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KANESS (016-4573342 )

10, JLN TPT 10, TAMAN PUCHONG TEKALI,


47150, PUCHONG, SELANGOR
CHAPTER 2: CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATION
1. Cell basic unit of life
2. Function carry out life processes:
a) respiration
b) growth
c) excretion
d) division
3. Exist is various shape & sizes
4. Animal Cell
~ example: check cell
~ do not have regular shape
5. Plant cell
~ example: epidermal cell of onion & Hydilla leaf
~ have fixed shape
~ only green plant contain chloroplast

6. Cellular component of the cell under electron microscopes are:


a) plasma membrane & cell wall
b) cytoplasm
c) organelles
7. Organelles specialized structure which surrounded by its own membrane and perform
specific function
8. Cytoplasm contain organelles. Protoplasm is nucleus and cytoplasm.
CELLULAR COMPONENT AND FUNCTION
1. Plasma membrane
~ Semi permeable
~ made of protein & phospholipids.
~ control the movement of substances in and out of the cell
2. Cell wall
~ thick and rigid layer, fully permeable
~ made of cellulose & fibrous carbohydrates.
~ maintain the shape of the plant cell.
~ provide mechanical support
~ protects the plant cell from rupturing due to excess intake of H 2 O
3. Cytoplasm
~ jelly-like substances & contain organelles
~ contain organic & inorganic substances
~ act as medium for metabolic reaction

4. Nucleus
~ double membrane
~ the nucleus enclosed by nuclear membrane which contain nucleoplasm & nucleolus. Also
contain chromosomes.(store genetic information)
~ control & regulate all the activities of the cell
5. Vacuole
~ surrounded by tonoplast. It is semi-permeable.
~ fluid in vacuole is cell sap.
~ cell sap contain water, organic acids, sugar, amino acids, minerals salts & waste substances.
~ maintain turgidity.
6. Ribosomes
~ exits freely in cytoplasm& on the surface of endoplasmic reticulum.
~ synthesis of protein such as enzymes.
7. Endoplasmic reticulum
~ its membrane is physically continuous with the nuclear membrane
~ R.E.R transport protein that synthesized by ribosome to other part of cell
~ S.E.R stimulate synthesized of lipid & cholesterol and transport them within the cell
- detoxification of drugs & poisons
8. Golgi apparatus
~ receive protein & lipid and modify to form specific secretion such as enzymes & hormones.
Then pack them into secretory vessels and transport them to plasma membrane to be secreted.
~ formation of lysosomes
9. Lysosomes
~ contain hydrolytic enzymes which digest or break down complex organic molecules such as
protein, lipids and nucleic acid. Also eliminates worn out and aged organelles.
~ digest bacteria by breaking down the bacterial cell wall.
10. Mitochondria
~ cylindrical-shaped and double membrane.
~ known as power house
~ release energy when glucose is broken down and stored in the form of ATP.
11. Chloroplasts
~ disc shaped and contain chlorophyll(absorb sun light)
~ carry out photosynthesis
12. Centrioles
~ cylindrical structure and located outside of nucleus
~ form spindle fibre during cell division in animals
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DENSITY OF ORGANELLES AND THE FUNCTIONS OF CELL
1.
2.
3.
a)
b)
c)

Number of specific organelles in cell varies depending on type on cell and its function.
The cell that are active need more mitochondria to supply enough energy for the activities.
Example:
Sperm cell: need energy to swim toward ovum and fertilise it. (mitochondria)
Flight cell: need more energy to move the swings during flight. (mitochondria)
Cell in the meristems in plant shoot and root need more energy as it rapidly involves in cell division
for growth purpose. (mitochondria)
d) Pancreatic cell: synthesis and secrete enzymes and hormones. (R.E.R)
e) Mesophyll cell: high density of chloroplast to carry out photosynthesis
CELL ORGANISATION
1. Unicellular organism - single cell (Amoeba sp. and Paramecium sp.)
- each cell complete unit of life
- enable to carry out all living process
2. Multicellular organism large organism with more than one cell.

LIVING PROCESSES OF UNICELLULAR ORGANISM

AMOEBA

1. It live in water with no fixed shape


2. Gaseous exchange by simple diffusion. Oxygen diffuse into the cell while carbon dioxide and any
dissolved waste product diffuse out of the cell.
3. Cytoplasm:
a) ectoplasm clear on the outside
b) endoplasm grainy on the inside
4. Contractile vacuole: collect water that continuously enter the cell by osmosis. When full, it expels
the water. This process called osmoregulation
5. Osmoregulation prevent the cell from burst .
6. Movement

a) extension of cytoplasm called pseudopodium (false foot) and the rest of the body flows it
b) extension can occur in any direction
7. Reproduction

a) by binary fussion
b) when grown to certain size, the nucleus divides into two. Then the cytoplasm divides into two and
form two daughter Amoeba
c) under certain condition, Amoeba also divides by spore formation
8. Feeding

a) feed by process of phagocytosis.


b) Move around the food and form food vacuole. Nutrients diffuse into the cytoplasm
c) Waste is left behind.

PARAMECIUM

1. Live in stagnant water containing decaying plant material as it feed on the bacteria that causes the decay. It has fixed
shape like a slipper. It has two nuclei, micronucleus and macronucleus. It has two contractile vacuole which involve in
osmoregulation.
2. Gaseous exchange by simple diffusion. Oxygen diffuses into the cell while carbon dioxide and any dissolved
waste product diffuse out of the cell.
3. Contractile vacuole: collect water that continuously enters the cell by osmosis. When full, it expels the
water. This process called osmoregulation
4. Cytoplasm:
a.
ectoplasm clear on the outside
b.
endoplasm grainy on the inside
5. Oral groove: lead food to gullet
6. Cillia: tiny hairs that cover the whole surface
7. Channels of vacuole: collect water & lead to contractile vacuole.
8. Movement:

a)

b)

Rhythmic beating by the cilia


When encounter obstacles, it stop, move back, turn 30 then move and these steps is repeated
until it get past the obstacles. This called avoiding reaction.

9. Feeding:

a)
b)
c)

Cilia around the oral groove brush the food into the gullet.
Then it form a food vacuole and digest the food.
While digesting, it move in circular path known as cyclosis
d)
Waste product is release at the weak membrane called anal pore.
10. Reproduction
a)
reproduce very quickly asexually by binary fission

b)

also can reproduce sexually called conjugation


~two individual exchange the genetic material then each divides
into 4 cell with different genetic material

MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS
1. Have more than 1 cell. More complex compared to unicellular organism. Have many different
type of cell.
2. Example are hydra, spirogyra, fern, plant, human, and all vertebrate and non-vertebrate.
Cell specialisation
1. Each cell has their own shape and function. Each cell has specific function and not capable to perform
all life processes.
2. Cell specialisation enable cell perform specific function and this is achieved by process of
differentiation where cell change in shape and form as it grow. So each cell will have its own shape
and function.
3. Division of labour each cell performs only one specific function.
Cell organisation
1. CELL TISSUE ORGAN SYSTEM ORGANISM
2. CELL
# Basic unit of life. As it undergoes differentiation, specialised cell is form
# Example:
* red blood cell
* epidermal cells on leaf
~ transport oxygen from lung
~ protect the leaf
to body cell
* mesophyll palisade cell
* nerve cell
~ carry out photosynthesis
~ send nerve impulses
* xylem
* sperm cell
~ transport water and mineral salts
~ fertilises egg cell
* phloem cell
* muscle cell
~ transport dissolved food
~ causes movement
* guard cell
~ control the size of stomata
3. TISSUE
# A group of cell that perform specific function.
# Example of main types of tissues in animals:
a) epithelial tissues
~cover the surface of or line the cavities within the body
~protect the underlying cells from mechanical injury
~act to absorb food and water by diffusion
~example are surface of skin, lining of stomach, small intestine, trachea and lungs.
b) nervous tissues
~consist of nerve cell called neurons
~send and receive impulse to coordinates the activities of the body
~found in brain and spinal cord

c) muscle tissues
~consist of muscle cell that contract to perform work
~causes body movement
~three type of muscle tissues
^ smooth muscle in the wall of digestive tract and other internal organ
^ skeleton muscle attached to the bones
^ cardiac muscle in the wall of the heart
d) connective tissues
~consist of elastic and non elastic fibres
~protect, hold and support the cells in the body
~can store and transport material
~example are blood, cartilage, bone and adipose tissues
# Example of main types of tissues in plant:
a) epidermis tissues
~cover the entire surface of the plant, protect the tissues and reduces water loss.
~differentiate to become guard cell at the leaf and root hair cell at the root.
~example are epidermis of leaves, stems and root
b) meristem tissues
~undifferentiated cell and able to divides
~occurs at the root, shoot and cambium of shoot and root
~produce new cell
c) vascular tissues
~consists of xylem (transport water and give support) and phloem (transport product of photosynthesis)
d) ground tissue
~produce food by photosynthesis and store the food
~provide support and strengthens to the plant
~examples are parenchyma tissues, collenchyma tissue, sclerenchyma tissue
4. ORGAN
# Different tissues worked to together to perform specific function.
# Examples of organs in animals are kidney, stomach, liver, heart, skin and lungs.
# Examples of organs in plants are leaves, stems, roots, and flowers.
5. SYSTEM
# Several organs worked together to perform specific function.
# There are 12 system in a body:
1. Intergumentary system cover and protect entire body (hair, skin, nail)
2. Muscular system help in movement of body
3. Skeleton system support body and provides movement
4. Nervous system conduct impulse and coordinates the body activities (brain, spinal cord, nerves)
5. Endocrine system produce hormones (thyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovary, testis)
6. Blood circulatory system transport food and oxygen (blood vessels and heart)
7. Lymphatic system defences body against diseases
8. Respiratory system supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide (nasal cavity, lungs, trachea, diaphragm
and bronchus)
9. Digestive system break food into simpler molecule and absorb the nutrients
(mouth, salivary glands, oesophagus, liver, stomach, pancreas, ileum anus)
10. Excretory system removes waste product (kidney, lungs and skin)
11. Female reproduction system produce eggs (ovary, uterus and vagina)
12. Male reproduction system produce sperm (testis and penis)
# Flowering plant has two main system:a) root system (tap root or lateral root)
b) shoot system (stems, leaves, buds, flowers and fruits)

1. External environment external condition (physical and chemical factor in its surrounding)
2. Internal environment internal condition (due to embolism, reaction to external changes & other
activities)
3. Extracellular fluid fluid that surround the cell
4. Due to the changes in the external environment and metabolism, the chemical and physical nature of
extracellular fluid constantly change.
5. Internal environment must kept constant and optimal to ensure the metabolism occurs at optimal rate.
6. Homeostasis help to regulate the physical & chemical factors in the internal environment to
maintain optimal condition for the cell work efficiently.
7. Factors effect the internal environment:a) temperature
~ body temperature is 37 C
~ nervous system(detect the changes in the environment), blood circulatory system(transports and
distributes the heat), intergumentary system(help to regulate amount of heat lost from the body)
b) pH level
~ determined by the concentration on oxygen and carbon dioxide
~ nervous system(detect the changes in the pH level), circulatory system(transport gas) and respiratory
system(control breathing)
c) glucose level
~ regulated by the nervous system(detect the changes of glucose), endocrine system(pancreas release
hormones), blood circulatory system (transport hormones) and digestive system(liver regulate the
glucose level)
d) osmotic pressure
~ depend on amount of water and mineral salt in blood
~ nervous system(detect changes in osmotic pressure), endocrine system(secretes hormones),
circulatory system(transport hormones), excretory system(reabsorb water or mineral salt at the kidney)

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