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Electrical Construction and Maintenance

Mike Holt, NEC Consultant

Sun, 2012-01-01 09:00

Article 410 of the NEC covers luminaires, lampholders, lamps, decorative lighting products, lighting accessories
for temporary seasonal and holiday use (including portable flexible lighting products), and the wiring and
equipment of such products and lighting installations. Even though Art. 410 is highly detailed, its broken down
into 16 parts. The first five are sequential and apply to all luminaires, lampholders, and lamps, providing mostly
mechanical information. Part VI focuses on wiring. The rest of this Article addresses specific types of lighting,
except for parts 7, 9, and 10, which provide requirements for manufacturers to follow.
The 2008 NEC added allowances for LED luminaires in clothes closets but inadvertently allowed an LED
luminaire to be installed in a clothes closet only if it was identified for that application. The true intent is to allow
an LED luminaire to be installed directly within the closet storage space when its identified for that application.
Due to the remarkably low amount of heat created by LED luminaires, theyre acceptable anywhere in the closet
without special identification for the application except in the actual storage area. The Code is now clear on
the requirements for installing an LED luminaire in a clothes closet. The word only was added to the opening
statement of 410.16(A), clarifying that only the luminaire types in this section are permitted in a clothes closet
(see SIDEBAR: Luminaires in Clothes Closets below).
Another way the NEC recognizes the increasingly widespread use of LED luminaires is seen in the updated
requirements for boxes and wiring methods for electric-discharge luminaires to include LED luminaires
[410.24] (click here to see Fig. 1).

Grounding/Bonding
In previous editions of the NEC, the rules addressing the grounding and bonding of luminaires have been a
hodgepodge of requirements in an illogical arrangement. Changes to Part IV of Art. 410 make for a more
user-friendly Code. Although the changes are editorial not technical they are welcome, all the same.
Dont forget that Art. 250 applies to all electrical installations. The grounding requirements for luminaires are
actually bonding requirements (see Art. 100 definitions). Ensure your lighting system is properly bonded by
attaching it to the equipment grounding conductor in accordance with the requirements of 410.44 and Art. 250,
Part V (click here to see Fig. 2).
The rules governing cord- and plug-connected electric-discharge luminaires have been updated to include LED
luminaires in Art. 410, Part VI.
Because LED drivers and electric-discharge luminaires are quite similar, the logical place to include LED
requirements is alongside those of electric-discharge luminaires. Where LED luminaires are supplied by means
of a cord and plug connection, they must comply with the provisions of 410.62 (click here to see Fig. 3).

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Luminaires as Raceways
In previous editions of the NEC, if you wanted to find out whether or not you could use a luminaire as a raceway,
you would find the answer in 410.64. The answer was a resounding no. Section 410.65, however, acted as an
exception to this rule.
The problem with this arrangement is that the NEC user probably had stopped looking for allowances to the rule
of 410.64, because there were no exceptions to that section. By deleting (2008) 410.65 and incorporating its text
into 410.64, the Code becomes an easier document to navigate, understand, and correctly apply.

Installation of Lampholders
Previous editions of the Code specified lampholders in damp or wet locations must be of the weatherproof
variety. While this makes sense for wet locations, it doesnt seem to make sense for a damp location. The 2011
NEC now requires these lampholders to be listed for the environment in which theyre installed [410.96].
Section 410.11 has long required that luminaires installed near combustible material contain shades or guards to
prevent the ignition of surrounding products. Although that requirement certainly makes sense, theres a gaping
hole in the rule it doesnt address lampholders.
Lampholders often contain lamps that produce more heat than a standard luminaire, and seldom has an
apparatus been designed to contain that heat. Because lampholders arent included in the definition of
luminaires, the new section 410.97 was added. The location of this new requirement in Part VIII (Installation of
Lampholders) also is logical. Lampholders must be constructed, installed, or equipped with shades or guards so
that combustible material isnt subjected to temperatures in excess of 90C (194F).

Recessed Luminaires
The requirements of Art. 410, Part X apply to luminaires installed in the recessed cavities of walls and ceilings.
Over the years, the applicability of this application has been called into question. Many users of the NEC have
seen a nonexistent loophole that provides an exception for luminaires in suspended ceilings. Consequently, the
technical committee provided a long-standing formal interpretation to clarify that these rules do, in fact, apply
to suspended ceilings. This Code change takes that formal interpretation and puts it right in the NEC text,
alerting Code users to this fact.
410.110 General. Luminaires installed in recessed cavities in walls or ceilings, including suspended ceilings,
must comply with this part.
With the 2011 revision of the NEC, the recessed luminaire installation requirements specifically mention LED
luminaires [410.116(B)]. Where LED luminaires are of the recessed type, they must be marked as Type IC
or have a clearance of 3 in. from thermal insulation.

Discharge Lighting
Since its inception in the 2005 NEC, the ballast disconnect in fluorescent luminaires has increased the safety of
electricians and maintenance workers. New to the Code with the 2011 revision is a requirement that does just
that. When you change the ballast on an existing luminaire, you must add a disconnecting means
[410.130(G)(1)]. These inexpensive disconnects can provide several benefits (see SIDEBAR: Benefits of
Ballast Disconnects below), as shown in Fig. 4 (click here to see Fig. 4).

Design Considerations
Article 90s statement that the NEC is not a design guide is arguably the most true when applied to lighting. A

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lighting design must account for aesthetics, lumen density, color rendition, energy efficiency, automation and
control needs, and many other considerations the NEC does not cover.
Lighting may serve any of several purposes, and often serves two or more at the same time, including general
illumination, task lighting, security, emergency exit, and even complex choreographed lighting for
entertainment. Making it even more interesting, indoor lighting, outdoor lighting, and entry way lighting all have
differing requirements.
Good lighting design begins with a hard look at the specific areas being lit and the intended use. The architect,
industrial engineer, and plant engineer have different ideas on what is most important in a lighting design for a
given facility. The electrical engineer drawing up the plans to power the lighting is probably the only one thinking
in terms of lighting transformers and lighting panels. Whatever the final design, the luminaires, lampholders,
and lamps must be installed in accordance with Art. 410.

SIDEBAR: Luminaires in Clothes Closets

Incandescent luminaires with open or partially open lamps and pendant-type luminaires must not be installed in
a clothes closet [410.16(B)].
Only the following types of luminaires are permitted to be installed in a clothes closet [410.16(A)]:
Surface or recessed incandescent or LED luminaires with an enclosed light source.
Surface or recessed fluorescent luminaires.
Surface-mounted or recessed LED luminaires identified for use within the closet storage space.
Even then, there are minimum spacing requirements away from storage spaces, depending on the type of
luminaire. Luminaires must maintain a minimum clearance from the closet storage space as follows
[410.16(C)]:
12 in. for surface-mounted incandescent or LED luminaires with an enclosed light source.
6 in. for surface-mounted fluorescent luminaires.
6 in. for recessed incandescent or LED luminaires with an enclosed light source.
6 in. for recessed fluorescent luminaires.
Surface-mounted fluorescent or LED luminaires are permitted within the closet storage space if identified for
this use.

SIDEBAR: Benefits of Ballast Disconnects

Ballast disconnects, now mandated by the NEC, easily justify their cost. The first and foremost consideration is,
of course, increased safety. However, another benefit is that the use of ballast disconnects can shorten the
downtime required to properly change a ballast. In some cases, changing out a ballast may include:
Lockout/tagout to prevent shock hazard to the electrician.
Roping off the work area to prevent any conceivable injury to other workers, such as falling tools.
Changing the ballast while the circuit feeding the luminaire is energized has been a standard practice where
theres no local disconnect. But its an unsafe practice to work with energized conductors. Even if the worker
does not sustain a fatal shock, a subsequent fall off a ladder can cause death or injury.
With ballast disconnects installed, you dont need lockout/tagout or the use of PPE, and that shortens your task
list, which can result in an increase of overall productivity. Ultimately, any safety innovation that will help make
sure that you come home in one piece at night is certainly well worth the bother and expense.

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