different shapesBorosilicateglassHigh softening point(800C).

Thus it isheat
resistantDoes not crack easilywith suddentemperature changesTransparent
toultraviolet lightMore resistant tochemical reactionsDoes not break easilySiO
2
(80%)Ba
2
O
3
(15%) Na
2
O (3%)Al
2
O
3
Laboratory apparatusCooking utensilsElectrical tubesGlass pipelinesLead
crystalglassLow softening point(600 C)High densityHigh refractive indexReflects
light raysand appears spar klingSiO
2
(55%)PbO( 30%)K
2
O (10%) Na
2
O ( 3%)Al
2
O
3

( 2%)Decorative itemsCrystal glass-waresLensPrismsChandeliersCeramics

1.
Ceramic is a manufactured substance made from clay that is dried and then baked
in a kiln at high temperature.2.The main constituent of clay is aluminosilicate,
(which consist of aluminiumoxide and silicon dioxide) with small quantities of sand
and feldspar.
3.
Kaolinite is an example of high
20

4.Red clay contains iron (III) oxide which gives the red colour .5.General uses
ceramics are as follows of :

very hard and strong but brittle

inert to chemical reaction

has a very high melting point

good electric and heat insulator

able to withstand compression

9.6 COMPOSITE MATERIAL
1.A composite material is a structural material formed bycombining two or more
materials with different physical properties, producing acomplex mixture.2.The
composite material produced will have different propertiesfar more superior to the
original materials.3. The composite material produced are harder, stronger,
lighter,more resistant to heat and corrosion and also for specific purposes.4.When
composite material is formed, the weakness of thecomponents will not exist

anymore.Composite materialComponentProperties of componentProperties of

compositeReinforced concreteConcrete Hard but brittle,With low
tensilestrengthStronger, higher tensilestrength, not so brittle,does not corrode
easily,can withstand higher applied forces and loads,relatively cheaper Steel Hard
with high tensilestrength but expensiveand can corrodeFibre opticsGlass of
lowrefractive indexTransparent, does notreflect light rays.Reflect light rays andallow
light rays to travelalong the fibreGlass of high Heavy, strong but
21

refractive indexbrittle and non-flexibleFibreglassGlassHeavy, strong but brittle and

non-flexibleLight, strong, tough,resilient and flexible,with high tensile strengthand
not flammablePolyester plasticLight, flexible, elastic but weak
andinflammablePhotochromic glassGlass Transparent and notsensitive to
lightSensitive to light:darkness when lightintensity is high, becomes clear whenlight
intensity is lowSilver chloride, or silver bromideSensitive to light
Figure 9.9
Composite material and their new properties
22

CONCLUSION
We must appreciate these various synthetic industrial materials. One of the way is
bydoing continuous research and development ( R & D ) to produce better materials
used toimprove our standard of living. As we live in a changing world, our society is
gettingmore complex. New materials are required to overcome new challenges and
problems weface in our daily lives. Synthetic material are developed constantly due
to the limitationand shortage of natural materials. New technological developments
are used by scientiststo make new discoveries. New materials for clothing, shelter,
tools and communication to improve our dailylife are developed continuously for the
well-being of mankind. New needs and new problem will stimulate the development
of new synthetic materials. For example, the newuse of plastic composite material
will replace metal in the making of a stronger andlighter car body. This will save fuel
and improve speed. Plastic composite materials mayone day used to make organs
for organ transplant in human bodies. This will becomenecessity with the shortage
of human organ donors.The understanding of the interaction between different

chemicals is important for both the development of new synthetic materials and
the disposal of such syntheticmaterials as waste. A responsible and systemic
method of handling the waste of syntheticmaterials and their by-product is
important to prevent environmental pollution. The
23

recycling and development of environmental friendly synthetic material should

beenforced.
REFERENCES
1.Tan Yin Toon, Loh Wai Leng, Tan On Tin, 2008, SUCCESSChemistry SPM, Oxford
Fajar Sdn.Bhd.2.Website http://www.answers.com