For Pr=1, dimensionless velocity and temperature profiles are
identical on a flat surface, and = t
For simple monatomic gases, Pr=2/3

For diatomic gases (e.g. N2 and O2 at room temperature), Pr=5/7
As the complexity of gas molecules increase, Pr 1
Pr is most insensitive to T in gases made up of the simplest
molecules

Note:
Pr can be far from 1

For fairly simple molecules, Pr=1~10
For very complex molecular structure, Pr~105
For liquid metal, Pr10-2
10-3
gas
water
10-1
100
101
102
It is expected that
4.92
u x /
= fn ( only) =
= monotonically decreasing function of Pr only
Organic oils
Pr
10-2
y = 4.918
When Pr>1, > t

When Pr<1, < t
For liquid
Liquid
metal
103
104
JHH
is independent of x
a

boundary layers

boundary layers
JHH
6.5 Heat transfer coefficient for laminar,

incompressible flow over a flat surface
The integral method for solving the energy equation
Integrating the b.l. energy eq. (as for momentum eq.)

Energy eq. of incompressible laminar b.l
T
T
2T
+v
= 2
x
y
y
Integrate the equation across thermal boundary layer


boundary layers

T
dy =
y
2T
dy
y 2

boundary layers
JHH
10


Integrating the continuity eq.
v
u
=
y
x
t
u v
uT
dy + [(vT ) y =t (vT ) y = 0 ] T + dy
0

x
x y

0
=T v
t
t
t vT
t
uT
u
v
T
dy T dy +
dy T dy =
0
0
0
x
x
y
y
y
T
dy +
x
uT
T
u
=u
+T
x
x
x
vT
T
v
=v
+T
y
y
y
JHH
The integral equation becomes
By notice

t
vt v y =0 =
0
N
T vt =
uT
dy
x
u
dy
x
The energy eq. becomes
T
T
= [( ) y =t ( ) y =0 ]
y
y

1 T
k
u (T T )dy =
x
c p y
= fn ( x only)
y =0
so
d
dx
uT
T
dy + T v t = ( ) y =0
x
y
JHH
11
u (T T )dy =
qw
c p
The rate thermal energy is carried

away by the b.l. flow is matched by
the rate heat is transferred in at the
wall
JHH
12

boundary layers


boundary layers
Predicting T in the laminar thermal b. l.
Dimensionless energy equation in integrated form
1 T
u (T T )dy =
k
x
c p y
y =0
d 1 u T T
y
(
)d ( )
u (Tw T ) t
0
t
dx
u Tw T
(Tw T ) d ( (T T ) /(Tw T ) )
t
d ( y / t )
(1)
(2)
So
(3)

boundary layers
JHH
=0
=0
=1

=1
=0
uN
0
T T
Tw T
y
T
T
2T
+ vN
= 2
x 0 y
y
3
1
= 1 + 3
2
2

boundary layers
JHH
14

Predicting t in the laminar b.l.

Since is independent of x
u 3 y 1 y
=

u 2 2
y t
=
t
2 t
3
=
= 0
2
3
1
= 1 + 3
2
2
u 3
1
3
= ( )
u 2
2
1
d
3
1
3
1
3
t [ t
( 3 3 )(1 + 3 )d ] =
0
dx
2
2
2
2
2
u


boundary layers
3
3 3
20 280
d
3
3 3
3
[
] =
t
dx
20
280
2u

boundary layers
16

Heat flux
q = k
For gas and

all liquids
except the
metallic ones
t
= Pr 1 / 3 , the accuracy with 2.5%
JHH
JHH
Predicting the heat flux in the laminar b.l.
Thermal b.l. thickness

t
1
1
=
1.025 Pr 1 / 3 [1 ( t2 / 14 2 )]1 / 3 1.025 Pr 1 / 3
v cp
=
a
k
For 0.6 Pr50
Re x and Pr =
t
= = 0.9638 / Pr (1 2 /14)
Rearranging this by notice t =
15

3 x
3
3 3
/
u
20
280
t =
t
1
1
=
1.025 Pr 1 / 3 [1 ( t2 / 14 2 )]1 / 3 1.025 Pr 1 / 3
is independent of x
JHH
d t
3
=
3
dx u 3 3
20
280
As = 4.64 x /
The integral form of the energy eq. for t becomes
at
13
By notice
at
= a + b + c 2 + d 3
at
d 2
=0
d 2
y / t =0
d 1u

T T
where =
d =
t
dx 0 u
u = 0
Tw T
b.c.s
= 1 at
d
=0
d

T
y
= k
y =0
Tw T
=
y / t =0
T T
Tw T
Nusselt number for a laminar 2D b.l. on a flat surface,

with T=const and 0.6 Pr 50
T T 3
3k 3 k
q
=
=
h
q = +k w
t 2
T 2 t 2 t
Nu x
hx 3 Re x
1.025 Pr 1 / 3 = 0.3314 Re1x/ 2 Pr 1 / 3
=
k 2 4.64
Nu x = 0.332 Re1x/ 2 Pr 1 / 3
17
( y / t )
0.6 Pr 50
JHH
18

boundary layers

Some other laminar b.l. heat transfer equations
Peclet number
Low Pr (such as liquid metals)
3 dimensions: J/K, m, s

boundary layers
2 = Re x Pr
u x
JHH
Nu x =
Pe x
Pe x 100 and Pr 1/100 or
4
Re x 10
0.3387 Re1x/ 2 Pr 1 / 3
[1 + (0.0468 / Pr) 2 / 3 ]1 / 4

boundary layers
Average heat transfer coefficient

Tw =const.:
qw =const. :
Nu L
1 1
q
=
T T L
q
=
T 1
L

boundary layers

Nu x = 0.332 Re
h=
Pr
= 0.664 Re
Pr
1/ 3
k

L
h = 2hx = L
Tdx
hL
k
For either of these cases

JHH
22

Some final observations
h or h
1
or
x
1
,
L
Nu x or Nu L x or L ,
u , 1/ 6 , ( c p )1/ 3 , k 2 / 3
u ,
1/ 6
, ( c p ) , k
1/ 3
2/3
at x = 0
Nu x 0
Characteristic Temperature film temperature
Nu L = 1.13Pe1L/ 2
h( x) dx
How h and Nu depend on their independent variables
hL
= 0.664 Re1L/ 2 Pr 1 / 3
k
For Liquid metal flow
ReL < Recrit 105

Ma < 0.3
Ec u2 /c p(Tw -T) <<1
x
dx
x
Nu x
1/ 2
L
Nu L =
The preceding results restricted to the 2D, incompressible,

laminar b.l. on a flat isothermal wall,
0.6 Pr 50
1 L
0.332k Pr1/ 3
( x) dx =
hN
0
L
L
k
1
qdx =
L
Some other laminar b.l heat transfer equations
For the case of Tw =const.:

1/ 3
q
L
Nu L
1 L
Nu x dx
L 0
21

1/ 2
x
20

Average Nusselt number

boundary layers
JHH
x > x0
JHH
Pe x > 100
19
Boundary layer with an unheated starting length
heat capacity rate of fluid in the b.l.

axial heat conductance of the b.l.
General relationship
Peclet number

0.332 Re1/x 2 Pr1/ 3

[1 ( x0 / x)3/ 4 ]1/ 3
k T / x
Churchll and Ozoe empirical correlation (laminar flow, Tw

=const., flat surface, entire range of Pr)
Nu x =
c p u T
Nu x = 0.565Pe1x/ 2
h = fn (k , x, c p , u )
h, k , x, c p , u
5-3=2 pi-groups
Exact solution of the b.l. eq.
5 variables:
hx
1 = Nu x
k
u x
Pe x
Pr
t >>
The velocity b.l. is so thin that u u in the thermal b.l.

High Pr
Nu x 0.339 Re1/x 2 Pr1/ 3 ,

boundary layers
JHH
Tf =
23
Tw + T
2
k, cp ,
JHH
24

boundary layers


boundary layers
Example 6.5
Example 6.5
(2) Q = hAT = 21.2(0.5) 2 (110-20)=477W
Air flow 20o C, u=15 m/s; isothermal plate 0.5m0.5m,

Tw = 110o C.
To find 1average h, (2) Q, (3)h, and t at the
trailing edge
Solution
(3)
h=
JHH

= 4.44mm

boundary layers
JHH
26

Over the full range of Pr

Churchll and Ozoe equation
Nu x =
Nu x = 0.453 Re Pr
for Pr 0.6
Average wall temperature
1 L
1 L qw x
Tw T = (Tw T )dx =
dx
L 0
L 0 kNu x
1/ 3
0.4637 Re1x/ 2 Pr 1/ 3
[1 + (0.02052 / Pr) 2 / 3 ]1/ 4
Pe x > 100
qw x
1 L
dx
1/3
0
L
k (0.453 u / Pr ) x
qw L / k
0.6795 Re1L/ 2 Pr1/3
Nu L = 0.6795 Re1/L 2 Pr1/3

JHH
27
JHH
29

boundary layers
Homework
Pr1/ 3
The problem of uniform wall heat flux
The exact result is (as an exercise of problem 6.11)

qw x
hx
Nu x
=
k k (Tw T )
1/ 2
x
25
The problem of uniform wall heat flux
Tw T =
x= L
Nu L k
k
= 367.8 = 21.2W/m 2 K
L
L

boundary layers
4.92 L 4.92 0.5

=
= 0.00396m=3.96mm
Re L
386600
hL
= 0.664 Re1/L 2 Pr1/ 3 = 367.8
k
hx = L = 0.5h = 0.5 21.2 = 10.6W/m 2 K
x= L =
(1) T = Tw + T = 110 + 20 = 65o C

f
2
2
u L
Pr = 0.707 Re L = = 386600
Then
Nu L =

6.11
6.15
JHH
28

Lecture 15c

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Lecture 15c

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Review of last lecture

6.4 The Prandtl number and the

College of Energy and Power Engineering

6 . Laminar and turbulent

6.4 The Prandtl number and the

Momentum and energy transfer in a gas with a velocity

mass flux of molecules change in fluid

6 . Laminar and turbulent

College of Energy and Power Engineering

6.4 The Prandtl number and the

6 . Laminar and turbulent

Kinetic theory of and k

College of Energy and Power Engineering

6.4 The Prandtl number and the

Heat flux cross y plane, by the same token

Kinetic theory of and k

Mass flux pass through y plane: C

Mean free path l:

6 . Laminar and turbulent

Kinetic theory of and k

Dimensional functional eq.

College of Energy and Power Engineering

6.4 The Prandtl number and the

C1 and C2 are constant of order unity

6 . Laminar and turbulent

6.4 The Prandtl number and the

Kinetic theory of and k

6 . Laminar and turbulent

B.l. thicknesses, and t , and the Prandtl number

Prandtl number Pr O(1)

The exact solution of flat surface flow shows

For simple monatomic gases, Pr=2/3

6.4 The Prandtl number and the

Pr can be far from 1

College of Energy and Power Engineering

= monotonically decreasing function of Pr only

When Pr>1, > t

6 . Laminar and turbulent

6 . Laminar and turbulent

6.5 Heat transfer coefficient for laminar,

The integral method for solving the energy equation

Integrating the b.l. energy eq. (as for momentum eq.)

Integrate the equation across thermal boundary layer

6.5 Heat transfer coefficient for laminar,

College of Energy and Power Engineering

6 . Laminar and turbulent

6.5 Heat transfer coefficient for laminar,

6 . Laminar and turbulent

6.5 Heat transfer coefficient for laminar,

The integral method for solving the energy equation

College of Energy and Power Engineering

The integral equation becomes

The integral method for solving the energy equation

The energy eq. becomes

The rate thermal energy is carried

College of Energy and Power Engineering

6 . Laminar and turbulent

6.5 Heat transfer coefficient for laminar,

6 . Laminar and turbulent

The integral method for solving the energy equation

Predicting T in the laminar thermal b. l.

Dimensionless energy equation in integrated form

College of Energy and Power Engineering

6 . Laminar and turbulent