On March 12, 1930, Indian independence leader Mohandas Gandhi begins a defiant march

to the sea in protest of the British monopoly on salt, his boldest act of civil disobedience yet
against British rule in India.
Britains Salt Acts prohibited Indians from collecting or selling salt, a staple in the Indian diet.
Citizens were forced to buy the vital mineral from the British, who, in addition to exercising a
monopoly over the manufacture and sale of salt, also exerted a heavy salt tax. Although
Indias poor suffered most under the tax, Indians required salt. Defying the Salt Acts, Gandhi
reasoned, would be an ingeniously simple way for many Indians to break a British law
nonviolently. He declared resistance to British salt policies to be the unifying theme for his
new campaign of satyagraha, or mass civil disobedience.

THE CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT (1930-1934)

THE CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT (1930-1934)
The Civil Disobedience Movement led by M K Gandhi, in the year 1930 was an important milestone in the history of
Indian Nationalism. During the Non-Cooperation Movement, the Indians learnt how philosophical tenets like non
violence and passive resistance could be used to wage political battles. The programs and policies adopted in the
movements spearheaded by Gandhi reflected his political ideologies of ahimsa and satyagraha. While the NonCooperation Movement was built on the lines of non violent-non-cooperation, the essence of The Civil Disobedience
Movement was defying of the British laws. Through his leadership to the National Movements, he not only buttressed

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his political stance but also played a crucial role in unification of the country, awakening of the masses, and bringing
politics within the arena of the common man.
Causes of the Civil Disobedience Movement
Simon Commission: One of the main factors was the Simon Commission. This was formed by the British Government
that included solely the members of the British Parliament, in November 1927, to draft and formalize a constitution for
India. The chairmanship of the commission rested with Sir John Simon, who was a well known lawyer and an English
statesman. Accused of being an 'All-White Commission', the Simon Commission was rejected by all political and social
segments of the country. In Bengal, the opposition to the Simon Commission assumed a massive scale, with a hartal being
observed in all corners of the province on February 3rd, 1928. On the occasion of Simon's arrival in the city,
demonstrations were conducted in Calcutta.
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The Nehru Report: The British justified that disharmony among the various groups in the country was the reason
why Indians were not included in the Simon Commission. In 1925 and 1927, Lord Birkenhead, the Secretary of State,
had challenged the Indian leaders to draft a constitution to which all parties would agree (keeping the communal
disunity in mind). Representative of the congress, the league, the liberals, the Hindu Mahasabha, the central Sikh
league, and a number of smaller groups representing labour, business and other interests, met in an all-parties`
conference between February and May 1928. A select committee was appointed for the actual drafting of the
constitutional scheme. Pandit Motilal Nehru with Tej Bahadur Sapru, sir Ali Imam, Sardar Mangal Singh and Subhas
Chandra Bose as its members. The Nehru committee`s report as it was called was submitted on 10 August, 1928.
The Nehru report stated that the `next immediate step for India must be dominion status. The Nehru report was approved
by the congress at Calcutta in December 1928. Gandhiji sponsored a resolution agreeing to dominion status so long as
the British accepted the Nehru constitution in its entirety, which should happen in one year. If they did not, congress would
`organize a campaign of non-violent non-co-operation` which would include refusal to pay taxes. The failure of the
Government to comply with the Nehru report finally made the Congress to launch Civil Disobedience Movement under
Gandhiji.
The Launch of the Civil Disobedience Movement: First Stage
The Congress Committee met at Sabarmati in February, and invested Gandhi and those working with him with full
authority to lead and direct the Civil Disobedience campaign. Gandhi was urged by the Congress to render his much
needed leadership to the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Dandi March: On the historic day of 12th March, 1930, Gandhi inaugurated The Civil Disobedience Movement by
conducting the historic Dandi Salt March, where he broke the Salt Laws imposed by the British Government. Followed by
an entourage of seventy nine ashramites, Gandhi embarked on his march from his Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi that is
located on the shores of the Arabian Sea. On 6th April 1930, Gandhi with the accompaniment of seventy nine satyagrahis,
violated the Salt Law by picking up a fistful of salt lying on the sea shore. They
manually made salt on the shores of Dandi.
Figure: Dandi March
Dandi Salt March had an immense impact on the entire nation. Each and every corner of the country was gripped in a
unique fervor of nationalism. Soon, this act of violation of the Salt Laws assumed an all India character. The entire nation
amalgamated under the call of a single man - Mahatma Gandhi. There were reports of satyagrahas and instances of law
violation from Bombay, Central and United Provinces, Bengal and Gujarat.
The program of the Civil Disobedience Movement incorporated besides the breaking of the Salt Laws, picketing of shops
selling foreign goods and liquor, bonfire of cloth, refusal to pay taxes and avoidance of offices by the public officers and
schools by the students. Even the women joined forces against the British. Those from orthodox families did not hesitate
to respond to the call of the Mahatma. They took active part in the picketing exercises.
On 9th April, Gandhi formulated a program for the movement thus: Let every village fetch or manufacture contraband
salt, sisters should picket liquor shops, opium dens and foreign cloth dealers shops. Young and old shouldspin
Foreign cloth should be burnt. Hindus should eschew untouchabilityLet students leave Government schools and
colleges and Government servants resign their serviceand we shall soon find that Purna Swaraj will come knocking at
our doors.
Perturb by the growing popularity of the movement, the British government imprisoned Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal
Nehru, in a bid to thwart it. Thus, the second struggle for attaining Swaraj launched by the Congress, under the able
guidance of Mahatma, served the critical function of mobilizing the masses on a large scale against the British.
Gandhi-Irwin Pact
In the meantime, the First Round Table Conference was held in 1930, with no Congress member as the participant of the
Conference. This led to the meeting of Gandhi and Lord Irwin, the viceroy in March 1931. Here they signed a pact, which
came to be known as the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. Accordingly, they agreed on the
Discontinuation of the civil disobedience movement by the Indian National Congress
Participation by the Indian National Congress in the Round Table Conference

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Withdrawal of all ordinances issued by the British Government imposing curbs on the activities of the Indian National
Congress
Withdrawal of all prosecutions relating to several types of offenses except those involving violence
Release of prisoners arrested for participating in the civil disobedience movement
Removal of the tax on salt, which allowed the Indians to produce, trade, and sell salt legally and for their own private use.
In this case, it can be noted that Bhagat Singh and two of his revolutionary friends were not released from the jail and were
hanged to death, which led to a great agitation among the masses, and there was strong protest against Gandhis leadership
by the people.
Second Round Table Conference
Gandhi attended The Second Round Table Conference in London accompanied by Smt. Sarojini Naidu. At this
Conference, it was claimed by Mahatma Gandhi that the Congress represented more than eighty five percent of the Indian
population.
During this Conference, Gandhi could not reach agreement with the Muslims on Muslim representation and
safeguards. Gandhi's claim of the Congress representing majority was not endorsed by the British and also the Muslim
representative. The final blow to Gandhi came when at the end of the conference Ramsay MacDonald undertook to
produce a CommunalAward for minority representation, with the provision that any free agreement between the parties
could be substituted for his award. Thus, the Second Round Table Conference proved to be futile for the Indians and
Gandhi returned to the country without any positive result.
The political scene in India thereafter assumed an acute dimension. The Viceroy, Lord Willington, in the absence of
Gandhi has adopted the policy of repression. The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was violated and the Viceroy took to the suppression
of the Congress. The Conservative party, which was in power in England, complied with the decision to assume a
repressive stance against the Congress and the Indians. The Congress was also held responsible by the government to have
instigated the 'Red Shirts' to participate in The Civil Disobedience Movement, led byKhan Abdul Ghaffar and provoking
the cultivators of U.P to refuse to pay land revenue. Adding to this was the serious economic crisis that took hold of the
country. Under such circumstances, the resumption of The Civil Disobedience Movement was inevitable.
Renewal of the Civil Disobedience Movement: Second Stage
The Congress Working Committee took the decision to restart The Civil Disobedience Movement, as the British
government was not prepared to relent. Gandhi resumed the movement in January, 1932 and appealed to the entire nation
to join in. The Viceroy was also informed of the stance assumed by the Congress.
The police was given the power to arrest any person, even on the basis of mere suspicion. Sardar Patel, the President of
Congress and Gandhi were arrested, along with other Congressmen.
Though the second phase of The Civil Disobedience Movement lacked the organization that marked its first phase,
nonetheless, the entire nation put up a tough fight and the movement continued for six months.

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Communal Award, 1932

Meanwhile, the failure of the Second Round Table conference convinced Mr. MacDonald to announce the 'Communal
Award' on August 16, 1932. According to the Award
the right of separate electorate was not only given to the Muslims of India but also to all the minority communities in the
country
The Award also declared untouchables as a minority and thus the Hindu depressed classes were given a number of special
seats, to be filled from special depressed class electorates in the area where their voters were concentrated.
Under the Communal Award, the principle of weightage was also maintained with some modifications in the Muslim
minority provinces. Principle of weightage was also applied for Europeans in Bengal and Assam, Sikhs in the Punjab and
North West Frontier Province, and Hindus in Sindh and North West Frontier Province. Though the Muslims constituted
almost 56 percent of the total population of Punjab, they were given only 86 out of 175 seats in the Punjab Assembly. The
Muslim majority of 54.8 percent in Punjab was thus reduced to a minority. The formula favored the Sikhs of Punjab, and
the Europeans of Bengal the most.
The Award was not popular with any Indian party. Muslims were not happy with the Communal Award, as it has reduced
their majority in Punjab and Bengal to a minority. Yet they were prepared to accept it. In its annual session held in
November 1933, the All India Muslim League passed a resolution that reads; "Though the decision falls far short of the
Muslim demands, the Muslims have accepted it in the best interest of the country, reserving to themselves the right to
press for the acceptance of all their demands."
On the other hand, the Hindus refused to accept the awards and decided to launch a campaign against it. For them it was
not possible to accept the Untouchables as a minority. They organized the Allahabad Unity Conference in which they
demanded for the replacement of separate electorates by joint electorates. Many nationalist Muslims and Sikhs also
participated in the conference. The Congress also rejected the Award in Toto.

Gandhi and the Communal Award: Gandhi protested against the declaration of Untouchables as a minority and undertook a
fast unto death. He also held meetings with the Untouchable leadership for the first time and try to convince them that they
were very much part of the mainstream Hindu society.
Though he managed to sign the Poona Pact (Provisions of this pact are given below) with Dr. B. R. Ambedker, the leader
of Untouchables in which the Congress met many of the Untouchables' demands, the Communal Award was a blow to
Gandhiji and he finally decided to suspend and withdraw mass satyagraha on 14th July, 1933. The movement ceased
completely on 7th April, 1934.

Conclusion
Although The Civil Disobedience Movement failed to achieve any positive outcome, it was an important juncture in the
history of Indian independence. The leadership of Mahatma Gandhi had a beneficial impact. The warring factions within
the Congress united under the aegis of The Civil Disobedience Movement, led by Mahatma Gandhi. Satyagraha was put
on a firm footing through its large scale usage in the movement. India also rediscovered its inherent strength and
confidence to crusade against the British for its freedom.
On the other hand, the failure and suspension of the movement engendered a feeling of despondency in the nationalist
ranks. For example, the suspension was commended upon by Subhash Chandra Bose and Vithalbhai Patel who were in
Europe at the time, in a joint manifesto they issued, thus: the latest action of Mr. Gandhi in suspending Civil
Disobedience is a confession of failure We are clearly of the opinion that Mr. Gandhi as apolitical leader has failed. The
time has come for a radical reorganization of the Congress on anew principle, with a new method, for which, a new leader
is essential. This was the onset of INA for Bose.
Meanwhile Gandhi resigned his membership of the Congress soon as a result of sharpening differences between him and a
section of the Congressmen.