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2013
GUIDELINES ON ANSWERING
QUESTIONS IN
CHEMISTRY PAPER 2 AND PAPER 3
Correct
1. Purple solution disappears.
Purple solution becomes colourless
2. No reaction.
No change
3. Colour of water is clear/white
Colourless/no colour
4. Rate of reaction is faster/slower.
Rate of reaction is higher/lower
5. Zinc donates two electrons.
Zinc atom donates two electrons
6. Copper molecule
Copper atom
7. Bromine ion.
Bromide ion
Concentration / Number of moles of hydrogen ion, H+
8. H+ ion increase.
increases.
Electrons flow from zinc metal to Electrons flow from zinc metal to copper metal through
9.
copper metal.
the wire.
10. Forces of attraction are weak.
Intermolecular forces of attraction are weak.
11. Soap consists of two parts.
Soap anion consists of two parts.
12. Energy unit: j (joule)
Unit joule : J
Position of zinc is above copper in the electrochemical
13. Position of zinc is above copper.
series. or zinc is more electropositive than copper
14. Reagent to verify iodine. starch Starch solution.
4. Describing chemical test: Description must have (1) correct reagent, (2) procedure, and (3)
expected observation.
Do not give the reagent only.
You must state how you would carry out the test using the reagent and what is the observation to
verify the identity of the substance.
Example:
Name gas Y and describe a method to verify its identity.
Answer:
Hydrogen. Test with wooden splinter
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
Wrong
Correct
Acidified potassium
manganate(VII) turns colourless
= 0.25
0.25 x 32 = 8 g
Below are some diagrams of the set up of apparatus for certain experiments. Can you identify
the mistakes in each diagrams?
Always note the marks allotted for each part of the question. This will an indication as to how
many points/facts you need to answer.
Answer according to the needs/instructions of the question. Marks are allotted for each
instruction.
B. Why students lose marks
1. Did not give enough facts/points or incomplete facts.
2. Did not give the correct conditions of the experiment.
3. Did not write chemical equation.
4. Wrong words or terms used.
SUGGESTED FORMAT TO USE WHEN ANSWERING PAPER 2 ESSAY QUESTION
(ESSAY INVOLVING CARRYING OUT AN EXPERIMENT)
Item
Description
It would be good if you can write a title or aim of the experiment. This would
enable you to stay focused and hopefully you will not write out of point!
1. Title /Aim
Just read the question and write a statement based on the need instruction of
the question.
2. Apparatus and List all the apparatus and material separately. If you are unable to do so, you
material
can group all under one heading : Apparatus and material
Normally two marks are allotted
1st mark: The apparatus set up is functional.
3. Setup of
apparatus diagram 2nd mark: All chemical substance and main apparatus are labelled. (solutions,
solids must be shaded)
4. Procedure
You need to briefly explain how to set up the apparatus for the experiment.
You must describe how you measure and pour the chemical substances
into appropriate containers.
Values of concentration and volume of the solution and/or other data must
be stated; especially for experiment which include calculation.
Steps taken while carrying out the experiment must be written in the correct
order. [The correct order of the steps will enable you to carry out the
experiment successfully.]
Write: Readings or/ and measurements are recorded. Do not write being
read, observed, etc
You must ensure that the chemical substances you choose are correct and will
react accordingly to give the desired resultgiving the correct products.
Chemical substances can be written in words or chemical formulae. If
5
Item
4. Observation /
theory /
explanation
5. Tabulation of
data / result
Description
chemical formulae are used, they must be correct.
The physical state of the chemical substances must also be stated. Example:
solution or solid or gas, powdered or pieces or ribbon, acidified or neutral, etc.
1. Answer according to the needs of the experiment. If certain facts are not
asked, you can write briefly.
2. Include chemical equation / half equation or graph in your answer. These
will make your answer more easily understood.
The readings normally need to be presented in a table. Your table must have the
correct headings and units. Values must be given for the manipulated variable.
Symbols can be used for the responding variable.
Time (second)
30
60
90
120
0
Temperature ( C)
t1
t2
t3
t4
6. Calculation
If real values are not given, you can use unknown such as x, y or z in your
calculations.
All steps must be clearly shown.
Units must be written.
7. Conclusion
[Note: (a) The set up of apparatus drawn is functional. (b) All the materials are labelled]
Apparatus and material: Measuring cylinder 50 cm3, measuring cylinder 5 cm3, stopwatch,
thermometer, 5 conical flask of the same size, Bunsen burner, wire gauze, match box, cloth, sodium
thiosulphate 0.1 mol dm3, dilute hydrochloric acid 2 mol dm3, water, paper
Procedure:
1. 50.0 cm3 of sodium thiosulphate 0.1 mol dm3 is measured using a measuring cylinder.
2. The solution is then poured into a clean conical flask.
3. The temperature of the solution is measured using the thermometer and the reading recorded.
4. 5.0 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid 2 mol dm-3 is measured using another measuring cylinder.
5. The acid is then poured into the flask and the stopwatch is started immediately.
6
6.
7.
The flask is swirled and placed on a piece of paper with mark X drawn.
The mark X is observed through the solution vertically and the time taken for the mark X to
disappear from sight is recorded.
8. Step 1 to step 7 of the experiment is repeated using solutions of sodium thiosulphate heated to
different temperatures as shown in the table.
9. The solution is heated as shown in the diagram
10. For each of the experiment, the other variables are fixed. They are:
(a)
volume and concentration of sodium thiosulphate.
(b)
volume and concentration of dilute acid.
(c)
Size of the conical flask.
11. To investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of equation, two graphs are drawn, i.e.
(a)
Graph of temperature against time,
(b)
Graph of temperature against 1/time
Tabulation of data
Experiment
Temp ( C)
28
38
48
58
Time / (s)
t1
t2
t3
t4
-1
a1
a2
a3
a4
1/time (s )
Graph (i)
Graph (ii)
From graph (i), it is shown that the higher the temperature of sodium thiosulphate, the shorter the time
for the mark X to disappear from sight.
From graph (ii), it is shown that as the temperature of sodium thiosulphate increases, the rate of
reaction given by 1/time increases.
Chemical equation
Na2S2O3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + SO2 + S(p)
Conclusion
When the temperature of the reactant (sodium thiosulphate) increases, the rate of reaction increases.
(b) Collision theory
1. The reaction between sodium thiosulphate and dilute hydrochloric acid to form solid sulphur is
represented by the following ionic equation:
S2O32- + 2H+ SO2+ H2O + S
2. When the temperature increases, the kinetic energy of S2O32- ions and H+ ions increases and the
ions moves faster.
7
3. Hence the frequency of collision between S2O32- ions and H+ ions will increase.
4. The increase in temperature also increases the percentage of ions with energy more than or equal
to the activation energy.
5. Therefore the frequency of effective collision between the particles will also increase.
6. Subsequently the rate of reaction will increase,
Sample 2
(a) Why latex does not coagulates when it is inside the rubber tree? [3 marks]
(b) Explain how coagulation of latex occurs when it is exposed to air. [7 marks]
Sample answer
(a) [Drawing of diagrams will help you and increases your chances to score higher marks]
1. Latex is a colloidal solution. It consists of rubber particles dispersed in water.
2. Each rubber particle is made up of many long-chain rubber molecules enclosed by a proteinlike membrane which is negatively charged.
3. The negative charges around the rubber particles cause repulsion between these particles to
occur when they are near each other.
4. Hence the repulsion between the negatively-charged particles prevents the rubber particles
from coming close to each other.
5. Hence latex could not coagulate.
2. The negative charges around the rubber particles cause repulsion between these particles to
occur when they near each other.
3. Hence the repulsion between the negatively-charged particles prevents the rubber particles
from coming close to each other.
4. Coagulation of latex can occur when it is exposed to air for a few days.
8
8. With the absence of the repulsive negative charges, the rubber particles can now come close
together.
9. This enables them to collide with one another resulting in the breakage of the protein
membrane.
10. The rubber molecules combine with one another and entangle and thus causing the latex to coagulate.
Paper 3 Format
Time
1
jam
Type of instrument
Structure item
Open response
item
Report item
Number of
question
2 or 3
Compulsory
Construct
Question 1 & 2
Evaluate Aspect of Scientific
Process Skills
Question 3
Evaluate Aspect of Experimenting
2. Allocation of marks
Score
Description
3
Excellent: Candidate gave the best response.
2
Satisfactory : Candidate gave an average response
1
Weak: Candidate gave an inaccurate response.
0
Candidate gave no response or wrong response
3. Scientific skills (Assesed in structured question. Total marks: 33)
9
Marks
33
17
1. Observing KK501
2. Classifying KK502
3. Measuring and using numbers KK503
4. Inferring KK504
5. Predicting KK505
6. Communicating KK506
7. Using space-time relationship KK507
8. Interpreting Data KK508
9. Defining operationally KK509
10. Controlling variables KK510
11. Hypothesizing KK511
4.
(a)
(b)
Observing
Write what you will see, hear, feel, taste or smell.
Predicting:
You need to analyse all the information given (observations, previous experiences or
data that can be trusted) and hence make a forecast (prediction) according to the need of
the question.
(e)
Sample Answer
(a) Aim of experiment
To investigate the effect of total surface area of marble on the rate of reaction.
(b) Problem statement
How does the total surface area of marble affect the rate of reaction?
(c) Hypothesis
The bigger the total surface area of marble, the higher is the rate of reaction.
(d) Variables
(i)
Manipulated variable: Total surface area
(ii)
Responding variable: Volume of carbon dioxide given off
(iii)
Fixed variable: Mass of marble, concentration of hydrochloric acid, volume of
hydrochloric acid, temperature of reactants.
Apparatus: Burette 50 cm3, measuring cylinder, 50 cm3, electronic balance, conical flask, delivery
tube with stopper, retort stand with clamp, basin, stopwatch
Material: 5.0 g large marble chips, 5.0 g small marble chips, dilute hydrochloric acid 0.2 mol dm3,
water.
Procedure:
1. Water is added into the burette and inverted as shown in the diagram. The water level is
adjusted to the 50 cm3 mark.
2. The water used is saturated with carbon dioxide gas before the experiment.
3. Using a measuring cylinder, 50.0 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid 0.2 mol dm3 is measured and
poured into a conical flask.
4. 5.0 g of small marble is weighted and added into the conical flask and the stopwatch is started
immediately. [The conical flask is stopped immediately ]
5. The volume of carbon dioxide gas collected at intervals of 30 seconds is recorded until the
reaction stopped. [or until 50 cm3 of gas]
6. Step 1 to step 5 is repeated by using large marble to replace the small marble chips.
Tabulation of data
Time (s)
Burette reading (cm3)
Volume of CO2 evolved (cm3)
12
30 60
90