IF

YAYINLARI GRAMMAR PACK 2 | MODALS

1. CAN & BE ABLE TO

Kullanm

CAN
GENEL YETENEK

Olumlu Yaplar
1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
1.
2.
3.

CAN
ZEL BR
DURUMDA
ZORLUUN
STESNDEN
GELRKEN

CAN
MKAN, FIRSAT

2
CAN
ZN

I can speak Chinese.

"COULD" a dner
I could speak Chinese when I was a kid.
"BE ABLE TO" ya dner
I will be able to speak Chinese by the
time I finish my course.

CAN

2. "COULD" a dner
I couldn't speak Swahili.
3. "BE ABLE TO" ya dner
I won't be able to speak Swahili.

1. Even with a burst of adrenaline, people can't pick up

something that heavy.

2. "BE ABLE TO" ya dner

With a sudden burst of adrenaline, he was
able to lift the car off the child's leg.

2. "BE ABLE TO" ya dner

Even the weight lifter, couldn't lift the car off the
child's leg.

3. "BE ABLE TO" ya dner

With a sudden burst of adrenaline, he will be
able to lift the car.

3. "BE ABLE TO" ya dner

Even three men working together won't be able to lift
the car.

1. I have some free time. I can help her now.

1. I don't have any time. I can't help her now.

2. "BE ABLE TO" ya dner

I had some free time yesterday. I was able to
help her at that time.

2. "BE ABLE TO" ya dner

I didn't have time yesterday. I wasn't able to help her
at that time.

3. I'll have some free time tomorrow. I can

help her then.

3. I won't have any time later. I can't help her then.

1. I can drive Susan's car when she is out of

town.

1. I can't drive Susan's car when she is out of town.

3. I can drive Susan's car while she is out of

town next week.

HTMAL

1. I can't speak Swahili.

1. With a burst of adrenaline, people can pick

up cars.

2. "BE ALLOWED TO " ya dner

I was allowed to drive Susan's car while she
was out of town last week.

CAN
RCA

Olumsuz yaplar
1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future

2. "BE ALLOWED TO " ya dner

I wasn't allowed to drive Susan's car while she was out
of town last week.
3. I can't drive Susan's car while she is out of town
next week.

Can I have a glass of water?

Can you give me a lift to school?

Can't I have a glass of water?

Can't you give me a lift to school?

RCALAR GENELLKLE YAKIN GELECE ARET EDERLER.

RCALAR GENELLKLE YAKIN GELECE ARET EDERLER.

Anyone can become rich and famous if

they know the right people.
Learning a language can be a real
challenge.

It can't cost more than a dollar or two.

You can't be 45! I thought you were about 18
years old.

BU GENELDE BR GENELLEME YA DA VARSAYIMDIR.

BU GENELDE BR GENELLEME YA DA VARSAYIMDIR.

IF YAYINLARI GRAMMAR PACK 2 | MODALS

2. COULD
Kullanm

Olumlu Yaplar
1. = Present 2. = Past
3. = Future

Olumsuz yaplar
1. = Present 2. = Past
3. = Future

Ayrca
Kullanlabilir.

COULD

1. John could be the one who

stole the money.

2. John could have been the one
who stole the money.

3. John could go to jail for
stealing the money.

1. Mary couldn't be the one who

stole the money.

2. Mary couldn't have been the one
who stole the money.

3. Mary couldn't possibly go to jail
for the crime.

might,
may

COULD
IF CLAUSE
KULLANIMI

1. If I had more time, I could

travel around the world.

2. If I had had more time, I could
have traveled around the world.

3. If I had more time this winter,
I could travel around the world.

1. Even if I had more time, I

couldn't travel around the world.

2. Even if I had had more time, I
couldn't have traveled around the
world.

3. Even if I had more time this
winter, I couldn't travel around the
world.

COULD
NER

1. Present Formu yoktur.

2. You could have spent your
vacation in Hawaii.

3. You could spend your vacation
in Hawaii.

Negative formu yoktur.

I could run ten miles in my

twenties.

I could speak Chinese when I
was a kid.

I couldn't run more than a mile in

my twenties.
I couldn't speak Swahili.

be able to

HTMAL

COULD
GEM
YETENEK

"COULD" GEME YNELK

OLARAK BR KEREDE
GSTERDNZ YETENENZ
BETMLERKEN KULLANILAMAZ.

"COULD" GEME YNELK

OLARAK BR KEREDE
GSTERDNZ YETENENZ
BETMLERKEN KULLANILAMAZ.
Yesterday, I couldn't lift the couch
by myself. DORU

Yesterday, I could BE ABLE TO

lift the couch by myself. YANLI
COULD
KBAR
RCA

Could I have something to drink?

Could I borrow your stapler?
BU GENELDE BR GENELLEME YA DA
VARSAYIMDIR.

Couldn't he come with us?

Couldn't you help me with this for
just a second?
BU GENELDE BR GENELLEME YA DA
VARSAYIMDIR.

can,
may,
might

IF YAYINLARI GRAMMAR PACK 2 | MODALS

3. MUST
Kullanm

MUST
KESNLK

Olumlu Yaplar
1. = Present 2. = Past
3. = Future
1. That must be Jerry. They said he
was tall with bright red hair.

1. That must not be Jerry. He

is supposed to have red hair.

2. That must have been the right

restaurant. There are no other
restaurants on this street.

2. That must not have been

the right restaurant. I guess
there is another one around
here somewhere.

3. Gelecek yaps yoktur.

MUST NOT
YASAKLAMA

Olumsuz yaplar
1. = Present 2. = Past
3. = Future

Ayrca
Kullanlabilir.

have to

3. Gelecek yaps yoktur.

You must not swim in that
river. It's full of crocodiles.

You must not forget to take

your malaria medication
while your are in the tropics.
YASAKLAMA GENEL OLARAK
YAKIN GELECEE ARET
EDER.

MUST
GL TAVSYE

1. You must take some time off and

get some rest.

1. You mustn't drink so much.

It's not good for your health.

(USA
kullanm
daha ziyade
SHOULD'dur

2. "SHOULD" a dner
You should have taken some time
off last week to get some rest.

2. "SHOULD" a dner
You shouldn't have drunk so
much. That caused the
accident.

3. "SHOULD" a dner
You should take some time off next
week to get some rest.

MUST
GEREKLLK
(USA
kullanm
daha ziyade
HAVE TO'dur

1. You must have a permit to enter

the national park.
2. "HAVE TO" ya dner
We had to have a permit to enter
the park.
3. We must get a permit to enter the
park next week.

3. "SHOULD" a dner
You shouldn't drink at the
party. You are going to be the
designated driver.
1. "HAVE TO" ya dner
We don't have to get a permit
to enter the national park.
2. "HAVE TO" ya dner
We didn't have to get a
permit to enter the national
park.
3. "HAVE TO" ya dner
We won't have to get a
permit to enter the national
park.

should

have to

IF YAYINLARI GRAMMAR PACK 2 | MODALS

4. HAVE TO
Kullanm

HAVE TO

KESNLK
(BU ANLAMLA MUST
DAHA SIKLIKLA
KARIMIZA
IKMAKTADIR.)

Olumlu Yaplar
1. = Present 2. = Past
3. = Future
1. That has to be Jerry.
They said he was tall with
bright red hair.
2. That has to have been
the right restaurant. There
were no other restaurants
on the street.
3. Yoktur

Olumsuz yaplar
1. = Present 2. = Past
3. = Future
1. "MUST" a dner
That must not be Jerry. They
said he has blond hair, not red
hair.

Ayrca
Kullanlabilir.
must,
have got to

2. "MUST" a dner
That must not have been the
right restaurant. I guess there
was another one around there
somewhere.
3. Yoktur

HAVE TO

GEREKLLK &
ZORUNLULUK

1. She has to read four

books for this literature
class.
2. She had to finish the
first book before the
midterm.
3. She will have to finish
the other books before the
final exam.

1. She doesn't have to read

"Grapes of Wrath." It's
optional reading for extra
credit.

must

2. She didn't have to write a

critique of "The Scarlet
Letter." She had to give a
presentation to her class.
3. She won't have to take any
other literature classes.
American Literature 101 is the
only required course.

UNUTMA : "Do not have to" vs. "Must not"

"Do not have to" bir eyin yaplmak zorunda olunmadn ifade ederken "Must not" is bireyi yapann
yasak olduunu anlatr.
Examples:
You must not eat that. YASAKTIR, ZN VERLMEZ
You don't have to eat that. EER STERSEN YYEBLRSN, ZORUNLU DEL.

IF YAYINLARI GRAMMAR PACK 2 | MODALS

5. SHOULD
Kullanm

Olumlu Yaplar
1. = Present 2. = Past
3. = Future

Olumsuz yaplar
1. = Present 2. = Past
3. = Future

SHOULD
TAVSYE,
T

1. People with high cholesterol should

eat lowfat foods.

1. Sarah shouldn't smoke so

much. It's not good for her health.

2. Frank should have eaten lowfat

foods. That might have prevented his
heart attack.

2. Sarah shouldn't have smoked

so much. That's what caused her
health problems.

3. You really should start eating better.

3. Sarah shouldn't smoke when

she visits Martha next week.
Martha hates when people smoke
in her house.

I should be at work before 9:00.

NEGATIVE FORMU YOKTUR.

We should return the video before the

video rental store closes.

SHOULD
DIARIDAN
GELEN
BEKLENT

6
SHOULD
BEKLENT

ought to

be supposed
to / be to

"SHOULD" T LE ZORUNLULUK ARASINDA

BR ANLAM DA FADE EDEBLR.

"BE SUPPOSED TO" SE BENZER BR ANLAM

FADE EDER; PAST FORMLARDA VEYA OLUMSUZ
YAPILARDA KOLAYLIKLA KULLANILABLR.

1. Susan should be in New York by

now.

1. Susan shouldn't be in New York

yet.

2. Susan should have arrived in New

York last week. Let's call her and see
what she is up to.

2. Susan shouldn't have arrived in

New York until yesterday.

3. Susan should be in New York by

next week. Her new job starts on
Monday.

Ayrca
Kullanlabilir.

3. Susan shouldn't arrive in New

York until next week.

ought to,
be supposed
to

IF YAYINLARI GRAMMAR PACK 2 | MODALS

6. HAD BETTER
Kullanm

HAD BETTER
OK GL TAVSYE

HAD BETTER
OK GL
UYARI, GZL
TEHDT

Olumlu Yaplar
1. = Present 2. = Past
3. = Future

Olumsuz yaplar
1. = Present 2. = Past
3. = Future

Ayrca
Kullanlabilir.

1. "SHOULD" veya "OUGHT

TO" ya dner
People should unplug
toasters before they clean
them.

1. "SHOULD" veya "OUGHT

TO" ya dner
People shouldn't clean
toasters without unplugging
them first.

2. "SHOULD HAVE" veya

"OUGHT TO HAVE" ya dner
You should have unplugged
the toaster before you tried
to clean it.

"SHOULD HAVE" veya

"OUGHT TO HAVE" ya dner
You shouldn't have cleaned
the toaster without
unplugging it first.

3. You had better unplug the

toaster before you try to
clean it.

3. You had better not clean

the toaster until you unplug
it.

The movie had better end

soon.

They had better not be late.

Or / otherwise

They had better not forget

Tom's birthday gift.

(otherwise cmle
sonu aksini)

They had better be here

before we start dinner.

should,
ought to

IF YAYINLARI GRAMMAR PACK 2 | MODALS

7. MAY
Kullanm

Olumlu Yaplar
1. = Present 2. = Past
3. = Future

MAY
HTMAL

1. Jack may be upset. I can't really

tell if he is annoyed or tired.

1. Jack may not be upset. Perhaps

he is tired.

2. Jack may have been upset. I

couldn't really tell if he was
annoyed or tired.

2. Jack may not have been upset.

Perhaps he was tired.

3. Jack may get upset if you don't

tell him the truth.
MAY
ZN

8
MAY
RCA ZN

1. You may not leave the table.

You're not finished with your
dinner yet.

2. "BE ALLOWED TO" a dner

You were allowed to leave the
table after you finished your
dinner.

2. "BE ALLOWED TO" a dner

You were not allowed to leave the
table because you hadn't finished
your dinner.

3. You may leave the table when

you finish your dinner.

3. You may not leave the table until

you are finished with your dinner.

May I borrow your eraser?

NEGATVE FORMU YOKTUR

May I make a phone call?

RCALAR GENELLKLE YAKIN GELECE

Ayrca
Kullanlabilir.

might

3. Jack may not get upset, even if

you tell him the truth

1. You may leave the table now

that you're finished with your
dinner.

ARET EDERLER.

Olumsuz yaplar
1. = Present 2. = Past
3. = Future

can

can,
might

IF YAYINLARI GRAMMAR PACK 2 | MODALS

8. MIGHT
Kullanm

MIGHT
HTMAL

Olumlu Yaplar
1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future

Olumsuz yaplar
1. = Present 2. = Past 3. =
Future

Ayrca

1. She might be on the bus. I think

her car is having problems.

1. She might not be on the

bus. She might be walking
home.

could,
may

2. She might have taken the bus. I'm

not sure how she got to work.
3. She might take the bus to get
home. I don't think Bill will be able
to give her a ride.

MIGHT
IF CLUASE
KULLANIMI

MIGHT
RCA
(UK ngilizcesi
kulanm)

2. She might not have taken

the bus. She might have
walked home.
3. She might not take the
bus. She might get a ride
from Bill.

1. If I entered the contest, I might

actually win.

1. Even if I entered the

contest, I might not win.

2. If I had entered the contest, I

might actually have won.

2. Even if I had entered the

contest, I might not have
won.

3. If I entered the contest tomorrow,

I might actually win. Unfortunately, I
can't enter it.

Might I have something to drink?

Might I borrow the stapler?

Kullanlabilir.

3. Even if I entered the

contest tomorrow, I might
not win.
NEGATVE KULLANIMI OK
NADRDR.

could,
may,
can

RCALAR GENELLKLE YAKIN GELECE

ARET EDERLER.

UNUTMA: "Could not" vs. "Might not"

"Could not" bireyin olmasnn mmkn olmad durumlar anlatrken "Might not" ise olup olmadn
bilmediimiz durumlar ifade eder.
rnekler;
Jack might not have the key. MAYBE HE DOES NOT HAVE THE KEY.

Jack could not have the key. IT S MPOSSBLE THAT HE HAS THE KEY.

IF YAYINLARI GRAMMAR PACK 2 | MODALS

9. PERFECT MODALS
Kullanm

SHOULD HAVE
DONE

SHOULDN'T
HAVE DONE

Anlam

Yaplmalyd ama
yaplmad

Susan should have arrived in New York last

week. Let's call her and see what she is up to

Yaplmamalyd ama
yapld

MUST HAVE
DONE

Kesin yaplmtr

10

CAN'T HAVE
DONE

NEEDN'T
HAVE DONE

COULD HAVE
DONE

COULDN'T
HAVE DONE

MAY HAVE
DONE

rnekler

Kesin yaplmamtr

Ayrca
kullanlabilir.

You shouldn't have been so frank with him.

He must have known how much it was going

to cost.

A: "I heard that Suzy got caught shoplifting

yesterday afternoon"
B: "She can't have done it. She and I were at
the movies all afternoon"

Yaplmasna gerek
yoktu ama yapld

I needn't have prepared all that food, because

they phone me to say they wouldn't come.

Yaplabilirdi ama
yaplmad

I could have passed my driving test if I'd

really tried.

stenseydi de
yaplamazd

I couldn't possibly have passed my driving

test, even if I'd tried harder.

Yaplmta olabilir
Yaplmamta

He may not have found out yet that he has

passed the test.

IF YAYINLARI GRAMMAR PACK 2 | MODALS

10. WOULD
WOULD

PAST
HABIT
X
USED TO

IF

11

REPORTED
SPEECH

Gemite alkanlk olarak yaplm
ya da tekrar edilmi eylemlerin
anlatmnda kullanlr.

My grandparents would use

candles to illuminate their
room.

USED TO durum ifadesinde de

kullanlabilirken WOULD sadece
hareket bildiren eylemlerin ifadesinde
kullanlabilir.

Ottomans would organize

campaigns to Balkans to
enlarge their territory.

If you approved our our

desicions, There wouldnt be
any conflict between the
deputies.

If Support troops hadt

arrived in Kings Landing on
time, enemy would have
plundered al the city.

Kemal told me that Carol

would admit all crimes of
the gang just after getting
promise of being free.

I would rather stay at home

than work today.

I would rather my daughter

didnt get marry to this guy.

I would rather have

listened to him carefully.

I would prefer to be
swimming in the pool rather
than answering all the
applicant emails now.

Would you mind passing the

salt? (CAN YOU?)

Would you mind If I used

your phone? (CAN I?)

I would be amazing!
(OLURDU anlamnda
kullanlr.)

IF / CONDITIONALS
TYPE 2 ve TYPE 3 iinde kullanlr.

SAID ve TOLD ifadelerinden sonra

gemiteki gelecek anlatmn (future
in the past ) durumlar ifade ederken
kullanlr.

WOULD RATHER / PREFER

OTHERS

WOULD YOU MIND (GERUND/IF T2)

WOULD + ADJECTIVE

IF YAYINLARI GRAMMAR PACK 2 | MODALS

11. USED TO
A. USED TO genel olarak alkanlklarn anlatmnda kullanlmaktadr.
B. Sadece USED TO kullanlarak elde edilen cmleler gemite yer alan alkanlklarn anlatmn
ifade eder.
C. Aada yer alan dier USED TO kullanmlarna dikkat edelim.

USED TO
GET USED TO

ACCUSTOMED
TO

Turkish raiders used to attack neighbor territories at regular

intervals.

You had better get used to driving on the left of fthe way in the
UK.

I am used to these kind of rituels because they are similar to

ours.

Melek will get used to getting up early.

BE USED TO

When I was in stanbul, I was used to get up very early to

catch the train into the city.

12

IF YAYINLARI GRAMMAR PACK 2 | MODALS

12. REVISION
4. One of the great advances of astronomy
over recent years the discovery of
planets outside our solar system, and it is
the first real clue that we alone in the
universe.

1. At the end of the First World War, the

leaders of victorious countries gathered
at Versailles, and there, they to
decide what penalties Germany, Austria
and other allies .
A) tried / would have to pay

A) is going to be / mustnt be

B) had tried / must have paid

B) is / were not

C) were trying / were paying

C) had been / will not be

D) used to try / might have paid

D) was / would not be

E) could try / should have paid

E) has been / may not be

5. Film music significant in many ways,

of course, but not as music, which is why
the proposition that better composers
better film music is not necessarily true.

2. In some cases, we sufficient data on

old events, not because of a lack of
imagination but because the appropriate
technology available at the time.

13

A) would not have / is not

A) had been / shall produce

B) should not have / had not been

B) has been / should have produced

C) did not have / has not been

C) is / could produce

D) do not have / was not

D) can be / had produced

E) could not have / will not be

E) would be / produced

3. The tradition of sculpting in clay as
early as AD 800, and ultimately it as
the point of departure for related works
that were cast in metal.
A) should have developed / has served
B) has developed / had served
C) may have developed / served
D) would have developed / will serve
E) could have developed / will have served

6. At that time, since her aunt in the same
neighbourhood she her at least once a
week.
A) is living / would visit
B) has lived / has visited
C) lived / visits
D) was living / used to visit
E) lives / was visiting