plural noun: hormones

a regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids

such as blood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action.
o
a synthetic substance with an effect similar to that of an animal or plant
hormone.
o
a person's sex hormones as held to influence behavior or mood.

1.

Hormonesarechemicalsproducedbyonekindoftissueinanorganismandthen
transportedtoothertissuesintheorganism,wheretheyproducesomekindof
response.Becauseofthewaytheyoperate,hormonesaresometimescalled"chemical
messengers."Hormonesareverydifferentfromeachotherdependingonthe
functionstheyperformandtheyoccurinbothplantsandanimals.
Anexampleofhormoneactionisthechemicalknownasvasopressin.Vasopressinis
producedinthepituitarygland(atthebaseofthebrain)ofanimalsandthenexcreted
intothebloodstream.Thehormonetravelstothekidneys,whereitcausesanincrease
inwaterretention.Greaterwaterretentionproduces,inturn,anincreaseinblood
pressure.

Auxins:Agroupofplanthormonesresponsibleforpatternsofplantgrowth.
Endocrineglands:Glandsthatproduceandreleasehormonesinananimal.
Phototropism:Thetendencyofaplanttogrowtowardsasourceoflight.
Plantgrowthregulators:Planthormonesthataffecttherateatwhichplantsgrow.

Ang mga ensaym, ensima, o ensimas (Ingles: enzyme) ay

mga biyomolekula na nagkakatalisa (i.e., nagpapabilis ng daloy ng) mga reaksiyong kimikal.[1]
[2]

Halos lahat ng mga nalalamang ensaym ay mga protina. Subalit may mga molekulang RNA na

maaari ring maging epektibong biyokatalista. Ang mga molekulang RNA na ito ay tinatawag na
mgaribosima.[3] Sa mga reaksiyong ensaymatiko, ang molekula na makikita sa simula ng isang
proseso ay tinatawag na substrato, at ang ensaym ang bumabago dito para maging ibang molekula
na tinatawag na produkto. Halos lahat ng proseso sa isang biyolihikal na selula ay nangangailangan
ng mga enzyme upang magawa sa takdang bilis. Dahil ang mga enzyme ay pinpili ang kanilang
substrate at pinapabilis ilang reaksiyong kemikal, ang grupo ng enzyme na ginagawa ng selula ay
ang nagtatakda ng mga daang metabolikona nangyayari sa naturang selula.


1.

plural noun: enzymes

a substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about
a specific biochemical reaction.
myxedema

1.

swelling of the skin and underlying tissues giving a waxy consistency, typical of
patients with underactive thyroid glands.
o
the more general condition associated with hypothyroidism, including
weight gain, mental dullness, and sensitivity to cold
o

Tetany or tetany seizure is a medical sign consisting of the involuntary contraction of muscles, which
may be caused by disease or other conditions that increase the action potential frequency of muscle
cells or the nerves that innervate them. Muscle cramps which are caused by the disease tetanus are
not classified as tetany; rather, they are due to a lack of inhibition to the neurons that supply
muscles.

Causes[edit]

The usual cause of tetany is lack of calcium. An excess of phosphate (high phosphate-tocalcium ratio) can also trigger the spasms.[2][3]

Underfunction of the parathyroid gland can lead to tetany.

Low levels of carbon dioxide cause tetany by altering the albumin binding of calcium such
that the ionized (physiologically influencing) fraction of calcium is reduced; one common reason
for low carbon dioxide levels is hyperventilation

acromegaly
1.

abnormal growth of the hands, feet, and face, caused by overproduction of

growth hormone by the pituitary gland.

There are a few possible causes of acromegaly. The most common cause is the growth of a
non-cancerous (benign) tumor in the pituitary gland (known as pituitary adenoma).
This causes the pituitary gland to produce excess GH (growth hormone) which is the reason for
abnormal growth.
Diffusion( pagsasabog) is the net passive movement of particles (atoms, ions or molecules)
from a region in which they are in higher concentration to regions of lower concentration. It
continues until the concentration of substances is uniform throughout.

is the spreading of something more widely. This can apply to molecules, atoms, ions,
particles, information or cultural elements. Sometimes diffusion happens on its own and
sometimes there is something that causes it, like heat or agitation.

CommonExamplesofDiffusion

You can smell perfume because it diffuses into the air and makes its way into your
nose.
A teabag placed in a cup of hot water will diffuse into the water.
Placing food coloring in a liquid will diffuse the color.
Cigarette smoke diffuses into the air.
A few crystals of potassium permanganate in water will diffuse and turn the water
purple.
Stirring some sugar into tea will help it diffuse quicker.
Leave a soda bottle open and the carbon dioxide bubble will diffuse and leave it flat.
When cooking pasta, the water diffuses into the noodles, making them bigger and
moister.
If you water wilted plants, the water will diffuse into the plants and they will get firmer.
A helium balloon will deflate a small amount every day as helium diffuses through the
balloon into the air.
Heat is diffused during heat conduction, such as a mug getting hot when a hot liquid
is placed in it.
In leaves, oxygen from the leaf cells diffuses out to the air.
Alloys are examples of diffusion, as in copper being diffused in a copper alloy.
If two metal blocks are pushed tightly together and remain like that for several years,
one metal will diffuse into the other metal.
In the crystal solid state, lattice diffusion occurs, which means the atoms move within
the lattice structure.
In a leaf, carbon dioxide diffuses from the air spaces between mesophyll cells to the
chloroplast.

DiffusionintheHumanBody

Digested particles of food diffuse in the colon.

Oxygen in the lungs diffuses from the alveolar air space into the blood circulating
around the lungs.

Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood circulating around the lungs into the alveolar
air space.
Oxygen diffuses from the blood cells in the blood stream into muscles.
During pregnancy, food molecules and oxygen diffuse from the mothers blood to the
fetuss blood supply through the placenta.

CulturalDiffusion

People in the United States play soccer, which is played in Mexico.

The Spanish took over lands in the Americas and forced the inhabitants to convert to
Roman Catholicism.
There was a mass migration of Irish to the United States during the 18th and 19th
centuries.
Starbucks and McDonalds can be found in many different places all over the world.
Computers have made their way around the globe.

DiffusioninMeteorology

Atmospheric circulation is the way thermal energy is diffused on the surface of the
Earth.
In storms, warm air carries moisture and rises within cooler air. This leads to water
vapor developing and a storm brewing.
Convection is the transfer of heat and it occurs by massive motion in the
atmosphere. Examples are the Hadley cell and the polar vortex.
Wind is a localized phenomenon due to convection.
Ocean currents diffuse warm water from the tropics to the equator.
Cold water at the poles moves towards the equator.

Osmosis is the flow of water down its concentration gradient, across a semi-permeable
membrane. Osmosis is an example of diffusion, which is when molecules tend to distribute
themselves evenly in a space.

osmosis
a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable
membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus
equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane.
Ang Osmosis ay tuloy-tuloy na paggalaw ng mga natutunaw na mga molekula sa papamamagitan
ng isang medyo-tinatagusang balamban o semi-permeable membrane sa loob ng isang rehiyon na
may mataas na konsentrasyon ng solusyon, sa direksyon na nauuwi sa pagbalanse ng mga
konsentrasyong solusyon sa dalawang bahagi.[1][2][3] Maari din gamitin ang salitang ito upang
isalarawan ang prosesong pisikal kung saan gumagalaw ang kahit anong panunaw sa ibayo ng
isang medyo-tinatagusang balamban (tinatagusan sa panunaw, ngunit di sa solusyon) na
hinihiwalay ang dalawang solusyon ng magkaibang konsentrasyon. [4][5]Maaring likhain ang osmosis
upang gumawa.

biome

[6]

A large community of plants and animals that occupies a distinct region. Terrestrialbiomes,
typically defined by their climate and dominant vegetation, include grassland, tundra, desert,
tropical rainforest, and deciduous and coniferous forests. For example, an aquatic biome can

contain ecosystems such as coral reefs and kelp forests. Not all scientists classify
biomes in the same way. Some use broad classifications and count as few as five
biomes. These are forest, grassland,freshwater, marine, desert, and tundra.

Biomass is organic matter derived from living, or recently living organisms. Biomass can be used as
a source of energy and it most often refers to plants or plant-based materials which are not used for
food or feed, and are specifically called lignocellulosic biomass.[1] As an energy source, biomass can
either be used directly via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting it to various
forms of biofuel. Conversion of biomass to biofuel can be achieved by different methods which are
broadly classified into:thermal, chemical, and biochemical methods.

Wood remains the largest biomass energy source today; examples include forest
residues (such as dead trees, branches and tree stumps), yard clippings, wood chips and
even municipal solid waste. Wood energy is derived by using lignocellulosic biomass (secondgeneration biofuels) as fuel.
Bioassay (commonly used shorthand for biological assay or assessment),
orbiological standardization is a type of scientific experiment. A bioassay involves the use of
live animal or plant (in vivo) or tissue or cell (in vitro) to determine thebiological activity of a
substance, such as a hormone or drug.

red blood cell n. Abbr. RBC, rbc. A disk-shaped, biconcave cell in the blood that contains
hemoglobin, lacks a nucleus, and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the tissues.
Also called erythrocyte, red cell, red corpuscle.

These cells are produced in the bone marrow and are released into the bloodstream as they
mature. RBCs typically make up about 40% of the blood volume. RBCs contain hemoglobin, a
protein that binds to oxygen and enables RBCs to carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues
and organs of the body.

White blood cells (WBCs), also called leukocytes or leucocytes, are the cells of the immune
system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders.
All white blood cells are produced and derived frommultipotent cells in the bone marrow known
as hematopoietic stem cells. Leukocytes are found throughout the body, including
theblood and lymphatic system

Definition: Hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells (RBCs) that carries oxygen
from the lungs to the tissues in the body. The pigment in hemoglobinis responsible for the red
color of blood.

A protein with four iron-containing subunits called hemes, hemoglobin is a complex molecule
with a complex function. It must bind to oxygen in the lungs, then release that oxygen in the
tissues, then bind to carbon dioxide in the tissues and release it in the lungs.

Catabolic reactions usually release energy that is used to drive chemical

reactions.Anabolism refers to chemical reactions in which simpler substances are
combined to form more complex molecules. Anabolic reactions usually require
energy.Anabolic reactions build new molecules and/or store energy.

Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions

Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body. Catabolism is the process of
breaking down materials in order to extract the necessary components. Anabolism, on the other
hand, is the process of building larger materials from smaller components.

Ang Metabolismo ay isang prosesong kemikal sa isang buhay na cell o organismo. Ito ay mahalaga sa
pagmementena ng buhay. Sa metabolismo, ang ilang substansya ay naghihiwahiwalay para makalikha ng
enerhiya para sa mahahalagang proseso ng katawan.
Ito ay hinango mula sa salitang griyego na "ballein" na ang ibig sabihin ay "to throw" at "meta" na ang ibig
sabihin at "after o beyond".

Ang enerhiyang nakukuha sa metabolismo ay ginagamit ng katawan sa

mga sumusunod:

Pagtunaw ng pagkain at sustansya

Paglinis ng katawan sa pamamagitan ng pag-ihi at pagdumi

Paghinga

Pagdaloy ng dugo

Pagkontrol sa temperatura ng katawan

Pagcontract ng muscles

Paggana ng utak at nerves

Ang metabolismo ay ikinukumpara sa pugon kung saan "sinusunog" nito ang enerhiya ngunit ito rin ay
tumutulong sa pagbuo ng bagong materyal. Lahat ng metabolic reactions ay napupunta sa dalawang
kategorya: ang catabolic at anabolic reaction o ang proseso ng pagbreak down at pagbuo. Ang catabolism ay
isang proseso kung saan ang malalaking molecules ay nadudurog sa mas maliliit na molecules sa paglabas ng
enerhiya. Ang anabolism naman ay ang proseso kung saan ang enerhiya ay ginagamit sa pagbuo ng complex
molecules na kinakailangan ng katawan sa pagbuo ng bagong materyal.

In biology, epigenesis (or, in contrast to preformationism, neoformationism) is the process by

which plants, animals and fungi develop from a seed, spore or egg through a sequence of steps in
which cells differentiate and organs form

Epigenesis/Preformation. Epigenesis means to grow upon, as is opposed to preformation.

One of the most important issues in the premodern biology of the 18th century was the struggle
between preformationist and epigenetictheories of development.

he tendency of the body to seek and maintain a condition of balance or equilibrium within its
internal environment, even when faced with external changes. A
simpleexample of homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain an internal temperature around
98.6 degrees Fahrenheit, whatever the temperature outside

a compound tissue in vascular plants that helps provide support and that conducts water and
nutrients upward from the roots, consisting of tracheids, vessels, parenchyma cells, and woody
fibers. Origin of xylem Expand.

Tracheids (top) and vessel elements (bottom) are the water conducting cells of xylem tissue.
Phloem tissue is responsible for translocation, which is the transport of soluble organic
substances, for example, sugar.

Plants have two different types of transport tissue.Xylem transports water and solutes from the
roots to the leaves, phloem transports food from the leaves to the rest of the plant.
Transpiration is the process by which water evaporates from the leaves, which results in more
water being drawn up from the roots.

A vascular bundle is a part of the transport system in vascular plants. The transport itself
happens in vascular tissue, which exists in two forms: xylem and phloem.

A vascular bundle is a part of the transport system invascular plants. The transport itself
happens invascular tissue, which exists in two forms: xylem and phloem. Both these tissues
are present in a vascular bundle, which in addition will include supporting and protective
tissues.
The basic tissue of plants, consisting of cells with thin cellulose walls. The cortex and pith of the
stem, the internal layers of leaves, and the soft parts of fruits are made ofparenchyma. In
contrast to sclerenchyma cells, parenchyma cells remain alive at maturity.

Parenchyma is defined as the functional part of organ tissue, or tissue found in the soft parts of
plants and fruits. An example of parenchyma is the pulp of a fruit.

A tissue in vascular plants that conducts food from the leaves and other photosynthetic tissues
to other plant parts. Phloem consists of several different kinds of cells: sieve elements,
parenchyma cells, sclereids, and fibers.

Phloem is the tissue in plants that transport food to the parts of the plant where it needs to go.
An example of the phloem is the tissue in plants that distributes the sugar that plants eat.

motor nerve
noun
1.
a nerve carrying impulses from the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or gland.
Motor neurons' axons are efferent nervefibers that carry signals from the spinal cord to the
effectors to produce effects. Types ofmotor neurons are alpha motor neurons,
betamotor neurons, and gamma motor neurons.