1 4804387

Vortex-shedding suppression in two-dimensional mixed convective flows past circular
and square cylinders

Nadeem Hasan and Rashid Ali
Citation: Physics of Fluids 25, 053603 (2013); doi: 10.1063/1.4804387
View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4804387
View Table of Contents: http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/pof2/25/5?ver=pdfcov
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2016 10:44:01
PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 25, 053603 (2013)
Vortex-shedding suppression in two-dimensional mixed

convective flows past circular and square cylinders
Nadeem Hasana) and Rashid Ali
Department of Mechanical Engg., Aligarh Muslim University, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India
(Received 29 July 2012; accepted 1 April 2013; published online 21 May 2013)
Vortex-shedding suppression in two-dimensional mixed convective flows past circular and square cylinders is investigated numerically at two supercritical Reynolds
numbers, Re = 60 and 100, at a fixed Prandtl (Pr) number of 0.71. The Richardson number (Ri) and free-stream orientation () are varied in the range [0, 1.6] and
[0, /2], respectively. The investigations involve the numerical solutions of mass, momentum, and energy equations subject to Boussinesq approximation in generalized
curvilinear body-fitted coordinates. The critical Richardson numbers corresponding
to the onset of suppression of vortex-shedding are determined for different free-stream
orientations using the numerical data and the Stuart-Landau theory. For the case of
circular cylinder, the critical Richardson number exhibits a cosine-law with respect
to the free-stream orientation, while a non-monotonic trend is observed for the case of
the square cylinder. By examining the near critical steady flow field data, two distinct
components of the baroclinic vorticity generation rate are identified that appear to
control the shedding suppression laws (relationships between the critical Richardson
number and free-stream orientation) in theRi- parametric space for the circular and
the square cylinders. Supported by numerical experiments, the plausible roles of
these baroclinic vorticity generation rate components are identified and utilized to
theoretically deduce the functional forms of the shedding suppression laws that agree
C 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.
with the laws observed in the numerical experiments.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4804387]
I. INTRODUCTION
Fluid flow past a bluff body causes separation of flow at some point along the body due to
the occurrence of adverse pressure gradient. In such type of flows typically counter-rotating lowpressure vortices are formed on the downstream side of the bluff body and, depending on the flow
parameters, are shed periodically from either side of the body. The study of bluff body wakes is
important from the point of view of applications in aerodynamics, wind engineering, design of long
spanned bridges, and towering structures, etc. This is because of the periodic force generated by
vortex-shedding induces structural vibration and noise. If the resonance frequency of the structure
matches with the frequency of vortex-shedding, the structure can resonate and structures movement
can become self-sustained leading to catastrophic affects. A good example is the breakdown of
Tacoma Narrows Bridge.
The methods that are employed in controlling the vortex-shedding from bluff bodies are of
two types, namely, (i) the passive and (ii) active control mechanisms. The passive methods involve
the introduction of splitter plates, modification of body shapes, placement of control cylinders in
the wake of the main cylinder, etc.15 The active control methods rely on (i) the introduction of
body forces via heating or imposing external force fields of electromagnetic origin or, (ii) imparting
rotation or oscillatory motion to the bluff body.610
a) Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Electronic mail: nadhasan@gmail.com
1070-6631/2013/25(5)/053603/27/$30.00
25, 053603-1

C 2013 AIP Publishing LLC
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FIG. 1. The geometry for two-dimensional mixed convective flow past (a) a circular cylinder and (b) a square cylinder.
The present study focuses on the active control mechanism that involves heating of the bluff body
in order to control the vortex-shedding phenomenon. In this approach, the difference in temperature
between the bluff body and the fluid generates density variations in the fluid. These density variations
interact with the gravitational field to generate buoyancy forces that influence the flow and the process
of vortex-shedding. The phenomenon of vortex-shedding suppression caused by buoyancy effects
has not been investigated in detail and the physical mechanism leading to suppression is still not
properly understood.
The generic scenario of two-dimensional mixed convective flow past a circular and a square
cylinder is depicted in Figs. 1(a) and 1(b), respectively. The approaching free-stream having velocity
magnitude U is oriented at a certain angle with the line of action of the gravity vector. If
the temperature of the cylinder(s) and the fluid are not equal then the exchange of heat takes place
between them. The temperature differences give rise to buoyancy force in the presence of gravity.
The buoyancy force would act along the positive y direction if the fluid is heated by the body and
vice versa if the fluid is cooled by the body.
The flow dynamics past a heated or cooled bluff body in the two-dimensional mixed convection
regime is characterized by four dimensionless parameters given as
(i)
Reynolds number (Re) =
(iii) Prandtl number (Pr) =
g(Ts T )d
U d
, (ii) Richardson number (Ri) =
,
o
U2
o
, (iv) Free-stream orientation with respect to gravity = .
o
In addition to above, for non-symmetric bodies like the square cylinder, the geometric orientation
(angle , shown in Fig. 1(b)) is also a relevant dimensionless parameter. In the above-mentioned
dimensionless numbers, d is the characteristic length scale of the body, g is the gravitational intensity,
is the coefficient of volume expansion, Ts is the uniform cylinder temperature, T is the freestream fluid temperature, o and o are the kinematic viscosity and thermal diffusivity at some
reference temperature To which can be chosen to be the free-stream fluid temperature T .
The phenomenon of vortex-shedding as far as two-dimensional mixed convective flows are
concerned, has been studied mostly in the context of circular and square cylinders. In the subsections to follow, a brief literature survey of earlier studies involving mixed convective flows past
circular and square cylinders is presented.
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A. The circular cylinder
Jain and Lohar11 presented a numerical investigation of two-dimensional unsteady mixed congTd3
= 104 )
vection from a horizontal circular cylinder for the conditions (Re = 100, Gr =
o2
and (Re = 200, Gr = 5 104 ) at free-stream orientation of = /2. The Strouhal numbers were
found to be 0.166 at (Re = 100, Gr = 104 ) and 0.192 at (Re = 200, Gr = 5 104 ). They found that
the shedding of vortices was faster in the case of mixed convection. Chang and Sa12 investigated
numerically the phenomenon of vortex-shedding from a heated/cooled two-dimensional circular
cylinder in the mixed, natural and forced convection regimes at (Re = 100, Pr = 0.7), 104 Gr
104 and = 0. The vortex-shedding suppression was observed at a Grashof number of 1500
(i.e., Ri = 0.15).
Patnaik et al.13 performed a two-dimensional numerical investigation of the flow past an isolated
circular cylinder under the influence of aiding and opposing buoyancy for 1 Ri 1, Pr = 0.71,
Re = 20, 40, 100, 200 and free-stream orientation of = 0. They reported that the vortex-shedding
was triggered by the opposing buoyancy, for a Richardson number range of 1.0 to 0.1. Increase
in Richardson number from 0 to 1 (buoyancy aiding the flow) moves the separation point towards
the aft and results in suppression of vortex-shedding. Srivastava et al.14 studied experimentally the
flow of air past a heated horizontal circular cylinder in the vertically upward direction ( = 0) for
free and mixed convection at Re = 102 and Gr = 975, 1105, 1240, and 1370. They reported that the
vortex-shedding frequency decreases with increasing Grashof number and a complete suppression
of vortex-shedding takes place at Grashof number of 1370 (Ri = 0.132).
Kieft et al.15 investigated numerically the vortex formation and shedding process behind a twodimensional heated circular cylinder. The cylinder was exposed to a cold cross flow ( = /2) for
a fixed Reynolds number of 75 with Gr varied in the range of 05000. They found that the vortices
shed from the upper half of the cylinder became stronger for increasing heat input. The vortices
shed from the upper half of the cylinder had a higher vorticity extreme and a higher temperature.
Sengupta et al.16 studied numerically the vortex-shedding and stability of the two-dimensional mixed
convection flow over a horizontal cylinder for 42 Re 130, Pr = 0.7, and = 0, , 5 /4, 3 /2, and
7 /4. They reported that the suppression of vortex-shedding occurs at a critical Reynolds number of
65.16, 77.78, and 89.85 for a fixed Richardson number of 0, 0.10, and 0.20, respectively, in case of
assisting flow ( = 0). They also reported critical Richardson numbers of 0.061, 0.130, and 0.186
for a fixed Reynolds number of 75, 100, and 110, respectively, for = 0. The critical Reynolds
number was found to be 77.780, 65.897, 44.921, 39.137, and 24.173 for free stream orientation of
0, 7 /4, 3 /2, 5 /4, and , respectively, at a fixed Richardson number of 0.1.
Bhattacharyya and Singh17 investigated numerically the influence of surface heating of a twodimensional circular cylinder on the wake structure and heat transfer for Re 200, Pr = 0.7,
0 Gr 105 , and = /2. It was shown that the heat input to the cylinder produces an increment
in the strength of the negative vortices, which leads to an asymmetry in the wake of the cylinder. The
strong negative vortex induced by the heated cylinder induces a negative lift. Increase in Ri at a fixed
Reynolds number produces a significant increment in vortex-shedding frequency. Vortex-shedding
suppression was not observed.
B. The square cylinder
Sharma and Eswaran18 studied numerically the two-dimensional flow and heat transfer characteristics around a square cylinder maintained at a constant temperature for ( = 0, = 0) considering
the effect of aiding (Ri > 0) and opposing (Ri < 0) buoyancy, at Re = 100, Pr = 0.7, and 1 Ri
< 1. The vortex-shedding suppression was found to occur at a critical Richardson number of 0.15.
Sharma and Eswaran19 studied the effect of channel-confinement of various degree (blockage
ratio of 10%, 30%, and 50%) on the two-dimensional upward flow and heat transfer characteristics
around a heated/cooled square cylinder by considering the aiding/opposing buoyancy at 1 Ri
1, for Re = 100, Pr = 0.7, and ( = 0, = 0). It was shown that with increasing blockage ratio,
the minimum heating (critical Ri) required for the suppression of vortex-shedding decreases up to
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Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)
a certain blockage ratio (=30%), but thereafter increases. At a constant blockage ratio (=30%), the
value of Ri at which vortex-shedding is suppressed increases with Re.
Bhattacharyya and Mahapatra20 studied numerically the influence of buoyancy on vortex shedding and heat transfer from a two-dimensional cylinder of square cross-section exposed to a horizontal stream ( = /2) for 100 Re 1400, 0 Ri 1 at Pr = 0.72. They found that the
centerline symmetry of the wake was lost and the cylinder experiences a mean downward lift when
the buoyancy effect was considered. Vortex-shedding suppression was not observed for any value
of Ri.
Singh et al.21 investigated experimentally the wakes behind heated circular and square cylinders
( = 0) by a Schlieren Interferometry for = 0. For a circular cylinder, the disappearance of
vortex-shedding was observed at Ri = 0.122 for Re = 94 and at Ri = 0.157 for Re = 110 for a
circular cylinder. The critical Ri values for a square cylinder were reported as 0.107, 0.121, 0.140,
0.155, and 0.171 at Re = 87, 94, 103, 109, and 118, respectively.
Kakade et al.22 studied experimentally the joint influence of buoyancy and cylinder orientation
for a square cylinder on vortex-shedding and wake characteristics at Re = 56, 87, 100 for 0.031
Ri 0.291 and 0 /4. They showed that at a Reynolds number of 56 and an incidence
angle of 0, vortex-shedding was absent at all Richardson numbers. At Reynolds numbers of 87 and
100 and Ri = 0, regular vortex-shedding was observed for all incidence angles. However at higher
Richardson numbers, vortex-shedding was suppressed.
From the literature survey, the following gaps are identified:
(1)
(2)
The functional dependence of critical Richardson number on the free-stream orientation, or,
the vortex-shedding suppression laws at a fixed Re and Pr for both circular and square cylinder
in the two-dimensional mixed convection regime are not known. In fact none of the earlier
studies focus on determining the neutral curves separating the steady and the unsteady flow
regimes in the Ri- plane.
The physical mechanism of vortex-shedding suppression by buoyancy effects is not clearly understood, though, in some of the earlier studies, the baroclinic vorticity generated by buoyancy
is believed to be responsible for vortex-shedding suppression.
The present study focuses on the phenomenon of vortex-shedding suppression past two bluff
bodies (circular and square cylinder) in the two-dimensional mixed convective laminar flow regime,
under the joint influence of buoyancy (Richardson number) and free-stream orientation () with
respect to the gravity. The numerical experiments have been conducted at Pr = 0.71 for Re = 60
and Re = 100. At each Re, the free-stream orientation and Ri are varied in the ranges of 0
/2 and 0 Ri 1.6. At each value of , a series of computations are carried out in the unsteady
flow regime near the critical point (vortex-shedding suppression or the bifurcation point) and, the
equilibrium amplitudes of oscillations of the periodic flow are recorded. The equilibrium amplitudes
of periodic oscillations are then utilized to estimate the critical values of the Richardson number
employing the Stuart-Landau theory. In this manner neutral curves in the (Ri - ) plane, separating
the steady and unsteady flow regimes, for both circular and square cylinders have been obtained.
The computational data obtained in the near- wake for slightly supercritical steady flow states are
utilized to identify the possible mechanism of vortex-shedding suppression via baroclinic effects.
The neutral curves deduced from the proposed mechanism are shown to match with those obtained
through direct numerical experiments.
The paper is organized in five sections. In Sec. I, an introduction to the problem considered
and relevant literature is presented. The governing equations together with the boundary and initial
conditions are presented in Sec. II. The numerical scheme and various aspects like (i) body-fitted
grid generation, (ii) sensitivity to grid size, time step, and location of the artificial boundary, and
(iii) validation are presented in Sec. III. The results of numerical simulations and their analysis are
presented in Sec. IV. Finally, salient outcomes of the present study are summarized in Sec. V.
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Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)
II. MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION
In the present study the flow field around the bluff bodies is taken to be two-dimensional,
unsteady, viscous, and laminar. The effects of buoyancy are accounted via the Boussinesq
approximation.23 The two-dimensional approach is justified by the fact that the study will be carried
out for Re 100 and buoyancy induced three-dimensional bifurcations have not been in general
reported in any of the experimental or numerical studies carried out earlier for Ri values of the order
of unity.
In order to handle the difference in the geometry of a circular and a square cylinder with a single
unified approach, generalized curvilinear (body-fitted) coordinates are employed. The dimensionless equations of mass, momentum and energy in Cartesian coordinates, subjected to Boussinesq
approximation, transformed into generalized body-fitted coordinates, = (x, y), = (x, y), are
given as follows:
Continuity:
x Momentum:
y Momentum:

y
x
x
y
u+
+
v = 0,
J
J
J
J
(1)

u
1 2
u
u
y p
y p
+
u,
+ U
+ U
=
J
J
Re
(2)

x p
x p
1 2
v
v
v
+U
+U
= +Ri
+
+
v,
J
J
Re
(3)
Energy equation:
1 2
+ U
+ U
=
.
Re Pr
(4)
In the above equations, (x, y) are the dimensionless Cartesian coordinates while (u, v) are the
corresponding dimensionless velocity components. The dimensionless velocity components along
and directions are denoted as U and U , respectively. These body-fitted coordinate velocity
components are related to the Cartesian components as
x
x
y
y
u
v, U =
u+
v.
(5a)
U =
J
J
J
J
The transformed Laplacian operator in generalized body-fitted coordinates, denoted as 2 , is defined
as

2
2
2
+ P + Q
.
2B + C
(5b)
2 A
2

2
B,
C and J in Eqs. (5a) and (5b) are defined as
The symbols A,

y2 + x2
y2 + x2

x
+
y
y
x
=
A
, C =
, B =
, and J = x y x y .
2
2
2
J
J
J
(6)
Q
are related to
The coefficients of the first order terms in the transformed Laplacian (Eq. (5b)), P,
the transformation metrics as
2 = Q.
2 = P,
(7)
In order to convert the basic equations to non-dimensional form, the diameter of circular cylinder
or edge of square cylinder, d, is chosen as the length scale while the free-stream velocity magnitude
U is chosen as the velocity scale. The residence time, Ud spent in the vicinity of the cylinder by the
fluid particles is chosen as the time scale. The changes in fluid temperature and pressure, over and
above the free-stream values (T , p ), scale as (Ts T ) and o U2 , respectively, where o is the
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Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)
density at reference temperature chosen to be the free-stream temperature T . The dimensionless

temperature and pressure are accordingly defined as
=
T T
p p
,p =
.
Ts T
o U2
(8)
A. Boundary conditions
At the surface of the square/circular cylinder the no-slip and no penetration condition for the
velocity components is employed. The cylinders are taken to be at a uniform but elevated temperature
Ts . Mathematically, these conditions in non-dimensional form are expressed as
u = v = 0, = 1.0.
(9)
At infinitely large distance from the cylinders the free-stream conditions exist (Fig. 1). Mathematically,

(10)
V = U = (sin i + cos j), = 0.
In Eq. (10), V is the dimensionless fluid velocity vector, U is the uniform velocity of the
undisturbed approaching stream and (i, j) are the unit vectors along x and y directions, respectively.
III. NUMERICAL ASPECTS
In this section the grid structure, numerical scheme, sensitivity to grid size, time step and
distance of the artificial boundary are discussed in brief. At the end, the validation exercises are
presented that serve to validate and establish the accuracy of the various numerical procedures and
numerical parameters employed.
A. Grid structure
The infinite physical domain surrounding the cylinder(s) is truncated by an artificial boundary
in the form of a circle whose diameter is large compared to that of the cylinder. The truncated
doubly connected physical x-y domain is mapped on the simply connected rectangular domain in
the - computational plane using well established techniques of generating O-type grids in doubly
connected domains.24 A uniform mesh in both and directions in the mapped computational -
plane is considered.
For the square cylinder, the body-fitted coordinates (x, y) and (x, y) are chosen so as to satisfy
= 0) given as
the Laplacian equations in the physical domain (P = Q
2 = 0, 2 = 0.
(11)
For the circular cylinder an analytical mapping is utilized to generate the grid. The physical coordinates are related to the computational coordinates by the analytic relations given as

0.5 (+q)m
0.5 (+q)m
e
e
x=
cos (2 ) , y =
sin (2 ) .
(12)
eqm
eqm
While in -direction an arbitrary choice of the number of mesh points is made, for the -direction,
the specification of the minimum grid spacing in the physical plane adjacent to the cylinder surface
and the distance of the artificial boundary from the cylinder center fixes the estimates of uniform
spacing and the maximum value of -coordinate max in thecomputational
plane. For the

m1
.
circular cylinder, therefore, the terms P and Q are: P = 0 and Q =
+q
The mapping (12) involves control parameters (q, m). In order to select appropriate values of
(q, m), an exercise is carried out to access the effect of these control parameters on the number of
points in -direction for a given near-cylinder spacing and a fixed distance of the artificial boundary.
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Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
053603-7
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
(a)
(b)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
FIG. 2. Magnified view of the grid near the cylinder surface of (a) a square cylinder and (b) a circular cylinder.
The values of the control parameters q = 0.2 and m = 1.2 are found to be appropriate to yield the
right amount of stretching in order to yield grids that resolve the flow without any spurious errors or
oscillations.
Figures 2(a) and 2(b) show the magnified view of the grid near the square and the circular
cylinder, respectively. The grid for the square cylinder consists of 241 325 points while that for
the circular cylinder comprises 182 295 points. For the circular cylinder, the grid lines, as defined
by the mapping (12) are orthogonal in the physical domain.
B. Numerical scheme
The governing equations from (1) to (4) are discretized on a non-staggered body fitted grid
by employing finite difference type of spatial discretization. In the interior, a fourth order central
scheme is employed for diffusion terms while a hybrid scheme of fourth-order central and thirdorder upwind scheme25 is employed for the convection terms. For near boundary points (solid
boundary and artificial boundary), second order central schemes are employed for both diffusion
and convection terms. A pressure correction scheme is employed for advancing the discrete solution
in time. The scheme is conceptually similar to the SMAC algorithm originally developed by Amsden
and Harlow26 and later on developed by Cheng and Armfield.27 The scheme is described in detail in
the works of Hasan and Sanghi,28 and Hasan et al.29 The diffusion terms are treated in an implicit
manner to eliminate the restriction imposed on the time step due to viscous effects. The concept
of momentum interpolation of Rhie and Chow30 is utilized in order to avoid grid scale pressure
oscillations that can result, owing to decoupling of the velocity and pressure at a grid point in a
non-staggered arrangement.
For applying boundary conditions at the artificial boundary, it is divided into an inflow and
an outflow portion. This is achieved by monitoring the direction of the local normal component of
velocity. At the inflow portion, undisturbed free-stream conditions given in Eq. (10) are imposed.
The normal momentum equation is employed to estimate the pressure. At the outflow portion,
for velocities, the numerical boundary conditions proposed by Hasan et al.29 are employed. In
their work, it was shown that for incompressible flows, mass conservation and vorticity considerations can be utilized to deduce the radial decay laws for the perturbation/deviation in radial
and circumferential velocities caused by the presence of an object in an otherwise undisturbed
uniform stream. For the sake of completeness, a brief description of these conditions is given
here.
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FIG. 3. A sketch depicting the velocity boundary conditions on the outflow portion of the artificial boundary.
Consider a boundary point PB , as shown in Fig. 3, on the outflow portion of the artificial boundary.
The inflow and outflow portions can be readily identified, as mentioned before, by computing the
existing normal component of velocity at each point on the artificial boundary. For, example, for a
choice of local unit normal, n B directed towards the interior of the flow domain, a positive value
n B indicates an inflow and a negative value indicates outflow. The deviations caused by the
of V
presence of the body to the radial and circumferential components of velocity are shown to obey
radial decay laws with a leading order term given as29
vr vr C1 /r2 ,
v v
C /r2
2
C2 /r
if = 0
.
if = 0
(13)
The free-stream local radial and circumferential components are denoted as vr and v , respectively, and are readily determined from the free-stream Cartesian velocity components. The symbol
in Eq. (13) represents the circulation on the artificial boundary, which can be estimated from
the existing velocity field. The constants C1 and C2 are estimated by extracting (interpolating) the
values of the deviations in the radial and circumferential velocity components at an interior point,
Pi (see Fig. 3) in the neighbourhood of PB located on the radial line from PB . Thus, the radial and
the circumferential velocity components at a point on the artificial boundary can be determined via
(13) as

(14a)
(vr )B (vr vr )i ri2 / rB2 + (vr )B ,
(v )B

(v v )i ri2 / rB2 + (v )B
if = 0
(v v )i {ri / rB } + (v )B
if = 0
(14b)
These components can then be utilized for obtaining the Cartesian components u, v.
For temperature a convective boundary condition31 given as
+ UnB
= 0,
(15)
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Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)
is employed, where, UnB is the local normal fluid velocity. For pressure the traction free boundary
condition is utilized.27, 32 It is given as
p=
1 UnB
,
Re nB
(16)
where nB is the local normal coordinate.

C. Sensitivity to numerical parameters
In this section, sensitivity to location of artificial boundary, grid size, and time step are presented. The sensitivity is assessed by recording the global parameters such as Lift coefficient, Drag
coefficient, Nusselt number, and Strouhal number. These global parameters are defined as
(i) Lift coefficient, CL = Cy sin Cx cos ,
(ii) Drag coefficient, CD = Cx sin + Cy cos ,
Q / [4ko (Ts T )] for square cylinder
(iii) Nusselt number, Nu =
Q / [ ko (Ts T )] for circular cylinder,
(iv) Strouhal number, St = f d / U ,
where Cx = 2Fx / o U2 d, Cy = 2Fy / o U2 d. In these definitions, Fx , Fy is the force along x and y
directions per unit span of the cylinders, respectively (Figs. 1(a) and 1(b)), Q is the total heat transfer
rate per unit span of the cylinders and ko is the thermal conductivity of the fluid at the reference
temperature. The vortex-shedding frequency is represented as f.
1. Location of artificial boundary
In order to find out a suitable position for the artificial boundary, such that the numerical boundary
conditions imposed on it do not significantly affect the flow dynamics near the fixed square/circular
cylinder, numerical simulations are carried out on progressively smaller sized domains. This is
achieved by truncating an initial grid having the artificial boundary fixed at a dimensionless distance
of 120 from the center of the cylinder. This initial grid of 241 325 mesh points for square cylinder
and 182 295 for the circular cylinder is truncated at dimensionless distances of 100, 80, 60, 40, and
20 from the center of the cylinders to yield six computational grids with identical grid cell size. For
each of these truncated grids, computation is performed for Re = 100, Pr = 0.71, Ri = 0, and = 0,
and the mean lift and mean drag coefficients and Strouhal number are recorded. It is observed that
for a dimensionless distance beyond 20, the changes in the values of lift coefficient are negligible,
and the changes in the values of drag coefficient and Strouhal number are quite small. Therefore,
distances in excess of 20 appear to be suitable for computation. For the entire computations reported
subsequently, the artificial boundary is located at a dimensionless distance of 40 from the center of
the cylinders.
2. Grid size and time step
The effect of grid size is studied in the forced flow regime (Ri = 0) by fixing the far boundary at
a dimensionless distance of 40 from the center of the cylinders at (Re = 100, Pr = 0.71, = 0) and
using a time step of 0.001 dimensionless units. Three grids are selected for the square cylinder and
two for the circular cylinder. The grid details along with the results are compiled in Table I for both
square and circular cylinders. The results clearly indicate that the change in the flow parameters is
very small in going from coarse grid to the fine grid. Therefore, in order to save computing time,
grid G2 for the square cylinder and Grid G1 for the circular cylinder are considered to be appropriate
for computations.
For determining the appropriate time step, the computations have been performed at time steps
of 0.0005 and 0.001 for Re = 100, Pr = 0.71, and Ri = 0. In going from a time step of 0.00050.001,
the percentage change recorded in Drag coefficient, for the square and the circular cylinder, is 0.027
and 0.015, respectively. It is therefore concluded that the smaller time step had no significant effect
on the results. Therefore a time step of 0.001 is chosen for the entire computations.
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TABLE I. Sensitivity to grid size for square and circular cylinders at Re = 100, Pr = 0.71, Ri = 0, and = 0.
Body shape
Square cylinder
Circular cylinder
Grid
Grid Size
Near boundary spacing

for the grid
CD
Nu
St
G1
G2
G3
G1
G2
161 179
241 258
321 338
182 245
182 486
0.0197
0.0137
0.0104
0.006
0.003
1.4435
1.4380
1.4315
1.3322
1.3249
4.1083
4.0511
4.0750
5.1542
5.3678
0.1430
0.1432
0.1434
0.1647
0.1661
D. Validation studies
The validation of the various numerical procedures, numerical parameters and the code employed for numerical computations is done by comparing the present results in the forced and the
mixed convection flow regime with those reported in earlier studies.
1. Forced convection from heated cylinders
The forced flow past a fixed square cylinder ( = 0) is considered for Pr = 0.71 and freestream orientations 0 /4. The variation of mean Drag Coefficient and Strouhal number
with free-stream orientation is compared with the available data of Sohankar et al.33 and Ranjan
et al.,34 as shown in Fig. 4(a). It is to be noted that both Sohankar et al. and Ranjan et al. defined
the Reynolds number, Drag coefficient, and Strouhal number using the projected size of the square
cylinder, dp = d(cos + sin), along the approaching stream direction. Therefore, the Reynolds
number (Re ), Drag coefficient (CD ), and Strouhal number (St ) employed by them can be related
to the corresponding parameters defined in the present study as
Re = Re /(cos + sin ), CD = CD /(cos + sin ), St = St( cos + sin ).
(17)
The numerical data of Sohankar et al. and Ranjan et al. at Re = 100 are considered. This requires
the computations to be carried out at different values of Re corresponding to different values of
as given by Eq. (17). The values of CD and St obtained are then converted to CD and St again by
using (17). As depicted in Fig. 4(a), the present results are in good agreement with the data reported
in these studies. It is worth pointing out that in the studies by Sohankar et al.33 and Ranjan et al.,34
the cylinder orientation is varied. In the forced flow regime, gravity is not important and hence the
effect of varying the free-stream orientation or the cylinder orientation is the same.
Further, a uniform forced flow past a heated circular cylinder is considered at Re = 218 and
Pr = 0.71. As the flow is unsteady, mean local Nusselt number distribution on the surface of the
cylinder is obtained and compared with the experimental data of Eckert and Soehngen35 as shown
in Fig. 4(a). The angular locations are measured from the stagnation point facing the free-stream in
counter-clockwise sense. The Nusselt number distribution calculated from the present study agrees
quite well with the experimental data.
Table II compares the mean Drag coefficient, Nusselt number, and the Strouhal number computed
in the present study with the data available in the literature for the square and the circular cylinders
at (Re = 100, Pr = 0.71). For the square cylinder the data are for either = 0 or = /2. The data
obtained from the present computations are in good agreement with those reported in the earlier
numerical studies. The slight differences are due to the differences in the numerical procedures and
the level of accuracy of the discrete solutions.
2. Mixed convection from heated cylinders
The computations are carried out for the square cylinder ( = 0, = 0) and the circular cylinder
( = /2) in the mixed convection flow regime at (Re = 100, Pr = 0.71). For the square cylinder
the Richardson number is varied in the range [0, 1.2] in steps of 0.2 while for the circular cylinder
it is varied in the range [0, 1.5] in steps of 0.5. For the square cylinder, the flow attains stable steady
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Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)
FIG. 4. Comparison of data for; (a) forced convective flow past a square and a circular cylinder, (b) mixed convective flow
past a square cylinder at (Re = 100, Pr = 0.71), and (c) mixed convective flow past a circular cylinder at (Re = 100,
Pr = 0.71). Figures (a) and (b) are reprinted with permission from A. Rashid and N. Hasan, Vortex-shedding suppression in
mixed convective flow past a heated square cylinder, World Acad. Sci. Engg. Tech. (Special Issue) 54, 88 (2011). Copyright
2011 WASET.
TABLE II. Comparison of mean Drag coefficient, mean Nusselt number, and Strouhal number for circular and square
cylinders at Re = 100, Pr = 0.71, and Ri = 0.
Body shape
Circular cylinder
Square cylinder
Reference
CD
Nu
St
Chang and Sa12 ( = 0)

Shi et al.39 ( = /2)
Sengupta et al.16 ( = 0)
Bhattacharyya and Singh17 ( = /2)
Present ( = 0)
Sohankar et al.33 ( = /2)
Sharma and Eswaran18 ( = 0)
Ranjan et al.34 ( = /2)
Yoon et al.40 ( = /2)
Present ( = 0)
1.233
1.320
...
1.359
1.332
1.460
1.559
1.449
1.428
1.438
5.230
5.141
5.106
5.143
5.154
...
4.070
4.124
...
4.051
0.155
0.164
0.164
0.163
0.164
0.146
0.148
0.145
...
0.143
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Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)
states for Ri 0.2, while for the circular cylinder vortex-shedding persists for the entire range of
Ri. The variation of Drag Coefficient and Nusselt number (mean values for unsteady flow) with
Richardson number for the square cylinder are compared with the available computational data of
Sharma and Eswaran18 in Fig. 4(b). It is observed that the present results are in good agreement
with the data reported by them. For the circular cylinder, Strouhal number and mean Nusselt number
are plotted and compared with the numerical results of Bhattacharyya and Singh17 as depicted in
Fig. 4(c). Again, it is observed that the present computations are in good agreement with the
numerical data of Bhattacharyya and Singh.17
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the present study, numerical experiments on both circular and square cylinders are carried
out at two supercritical Reynolds numbers, viz., 60 and 100 at a fixed Pr = 0.71, while Ri and
are varied in the range [0, 1.6] and [0, /2] in steps of 0.2 and /18, respectively. To investigate
the vortex-shedding suppression phenomenon, simulations are performed for a set of Richardson
numbers close to the vortex-shedding suppression point in the unsteady flow regime at a fixed
and Re. The objective of this exercise is to investigate the character of the bifurcation associated
with the vortex-shedding suppression and to determine the critical Richardson number at different
free-stream orientations or the neutral curves separating the steady and the unsteady flow regimes
in the Ri- parametric plane.
A. Vortex-shedding suppression characteristics
It is well known that vortex-shedding for a flow past a stationary cylinder is the outcome of
growth of linearly unstable mode or perturbation that evolves in time in an oscillatory manner. The
non-linear growth of the amplitude of the oscillatory unstable mode in time, for small amplitudes,
is governed by the famous Landau equation36 given as
d 2
(A ) = 2 A2 A4 .
(18)
d
The constant represents the initial exponential growth rate of the amplitude and is the Landau
constant. The steady state amplitude of the unstable mode is readily obtained from Eq. (18) by setting
d 2
(A ) = 0 as
d
2
.
(19)
A2e =

For the supercritical instabilities governed by the Landau scenario, near the critical point, the
equilibrium amplitude Ae can be expressed in terms of the flow control parameter like the Richardson
number in the context of the present problem as
A2e
= c1 (Ri Ric ).
(20)
In Eq. (20), c1 < 0, as the amplitudes decrease with increase in Ri eventually leading to suppression
of the oscillatory instability. This law can be utilized to determine the critical value of the control
parameter (Richardson number in the present context) from the Ae -Ri data near the critical point
(vortex-shedding suppression) obtained from the numerical experiments. This approach is utilized
in the present study to obtain estimates of Ric at different free-stream orientations.
To demonstrate the approach, the square of the equilibrium oscillatory flow amplitudes are
plotted as a function of the control parameter, Ri, for the case of square and circular cylinder at
(Re = 100 and = 0) in Figs. 5(a) and 5(b), respectively. For the case of circular cylinder, the
oscillation amplitudes are obtained from the time history of dimensionless temperature sampled at a
point located at a dimensionless radial distance of 0.006 from the cylinder surface and diametrically
opposite to the front stagnation point. For the case of square cylinder, the amplitude of the periodic
time series of CL is considered. The data agree well with a straight line fit having a negative slope
2016 10:44:01
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Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)
0.125
0.15
0.125
0.1
(Ae)2 x 10
(Ae)2 x 1000
0.1
0.075
0.05
0.075
0.05
0.025
0.025
0.12
0.135
0.15
0.165
0.18
0
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.11
Ri
Ri
(a)
(b)
0.12
0.13
FIG. 5. A2e Ri characteristics in the neighbourhood of suppression or bifurcation point at (Re = 100, Pr = 0.71,
= 0) for (a) the circular cylinder and (b) the square cylinder. Figure (b) is reprinted with permission from A. Rashid
and N. Hasan, Vortex-shedding suppression in mixed convective flow past a heated square cylinder, World Acad. Sci. Engg.
Tech. (Special Issue) 54, 88 (2011). Copyright 2011 WASET.
for both the circular and the square cylinder cases. This emphasizes that the vortex-shedding and its
suppression in the context of the present problem is a supercritical Hopf bifurcation. The negative
slope clearly implies that the exponential growth rate of the linearly unstable mode, , changes
sign from positive to negative with increase in Ri across the critical point leading to suppression
of the vortex-shedding. Extrapolating the straight line fit, the critical Richardson number (Ric ) for
square and circular cylinder are obtained as 0.129 and 0.182 at Re = 100 and free-stream orientation
= 0.
The values of the critical Richardson numbers obtained for the two representative bluff- body
shapes at (Re = 100, Pr = 0.71, = 0) are compared with the values reported in earlier studies
in Table III. In the case of square cylinder the numerical estimate of the present study matches
quite well with the experimental value reported by Kakade et al.22 However, for the case of circular
cylinder the value of critical Ri at = 0 is on the higher side in comparison to the experimental and
numerical values reported by other workers. The numerical estimate reported in Chang and Sa12 is
not based on stability calculations but on direct numerical simulations. Further, they did not utilize
the Landau model, as in the present study, and instead relied directly on numerical experiments. The
numerical value of Ric = 0.130 reported in Sengupta et al.16 has been obtained using the Landau
model and numerical simulations employing streamfunction-vorticity formulation and different
discretization procedures. An important difference between the flow dynamics involving the two
TABLE III. Critical Richardson number for circular and square cylinders at = 0 and Pr = 0.71.
Body shape
Circular cylinder
Square cylinder
Chang and Sa12

Singh et al.21
Sengupta et al.16
Present
Sharma and Eswaran18
Singh et al.21
Kakade et al.22
Present
Ric
Remarks
0.150
0.135
0.130
0.182
0.150
0.134
0.131
0.129
Re = 100 (numerical)
Re = 100 (experimental, interpolated)
Re = 100 (experimental, interpolated)
Re = 103 (experimental)
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TABLE IV. Statistics of the linear fit A2e = a + b (Ri) in the neighbourhood of the vortex-shedding suppression or bifurcation
point and Ric estimates for circular/square cylinders at Re = 100 and Pr = 0.71.
(a) Circular cylinder
Body shape
Circular cylinder
Free-stream
orientation () in deg
a 104
b 103
Goodness
of fit R2
Critical Richardson
number Ric = ba
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
3.379
3.349
2.630
2.218
1.791
1.280
0.845
0.410
0.151
1.848
1.819
1.325
1.031
0.736
0.440
0.225
0.074
0.014
1.000
0.999
0.998
0.999
0.998
0.999
0.999
0.999
0.998
0.182
0.184
0.198
0.215
0.243
0.290
0.375
0.554
1.078
Goodness
of fit R2
0.997
0.998
0.999
0.998
0.996
0.999
0.998
0.999
0.999
0.999
0.999
Critical Richardson
number Ric = ba
0.129
0.213
0.458
0.837
1.103
1.158
1.089
0.980
0.872
1.027
1.265
(b) Square cylinder

Body shape
Square cylinder
Free-stream
orientation () in deg
0
10
20
30
40
45
50
60
70
80
81
a
0.0459
0.1529
0.9039
2.4867
4.5694
3.3374
3.3811
1.2116
0.3247
0.0454
0.0143
b
0.3552
0.7174
1.9714
2.9684
4.1409
2.8805
3.1028
1.2362
0.3722
0.0442
0.0113
shapes is the existence of fixed separation points for the case of square cylinder as opposed to the
case of circular cylinder where the separation point depends on flow parameters like Re and Ri and
more significantly on flow perturbations. This suggests that Ric estimates for circular cylinder would
be highly sensitive to external disturbances, surface temperature etc. in physical experiments and to
discretization errors, round-off errors, choice of artificial boundary conditions, location of artificial
boundary, etc. in numerical experiments. This is supported by the fact that, as reported in Sengupta
et al.,16 the value of Ric at Re = 110 for circular cylinder is 0.186 (43% increase as Re is increased
by 10%). Hence, estimates for circular cylinder are expected to show a greater amount of spread.
Therefore, in the light of above arguments, it is difficult to comment on the accuracy of the critical
Ri estimate for the circular cylinder.
By carrying out the above exercise for different free-stream orientations in the range of 0
/ 2 the straight line fits for the (A2e Ri) data have been obtained and the critical Ri determined.
Excellent correlations of the data with the straight line fits are obtained for the entire vortex-shedding
range of . The fit statistics along with the critical values of Ri are summarized in Table IV.
The critical Richardson number is plotted as a function of free-stream orientation for the
circular and the square cylinder cases for Re = 60 and Re = 100 in Figs. 6(a) and 6(b), respectively.
These curves are essentially the neutral curves in the Ri- plane that separate the steady and the
unsteady flow regimes at the two values of Re. The neutral curve at Re = 100 for the square cylinder
is taken from an open access publication done earlier by the authors37 and is included here for
comparison and further investigation.
For the case of the circular cylinder (Fig. 6(a)), the neutral curves depict a monotonic increase
in the value of Ric with increase in at a given Re. The nature appears to be very similar for
both the values of Re. There is very little increase in Ric upto = /9 (=20 ) beyond which the
curves show an increasing trend with progressively increasing slope. At = /2, vortex-shedding
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Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)
1.4
1.12
Re = 100 Computational data

Ric () = Ric(0) sec ()

Curve fit
1.2
0.96
1
0.8
0.64
Ric
Ric
0.8
0.48
0.6
0.32
0.4
0.16
0.2
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10
20
30
(a)
40
50
60
70
80
90
(b)
FIG. 6. Variation of critical Richardson number with free-stream orientation for (a) the circular cylinder and (b) the square
cylinder . Data for Re = 100 are taken from Ref. 37.
suppression was not observed even for large values of Ri for both the values of Re. The absence of
vortex-shedding suppression in the cross-flow configuration ( = /2) for the circular cylinder was
also reported in Jain and Lohar.11 Thus, the curve exhibits asymptotic rise as approaches /2.
Interestingly, the computational data for the circular cylinder for Re = 60 and Re = 100 agrees
remarkably well with the analytical relationship given as
Ric () =
Ric (0)
.
cos()
(21)
The above relationship is referred to as the cosine-law and describes rather accurately the characteristics of the neutral curve for the circular cylinder in the Ri- plane. It also captures the asymptotic
behavior as approaches /2. Thus, the numerical experiments not only provide data for the neutral
curve but also reveal the rather interesting cosine law for vortex-shedding suppression for the case
of the circular cylinder.
Figure 6(b) shows the neutral curves for the case of square cylinder. The characteristic is quite
different from that of the circular cylinder. The non-monotonic behavior is quite interesting. At large
free-stream orientations, though, the trend appears to be similar in the sense that an asymptotic rise
in Ric is observed as approaches /2 and, similar to the case of circular cylinder, vortex-shedding
suppression is not observed for any Ri at = /2. The non-monotonic trend is captured quite well
by the analytic relation,
Ric () =
C1 + C2 sin()
.
cos() [C3 C4 sin( + C5 )]
(22)
The values of the various constants in Eq. (22) are found from a standard least-square curve fitting
procedure and are summarized as
Re = 100: C1 = 0.0673, C2 = 0.0323, C3 = 1.7425, C4 = 1.6419, and C5 = 0.8934;
Re = 60: C1 = 0.0315, C2 = 0.0133, C3 = 1.5481, C4 = 1.4839, and C5 = 0.7890.
These values apply if is taken in radians in Eq. (22).
The existence of cosine-law for the circular cylinder and the non-monotonic yet relatively
simple and reasonably accurate analytical description of the neutral curves for the case of square
cylinder for Re = 60 and Re = 100 warrants an effort towards the understanding of the mechanics
of vortex-shedding suppression in these class of flows. In Sec. IV B, based on physical arguments
supported by computational data (semi-theoretical approach), the role of baroclinic vorticity generation rate in the suppression of vortex-shedding is identified. Further, on the basis of the proposed
2016 10:44:01
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Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)
role of baroclinic vorticity generation rate, it is shown that a theoretical link can be established for
the suppression laws for both circular and square cylinder observed in the numerical experiments.
B. Near wake structure and role of baroclinic vorticity
In this section, the flow structure in the near wake is studied at different free-stream orientations
at a fixed Re in an attempt to find a connection of the neutral curves or vortex-shedding suppression
laws reported earlier with the baroclinic vorticity generation rate in the near wake, for the two
geometries considered. This analysis is then utilized to propose a scenario of buoyancy induced
vortex-shedding suppression phenomenon, as reflected by the vortex-shedding suppression laws
(neutral curves) in the Ri- plane observed in the numerical experiments.
First, since the connection of vortex-shedding suppression with the baroclinic vorticity generation rate is to be established, the governing equations are recast employing the vorticitystreamfunction formulation. The governing equations subject to Boussinesq approximation in Cartesian coordinates are readily transformed into streamfunction-vorticity form by introducing these
variables defined as
= ( k),
V
(23)

= V.
Within the two-dimensional framework, the vorticity vector can be further expressed as,
= k.
Therefore, the governing equations can be expressed in the streamfunction and vorticity variables as
2 = ,
(24)

1 2
D

=
+ [ k]
= Ri[ j] +
,

D
Re
(25)
= 1 2 .
+ [ ( k)]
(26)
RePr
From the vorticity transport equation (Eq. (25)), it is clear that the thermal buoyancy influences the
.
fluid motion via the total baroclinic vorticity generation rate +Ri
x
Next, the numerical experiments carried out and the findings reported earlier, are utilized
to investigate the role of baroclinic vorticity generation rate in vortex-shedding suppression and its
possible connection with the neutral curves separating the steady and the unsteady (vortex-shedding)
flow regimes. The data along with physical reasoning (with approximations justified by the numerical
data) are utilized to develop a phenomenological scenario of vortex-shedding suppression by thermal
buoyancy effects observed for the representative bluff-body shapes considered in the present study.
In order to understand the role of baroclinic vorticity generation rate and its connection with the
neutral curves, the structure of the steady flow field in the near wake (inside the vortices) obtained at
slightly supercritical Richardson numbers (Ri = 1.01Ric ) is examined for both the circular and the
square cylinders. These steady flow fields represent, within reasonable accuracy, the structure of the
critical steady flow fields. Further, a set of local dimensionless coordinates (s-n), oriented such that
the s-direction is parallel and n-direction is normal to the interface of the counter-rotating vortices, is
introduced to highlight some interesting features regarding the baroclinic vorticity generation rate.
Figures 7(a) and 7(b) typically provide a diagrammatic sketch of the choice of the local coordinates
for the case of circular and the square cylinder, respectively.
The streamline patterns in the near wake for the critical flowfields for the circular and the
square cylinder, at different free-stream orientations, are shown in Fig. 8. A striking feature of the
streamline patterns is the fact that the interface of the twin vortices in the near wake is aligned
(approximately) with the free-stream orientation . This is directly and physically verified from
the streamline patterns. An interesting feature, for the case of circular cylinder, is the existence of
nearly symmetric vortices or only near-symmetric critical flow states even for = 0, as depicted in
Fig. 8(a). The symmetry of the vortices, as expected, is reduced slightly as the misalignment between
free-stream inertia and the gravity vector is increased. In contrast, for the case of square cylinder,
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Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)
o
o
n
n
FIG. 7. Diagram depicting stable twin vortices in the critical state, along with the choice of the local spatial coordinates
behind (a) a circular and (b) a square cylinder.
symmetry in the vortices in the critical state is observed only for = 0 while non-symmetric critical
flow states are observed for other free-stream orientations owing to the shape of the bluff-body
(Fig. 8(b)). This is expected as, even in the absence of thermal buoyancy, the steady flow field for
the square cylinder would be asymmetric for all free-stream orientations except for = 0, /4 and
/2.
The creation of a threshold difference in the circulation strength of the two vortices or asymmetry
is considered to be essential for the fluid to be drawn from one side of the interface of the twin
vortices to initiate or cause vortex-shedding.1 In a more recent work involving circular cylinder, in
order to investigate the characteristics of the shear layer instability, the classical instability leading
to vortex-shedding was deliberately suppressed by imposing symmetry conditions on the wake
centreline.38 These findings clearly suggest that factors that preserve or promote symmetry of the
counter-rotating vortices would essentially control or regulate vortex-shedding suppression.
Next the structure of the critical flowfields in the near wake is examined for the case of circular
and square cylinders in order to highlight the possible role played by baroclinic vorticity generation
rate associated with it. On this basis and the evidence thrown by the computational data, a link is
established between the role of baroclinic vorticity generation rate and the analytical curve-fit forms
of the vortex-shedding suppression laws or neutral curves.
In order to conceptually understand the role of baroclinic vorticity generation rate, the thermal gradient responsible for the baroclinic-vorticity generation is expressed in terms of the local
dimensionless coordinates (s-n) as
c
c
c
=
cos() +
sin().
x
n
s
(27)
The subscript c is utilized to refer to the critical state. The above expression is written on the basis of
the definition of the local coordinate s, n as shown in Figs. 7(a) and 7(b) earlier and the fact (revealed
from numerical experiments) that the interface of the twin vortices in the critical flowfield is aligned
with the free-stream orientation (Figs. 8(a) and 8(b)). The total baroclinic vorticity generation rate
associated with the thermal gradient in the critical state can be written as
Dbc
c
c
c
= Ric
= Ric
cos() + Ric
sin().
D
x
n
s
(28)
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2.5
=0
Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)
2.5
Ri = 0.203
1.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1
-2
2.5
-1.5
-1
= 45
-0.5
0.5
1.5
-1
-1
2.5
Ri = 0.287
2
1.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
= 60
0.5
1.5
2.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
Ri = 0.394
-1
-1
= 30
Ri = 0.235
0.5
1.5
2.5
-1
-1
-0.5
(a)
2.5
=0
2.5
1.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1
-2
2.5
-1.5
= 45
-1
-0.5
0.5
1.5
-1
-1
2.5
Ri = 1.178
2
1.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
= 60
Ri = 1.0
-1
-1
= 30
Ri = 0.857
Ri = 0.149
0.5
1.5
2.5
-1
-1
-0.5
(b)
FIG. 8. Streamline patterns in the critical state (approx.) around (a) the circular and (b) the square cylinder at Re = 100 and
Pr = 0.71 for various free-stream orientations.
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s = 0.3571
=0
= 30
= 45
= 60
0.675
0.6
Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)
s = 0.7142
0.675
0.6
0.6
0.525
0.525
0.525
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.375
0.375
0.375
0.3
-0.5
-0.25
0.25
0.3
0.5
s = 1.0714
= 0
= 30
= 45
= 60
0.675
= 0
= 30
= 45
= 60
-0.5
-0.25
0.25
0.5
0.3
-0.5
-0.25
0.25
0.5
0.25
0.5
(a)
s = 0.7142
s = 0.3571
= 0
= 30
= 45
= 60
1.5
-1.5
1.5
1.5
s = 1.0714
= 0
= 30
= 45
= 60
= 0
= 30
= 45
= 60
-1.5
-1.5
-3
-3
-3
-0.5
-0.25
0.25
0.5
-0.5
-0.25
0.25
0.5
-0.5
-0.25
(b)
FIG. 9. (a) Profiles of dimensionless temperature and (b) dimensionless vorticity in the critical flow state at fixed distances
in the wake of a circular cylinder for various free-stream orientations at Re = 100 and Pr = 0.71.
The choice of the local coordinates allows one to recognize two distinct components or parts of the
total baroclinic vorticity generation rate. Let the two components be denoted as
c
Dnb
c
= Ric
cos(),
D
n
(29)
Dsb
c
c
= Ric
sin().
D
s
From this point onwards, the cases of the circular and the square cylinder are dealt with separately,
and the roles of the components of the baroclinic vorticity generation rate are identified for both the
cases.
1. The circular cylinder
As mentioned earlier, an important feature of the critical flowfields, observed in the near wake of
the circular cylinder at different values of , is the near symmetric nature of the twin counter-rotating
vortices. This is further analyzed by examining the structure of the critical thermal and vorticity
fields at different free-stream orientations as shown in Figs. 9(a) and 9(b), respectively. The values
have been extracted along the n-direction at different distances (s values) along the interface of the
twin vortices. The temperature fields are nearly symmetric about n = 0 (interface of twin vortices)
with progressive development of asymmetry as is increased beyond /4. The structure of vorticity
also follows a similar pattern as the perfect anti-symmetry is approximately preserved upto /4 with
very slight deviations for higher values of .

Dnb
c
c
or
< 0 on the left side of the interface
It is readily observed from Fig. 9(a) that
n
D

Dnb
c
c
or
> 0 on the right side of the interface (n > 0). Therefore, the normal
(n < 0) and
n
D
component of baroclinic vorticity generation has a sense similar to that of the natural or base
vorticity of the twin counter-rotating vortices (generated due to flow separation) and the magnitude,
2016 10:44:01
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Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)
on account of approximate symmetry, is nearly same on either side of the interface. This implies
Dnb
c
, adds to the vorticity due to flow
that the component of baroclinic vorticity generation rate,
D
separation in the symmetric counter-rotating vortices by nearly the same amount. Therefore, for
Dnb
c
symmetric vortices, it is concluded that
component is symmetry preserving. Further, in the
D
event of perturbations/disturbances that result in an imbalance between the vorticity of the otherwise
Dnb
c
tends to
symmetric vortices, it can be argued and supported with data that the component
D
reduce the imbalance of the twin vortices and therefore has a symmetry restoring character. In the
event of an imbalance in the vorticity of the twin vortices, the vortex having higher level of vorticity
c
would tend to reduce the thermal gradients
owing to higher levels of mixing in comparison to
n
Dnb
c
in the vortex
the vortex having lower level of vorticity. Thus, the magnitude of the component
D
Dnb
c
having higher levels of vorticity would reduce in comparison to the magnitude of
in the vortex
D
having lower levels of vorticity. Consequently, the overall imbalance would reduce under the action
Dnb
c
. This effect is readily demonstrated by plotting the data of temperature and
of the component
D
vorticity across the interface of the twin vortices, for slightly asymmetric vortices at (Re = 100,
= /4) for the circular (Fig. 10(a)) and the square cylinder(Fig.10(b)). From Fig. 10(a), it is
c
is more in magnitude in the
evident that for slightly non-symmetric situation the gradient
n
left vortex (n < 0) in comparison with the right vortex, while the vorticity magnitude is slightly
lower in the left vortex as compared to that in the left vortex. For the square cylinder this effect is
more pronounced and is readily observable as shown in Fig. 10(b). Thus, in the event of a symmetrybreaking perturbation causing any imbalance of vorticity in the twin-vortices, the imbalance would
Dnb
c
via the adjustment of the
be reduced by the opposing action of the baroclinic component,
D

c
normal thermal gradient
. Thus, it is concluded that the baroclinic generation rate component
n
Dnb
c
has a symmetry-preserving as well as a symmetry-restoring character.
D
c
is < 0 on both sides of the interface. Therefore, the
Figure 9(a) depicts that the gradient
s
Dsb
c
baroclinic vorticity generation rate component
cannot preserve the symmetry of the twin
D
vortices as the sense of this component is negative on both sides of the interface. These ideas are
illustrated through diagrams in Fig. 11, showing the sense of the two baroclinic vorticity generation
rate components in relation to the natural or base vorticity generated due to flow separation. Since, the
critical solutions (for circular cylinder) are nearly symmetric for different free-stream orientations, it
Dnb
Dsb
c
c
is concluded that symmetry preserving component
must dominate over
in order to yield
D
D
Dnb
c
alone
nearly symmetric stable critical flow modes. This suggests that, for a circular cylinder,
D
controls the vortex-shedding suppression phenomenon.
It
is
further
argued
that
at
/2,
vortex

c
Dnb
c
= Ric
shedding suppression cannot be observed as
cos() vanishes identically at all
D
n
points in the flow domain and only the non-symmetry preserving component of baroclinic vorticity
generation rate remains. This deduction corroborates very well with the finding of the absence of
vortex-shedding suppression at = /2 in the numerical experiments reported earlier. Once the
role of symmetry-preserving baroclinic vorticity generation rate component has been identified,
a direct connection between this component and the neutral curve or the cosine law can be
established.
2016 10:44:01
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Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)
0.6
= 45
= 45
0.55
1
0.5
0
0.45
-1
0.4
-2
0.35
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
0.4
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.4
(a)
0.9
= 45
= 45
0.75
2.5
0.6
0
0.45
-2.5
0.3
-5
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
0.4
-0.4
-0.2
(b)
FIG. 10. Profiles of dimensionless temperature (left) and dimensionless vorticity (right) in the slightly asymmetric critical
flow modes at (Re = 100, = /4) for (a) circular cylinder and (b) square cylinder.
FIG. 11. Sketches depicting the sense of (a) natural or base vorticity generated due to flow separation, (b) baroclinic vorticity
generation rate component
Dnb
c
D ,
and (c) baroclinic vorticity generation rate component
Dsb
c
D .
2016 10:44:01
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Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)
On the basis of the structure of the critical flow field in the near wake, it can be argued that
Dnb
c
is required to overcome the effects of non-symmetry preserving
a threshold magnitude of
D
sb
Dc
and yield vortex-shedding suppression and a stable nearly symmetric critical
component
D
mode. Therefore, the critical Richardson number must satisfy a relation of the type given as

nb

c

Dnb
c
d = Dc
= Ric cos()

(Threshold magnitude). (30)

D

n

D
wake
wake th
wake
Dnb
c
The integral in the above equation is introduced to account for the total generation of
in
D
the wake of the cylinder. The absolute value is necessary to account for the magnitudes only. The
integral as well as the threshold value of the symmetry preserving component are expected to
be strong functions of Re and Pr and weak functions of the free-stream orientation owing to the
geometric symmetry of the circular cylinder. The sensitivity to free-stream orientation of the integral
in (Eq. (30)) can be gauged from Fig. 9(a). The profiles for different free-stream orientations at a fixed
distance s nearly overlap indicating that the structure of c (both qualitative as well as quantitative)
represented in the local coordinates is nearly independent of the free-stream orientation. Figure 9(b)
compares the profiles of the total vorticity associated with the critical flow in the wake for different
free-stream orientations at specified distances from the cylinder. These plots again reveal that the
structure of total vorticity in the wake in the critical state of
is approximately
independent

flow

Dnb
c
is also approximately
of . Hence, it is concluded that the threshold magnitude
D wake th
independent of . Therefore, at fixed Re and Pr, with reasonable accuracy, it is argued that the critical
Richardson number must obey a relation,
Ric cos() = const.
(31)
The constant on the right-hand side of Eq. (31) can be interpreted as the value of Ric at = 0. Thus,
the existence of cosine law for vortex-shedding suppression (at fixed Re and Pr) for the case of
circular cylinder obtained via numerical experiments is found to be linked to the role of symmetry
preserving baroclinic vorticity generation rate component in the near wake of the cylinder.
2. The square cylinder
In contrast to the case of circular cylinder, non-symmetric stable critical flow (steady flow)
modes for = 0 exist for the case of square cylinder. Figures 12(a) and 12(b) depict the structure
of the critical thermal and vorticity fields at different free-stream orientations for the case of square
cylinder, respectively. The asymmetry in the thermal flowfield in the near wake is very pronounced at
Dnb
c
alone cannot control or regulate the phenomenon
all orientations > 0. Hence, the component
D
of suppression of vortex-shedding. In this case, the total baroclinic vorticity generated must be
taken to control the vortex-shedding suppression characteristics leading to unsymmetric stable flow
Dnb
c
must be essential for the
modes. However, the presence of symmetry preserving component
D
suppression to take place, as no suppression is observed for = /2 in the numerical experiments
reported earlier.
Following a similar approach as in the case of circular cylinder, the total baroclinic vorticity
generation rate in the wake associated with the critical mode in the wake must attain a threshold
magnitude in order to cause vortex-shedding suppression. Mathematically, this condition can be
expressed as

b

c
c

d + sin()
d = Dc

.
Ric cos()
(32)
D
n
s

wake
wake
wake th
2016 10:44:01
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N. Hasan and R. Ali
Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)
5.25
s = 0.5714
= 0
= 30
= 45
= 60
0.7
s = 0.5714
= 0
= 30
= 45
= 60
3.5
0.6
1.75
0.5
-1.75
0.4
-3.5
0.3
-0.9
-0.6
-0.3
0.3
0.6
-0.9
-0.6
-0.3
(a)
(b)
0.3
0.6
FIG. 12. Dimensionless (a) temperature and (b) vorticity profiles in the critical flow state at a fixed distance in the wake of a
square cylinder for various free-stream orientations at Re = 100 and Pr = 0.71.
An important difference from the case of circular cylinder is that the integrals as well as the threshold
value on the right-hand side of Eq. (32) are expected to be a strong function of in addition to the
values of Re and Pr. It is also evident from the profiles of temperature and vorticity in the critical
state for different free-stream orientations at a fixed distance s (Figs. 12(a) and 12(b)). Thus, for
fixed values of Re and Pr, the critical Richardson number at different free-stream orientations can
be expressed as
Ric () =
g1 ()
.
cos()g2 () + sin()g3 ()
(33)
The forms of these undetermined functions must be such that Ric (0) = g1 (0)/g2 (0) must be finite
while Ric () as / 2. From Eq. (33), it is readily concluded that g3 () 0 while
g1 () does not vanish as .

2
The numerical data or the curve-fit relation (Eq. (22)) given earlier appear to support the ideas
related to the roles of the two components of total baroclinic vorticity generation rate in vortexshedding suppression. This is reflected by similarities in the functional form expressed via Eq. (33)
and the curve-fit relation in Eq. (22). Comparing the functional form in Eq. (33) with Eq. (22), the
particular forms of the functions that will match the functional form in Eq. (33) to the curve-fit
relation (Eq. (22)) can be expressed as
g1 () = C1 + C2 sin(),
g2 () = C3 C4 sin(C5 ) cos(),
(34)
g3 () = C4 cos(C5 ) cos().
The theoretical arguments related to the role of components of total baroclinic vorticity generation rate in the near wake, must apply for any other choices of Re and Pr, as long as the character
of the flow remains two-dimensional and laminar. For the case of circular cylinder, the dependence
of vortex-shedding suppression characteristics on Re and Pr are absorbed through the constant on
RHS of Eq. (31) or the value of Ric at = 0 (Fig. 6(a)). In the case of square cylinder, the effect of
Re and Pr would enter into the suppression characteristics through the functions, g1 (), g2 (), and
g3 (). This is shown directly by the numerical experiments as the values of the constants C1 . . . C5
are found to be sensitive to the values of Re.
2016 10:44:01
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Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)
0.2
0.2
= 0
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
-0.02
1.6
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
-0.02
1.6
(c)
0.2
0.12
0.14
0.1
0.1
0.12
St
0.16
0.12
St
0.18
0.08
0.08
0.1
0.06
0.06
0.08
0.04
0.04
0.06
0.02
0.02
0.04
0
1
1.2
1.4
-0.02
1.6
0.2
0.4
0.6
(d)
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
0.14
0.12
0.12
0.1
0.1
St
0.14
0.12
St
0.14
0.08
0.08
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.02
0
0.8
1.2
1.4
-0.02
1.6
0.8
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
-0.02
1.6
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
(g)
(h)
(i)
0.2
1.2
0.14
0.14
0.12
0.12
0.1
0.1
1.6
= 80
0.18
0.16
1.4
0.2
0.16
1.6
0
0
Ri
= 60
1.4
Ri
0.2
1.2
= 45
Ri
0.18
0.1
0.08
0.6
0.6
0.18
0.16
0.4
0.4
0.2
= 20
0.18
0.16
0.2
0.2
(f)
0.2
Ri
0.16
-0.02
(e)
=0
1.6
= 90
Ri
0.2
1.4
0.02
0
Ri
0.18
1.2
0.2
0.14
0.8
0.22
= 80
0.18
0.16
0.6
0.8
(b)
0.14
0.4
0.6
(a)
0.16
0.2
0.4
Ri
= 60
0.2
Ri
0.2
-0.02
Ri
0.18
St
St
0.16
0.16
= 40
0.18
0.16
-0.02
St
0.2
= 20
0.18
St
St
0.18
= 90
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.08
0.08
0.06
0.06
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.02
-0.02
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
-0.02
St
St
St
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Ri
Ri
Ri
(j)
(k)
(l)
1.2
1.4
1.6
FIG. 13. St-Ri characteristics for circular cylinder ((a)(f)) and square cylinder ((g)(l)).
C. Strouhal number characteristics
The vortex-shedding unsteady flow regime is characterized by a fundamental dimensionless

frequency or the Strouhal number of the periodic flow. In the unsteady flow regime, for both circular
and the square cylinder, only periodic flows are observed. The Strouhal number is obtained from
the time history of the lift coefficient CL . Figure 13 depicts the variation of Strouhal Number with
2016 10:44:01
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N. Hasan and R. Ali
Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)
Ri at different free-stream orientations for the case of circular cylinder (Figs. 13(a)13(f)) and
the square cylinder37 (Figs. 13(g)13(l)) at Re = 100. It is seen from the figure that the Strouhal
number increases with the increase in Richardson number and suddenly falls to zero beyond the
critical Richardson number, except for the case of = /2, where the phenomenon of vortex
shedding suppression does not occur. The trend is similar for both the circular and the square
cylinder. It was also reported earlier that the vortex-shedding suppression did not occur when the
square cylinder was exposed to a horizontal cross flow.20 Owing to the acceleration or speed-up
of the shear layers by the buoyancy force, the rate of increase of circulation in the vortices is
increased at higher Ri to yield faster growth of vortices and subsequent shedding. An increase in
the free-stream orientation away from = 0, however, reduces the sensitivity of Strouhal number
to increase in Ri. This is because the acceleration or speed-up effect of buoyancy on the shear
layers is reduced owing to the misalignment of the buoyancy force and the fluid inertia in the shear
layers. In cross-flow ( = /2), the sensitivity to Ri becomes so low so as to cause only 1015%
variation over the entire Ri range. Similar results are obtained at Re = 60 for both circular and square
cylinders.
V. CONCLUSIONS
The vortex-shedding suppression characteristics in the Ri- plane, for two-dimensional mixed
convective flow past a circular and a square cylinder are investigated numerically. The numerical
experiments, involving the Navier-Stokes equations subjected to Boussinesq approximation, are
carried out at Pr = 0.71 and Re = 60 and 100. To the best of the authors knowledge, the detailed
characteristics have been presented for the first time. It is shown that relatively simple analytic
forms, like the cosine law for the case of circular cylinder, can be used to describe the suppression
characteristics. Further, by examining the slightly supercritical solutions in the wake of the circular
and the square cylinder, a link has been established between the total baroclinic vorticity generation
rate and the phenomenon of vortex-shedding suppression. In this context, two distinct components of
baroclinic vorticity generation rate appear to control the shedding-suppression characteristics from
representative bluff-bodies under consideration. These components are:
(i)
baroclinic vorticity generation rate due to thermal gradients directed normal to the interface of
Dnb
c
, and
the counter-rotating vortices:
D
(ii) baroclinic vorticity generation rate due to thermal gradients along the interface of the counterDsb
c
, in the cylinder wakes.
rotating twin vortices:
D
Dnb
c
The component
has a symmetry-preserving and a symmetry-restoring character relative to
D
the natural or base vorticity of the twin vortices in the wake and is shown to be essential for the
cause of vortex-shedding suppression. This is well supported by the numerical data. The other
baroclinic vorticity generation rate component, associated with thermal gradient along the direction
Dsb
c
, does not preserve the symmetry of the
parallel to the interface of the counter-rotating vortices,
D
natural/base vorticity of the vortices and therefore is not essential for vortex-shedding suppression.
For nearly symmetric critical flow modes (at different free-stream orientations), like those found to
exist for the circular cylinder (rotationally symmetric bluff-body), the vortex-shedding suppression is
Dnb
c
only while for non-symmetric
controlled by the symmetry-preserving baroclinic component
D
critical flows, like those found to occur for the square cylinder, the vortex-shedding suppression
appears to be controlled by the total baroclinic vorticity generated rate in the wake. Finally, it is
shown that these ideas, regarding the role of the total baroclinic vorticity generation rate and it is
components in the phenomenon of vortex-shedding suppression, lead to vortex-shedding suppression
laws/neutral curves in the Ri- plane that match quite well, in functional form, with those observed
in the numerical experiments for the bluff-body geometries considered.
2016 10:44:01
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Vortex-shedding suppression in two-dimensional mixed convective flows past circular

and square cylinders

PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 25, 053603 (2013)

Vortex-shedding suppression in two-dimensional mixed

a) Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Electronic mail: nadhasan@gmail.com

N. Hasan and R. Ali

Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)

Reynolds number (Re) =

(iii) Prandtl number (Pr) =

N. Hasan and R. Ali

Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)

A. The circular cylinder

N. Hasan and R. Ali

Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)

N. Hasan and R. Ali

Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)

II. MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION

N. Hasan and R. Ali

Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)

density at reference temperature chosen to be the free-stream temperature T . The dimensionless

N. Hasan and R. Ali

Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)

N. Hasan and R. Ali

Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)

N. Hasan and R. Ali

Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)

where nB is the local normal coordinate.

N. Hasan and R. Ali

Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)

Near boundary spacing

N. Hasan and R. Ali

Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)

Chang and Sa12 ( = 0)

N. Hasan and R. Ali

Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)

N. Hasan and R. Ali

Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)

Chang and Sa12

N. Hasan and R. Ali

Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)

(b) Square cylinder

N. Hasan and R. Ali

Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)

Re = 100 Computational data

Re = 100 Computational data

N. Hasan and R. Ali

Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)

N. Hasan and R. Ali

Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)

N. Hasan and R. Ali

Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)

N. Hasan and R. Ali

Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)

N. Hasan and R. Ali

Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)

N. Hasan and R. Ali

Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)

and (c) baroclinic vorticity generation rate component

N. Hasan and R. Ali

Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)

N. Hasan and R. Ali

Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013)

g1 () does not vanish as .