EL ATOMO

ALEX ANDRES ACEVEDO MORA

MATERIA: QUIMICA INORGANICA

PROFESOR: LUIS ANTONIO NIO

AUTOMATIZACION Y ROBOTICA INDUSTRIAL

QUIMICA INORGANICA
UNIVERSIDAD ECCI
BOGOTA D.C.
2016

El tomo

Es la parte ms pequea que existe de un elemento est constituido por

un ncleo con protones y neutrones y por varios electrones orbitales, cuyo nmero vara
segn el elemento qumico.
Los filsofos de la antigua Grecia fueron los primeros en indagar sobre los tomos,
pues

aunque no pudieron comprobarlo si provocaron gran inters en la comunidad

cientfica como John Dalton que 2000 aos despus no se conform con suposiciones.
Dalton uso una bscula para intentar descubrir las regularidades qumicas, as como
tambin represento los tomos mediante crculos, agregando que los tomos no cambian al
producirse una reaccin qumica, solo se reagrupan entre s.
En el siglo XIX existan cientficos que dudaban sobre su existencia, pues Dalton
nunca pudo demostrar su forma por el tamao microscpico de estos. Para la poca se crea
que el tomo era indivisible y que no exista ninguna otra partcula de menor tamao, hasta
que en 1897 Joseph John Thomson descubri el electrn. Una partcula ms ligera y
pequea que el tomo. En 1904 Thomson desarrollo un modelo atmico que estableca el
electrn como una carga negativa rodeado de una masa con carga positiva. Esta teora
despert inters en cientficos que continuaron investigando como Ernest Rutherford.
Ernest Rutherford en 1911 uso radiacin radioactiva para analizar el tomo,
haciendo pasar radiaciones por una lmina de oro observando que la mayor parte de
radiaciones atravesaban dicha lmina. Por lo cual concluyo que los tomos no eran una
bola de masa si no que la mayor parte del tomo era un espacio vaco, a partir de esas
observaciones Rutherford desarrollo su modelo atmico mencionando que casi toda la masa
se concentra en una parte muy reducida con carga positiva rodeada de electrones,
explicando que los electrones se desplazan como los planetas alrededor del sol, sin embargo
el modelo de Rutherford presento fallas pues los electrones alrededor del ncleo deba
emitir energa constantemente y en consecuencia deba precipitarse contra el ncleo
ocasionando que los tomos no existieran.

En 1913 Niels Bohr alumno de Rutherford resolvi el problema del modelo atmico
de su profesor Bohr uso el espectro de hidrogeno para explicar por medio de orbitas que al
acercarse los electrones al ncleo pierden energa hasta llegar a las orbitas ms cercanas sin
energa.
En 1915 y 1916 Arnold Sommerfeld mejoro el modelo de Bohr argumentando que
las orbitas de los electrones eran elpticas por lo cual permiti entender la base fsica de los
sistemas peridicos de los elementos qumicos.
En la segunda guerra mundial los conocimientos del tomo fueron utilizados para
fines malignos ya que con base a estos conocimientos se pudo realizar el arma ms
poderosa en la historia, la bomba atmica.

The atom

It is the smallest part of an element there is constituted by a nucleus with protons

and neutrons and several orbital electrons, whose number varies according to the chemical
element.
The philosophers of ancient Greece were the first to investigate atoms, for though
they could not prove if provoked great interest in the scientific community as John Dalton
that 2000 years later was not satisfied with assumptions. Dalton use a scale to try to
discover the chemical regularities, as well as the atoms represented by circles, adding that
the atoms do not change when a chemical reaction occurs, only they regrouped together.
In the nineteenth century scientists who doubted its existence, as Dalton never could
show the way by the microscopic size of these existed. By the time it was believed that the
atom was indivisible and that there was no other particle smaller, until in 1897 Joseph John
Thomson discovered the electron. A lighter and smaller than the atom particle. In 1904
Thomson developing an atomic model that established the electron as a negative charge
surrounded by a mass with a positive charge. This theory sparked interest in continued
research scientists as Ernest Rutherford.

Ernest Rutherford in 1911 using radioactive radiation to analyze atom by passing

radiation through a gold foil noting that most of radiation passed through said sheet.
Therefore I conclude that atoms were not a ball of dough if not most of the atom was empty
space, from these observations Rutherford developing atomic model mentioning that almost
all the mass is concentrated in a very small part with positive charge surrounded by
electrons, explaining that electrons move like planets around the sun, however the
Rutherford model presented failures because the electrons around the nucleus should emit
energy constantly and therefore should rush against the core causing the atoms do not exist.
In 1913 Niels Bohr Rutherford student solved the problem of Bohr atomic model of
his teacher use the spectrum of hydrogen to explain by means of orbits that approach the
core electrons lose energy to reach the nearest orbits without power.
In 1915 and 1916 Arnold Sommerfeld improved Bohr's model arguing that the
orbits of the electrons were elliptical therefore allowed to understand the physical basis of
the periodic system of chemical elements.
In World War II the knowledge of the atom were used for evil purposes and that
based on this knowledge could make the most powerful weapon in history, the atomic
bomb.