With

Remco Zegers - PHY 231 - Fall 2003
Set 1 Units and Measurments - due Aug 30

Due date: Sat 30 Aug 2003 11:00:01 PM EST

Evaluate the following:endoouttext / prob
4.35107 9.151028 ?
/prob
Calculate the circumference of a circle of radius 3.26 cm.
prob
/prob
4.35 107 / 9.15 1028 ?
You are correct. Your receipt is 498-1202
Calculate the area of a circle of radius 3.95 cm.
Answer for Part: 0
3.98025e-20 [3.900645e-20,4.059855e-20] Sig 0 - 15
Answer for Part: 0
Answer for Part: 14
4.75409836065574e+34 [4.65901639344262e+34,4.84918032786885e+34]
Sig 0 - 15
20.5 [20.1,20.9]
Sig 3 - 5
Unit: cm
Answer for Part: 16
49.0 [48.0,50.0] Sig 3 - 5
Unit: cm^2
A house is 50.8 ft long and 29.3 ft wide, and has 8.42 ft high
ceilings. What is the volume of the interior of the house in
cubic meters?
What is the volume of the interior of the house in cubic centimeters?
Answer for Part: 14
3.55E+02 [3.48E+02,3.62E+02] Sig 3 - 5
Answer for Part: 16
3.55E+08 [3.48E+08,3.62E+08] Sig 3 - 5
The base of a pyramid covers an area of 12.3 acres (1 acre
= 43560 ft2 ) and has a height of 555 ft (Fig. P1.24). If
the volume of a pyramid is given by the expression V =
(1/3)b555, wherebistheareaof thebaseand555 is the height,
find the volume of this pyramid in cubic meters.
Answer for Part: 14
2.81E+06 [2.75E+06,2.86E+06] Sig 3 - 5

Units mix and match

Choose the correct SI units for the function of x, v, a, t, and
m given.

Consider A=104 m kg and B=52 km g

Please identify which operations are possible, and which are
not. If the operation is possible, also check the given result.
A kgm2 /s2
A kgm/s2
A kgm2 /s
A kgm/s
A kgm2 /s3
A kgm
2. You can divide A by B, and get 2
A m/skg
A m/s2
1.
2.
3.
4.
Choose from: This operation is impossible, This

operation is possible, but the answer is false,
This is correct.
1. You can multiply A and B, and get 5408 m2 kg2
Choose from: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H.
a (acceleration)
mv2 /t
m(vt)2
mv

Answer for Part: 0
H
E
F
D
Two perpendicular sides of a triangle are 5.31m and 7.45m
long, respectively. Find the length of the third side of the
triangle.
Find the smallest angle of the triangle in the previous problem
(in degrees).
Answer for Part: 11
9.15E+00 [9.06E+00,9.24E+00] Sig 3 - 5
Unit: m
Answer for Part: 13
3.55E+01 [3.51E+01,3.58E+01] Sig 3 - 5
3. You can add A and B2 , and get 2808 m kg

4. You can add A and B, and get 156 m kg
5. You can multiply A and B, and get 5408 m kg

Answer for Part: 0
This is correct
This is correct
This operation is impossible
This is correct
This operation is possible, but the answer is false

Set 2 Motion in 1-dimension - due Sep 6

Due date: Sat 06 Sep 2003 11:00:01 PM EST

Vb
Speed, m/s
Position (m)
400
300
200
100
0
0
0
10
20
30
40
Time (sec)
The graph above shows the position of a car, in meters, measured from a stoplight after the light turns green. Calculate
the average speed of the car during the period from t = 0.0 s
to t = 20.0 s.
Speed, m/s

Answer for Part: 0
7.358E+00 [7.026E+00,7.689E+00] Sig 3 - 5
Unit: m/s
4
Time, s
The Graph above shows the speed of a car traveling in a

straight line as a function of time. The car accelerates uniformly and reaches a speed Vb of 4.00 m/s in 8.00 seconds.
Calculate the distance traveled by the car from a time of 0.60
to 7.60 seconds.
Answer for Part: 0
1.43E+01 [1.41E+01,1.46E+01] Sig 3 - 5
Unit: m
Consider the plot of position vs. time below.
Va
0
0
4
Time, s
The Graph above shows the speed of a car traveling in a

straight line as a function of time. The value of Va is 3.40
m/s. Calculate the distance traveled by the car from a time
of 2.40 to 5.90 seconds.
Answer for Part: 0
1.19E+01 [1.17E+01,1.21E+01] Sig 3 - 5
Unit: m
1.
2.
3.
4.
Choose from: True, False, A, B, C, D, E, F, G.

The acceleration is positive in regions B and F .
The velocity is never negative.
The velocity is smallest in region
.
The acceleration is negative in region
.

Answer for Part: 0
True
True
E
D

A ball is thrown vertically upwards with an initial velocity of

27.0 m/s. Neglecting air resistance, how long is the ball in
the air?
What is the greatest height reached by the ball?
Calculate the first time where the ball has half of its initial
velocity.
Answer for Part: 16
5.51E+00 [5.40E+00,5.62E+00] Sig 3 - 5
Unit: s
Answer for Part: 17
3.72E+01 [3.64E+01,3.79E+01] Sig 3 - 5
Unit: m
Answer for Part: 18
1.38E+00 [1.35E+00,1.40E+00] Sig 3 - 5
Unit: s
A car starts from rest and travels for 4.91 s with a uniform acceleration of +1.42 m/s2 . The driver then applies the brakes,
causing a uniform acceleration of -1.98 m/s2 . If the brakes
are applied for 2.92 s, how fast is the car going at the end of
the braking period?
How far has the car gone?
Answer for Part: 14
1.19E+00 [1.17E+00,1.21E+00] Sig 3 - 5
Unit: m/s
Answer for Part: 16
2.90E+01 [2.85E+01,2.96E+01] Sig 3 - 5
Unit: m
A young woman named Kathy Kool buys a sports car that can
accelerate at the rate of 4.61 m/s2 . She decides to test the car
by dragging with another speedster, Stan Speedy. Both start
from rest, but experienced Stan leaves the starting line 1.12
s before Kathy. If Stan moves with a constant acceleration of
3.64 m/s2 and Kathy maintains an acceleration of 4.61 m/s2 ,
find the time it takes Kathy to overtake Stan.
Calculate the distance she travels before she catches him.
Calculate the speed of Kathys car at the instant she overtakes
Stan.

Calculate the speed of Stans car at the instant he is overtaken

by Kathy.
Answer for Part: 14
8.93E+00 [8.75E+00,9.11E+00] Sig 3 - 5
Unit: s
Answer for Part: 16
1.84E+02 [1.80E+02,1.88E+02] Sig 3 - 5
Unit: m
Answer for Part: 18
4.12E+01 [4.04E+01,4.20E+01] Sig 3 - 5
Unit: m/s
Answer for Part: 20
3.66E+01 [3.59E+01,3.73E+01] Sig 3 - 5
Unit: m/s
Average Acceleration
A plane goes from 20 m/s
to 2 m/s in 13 seconds.
What is its average acceleration in m/s2 ?
Hint:
Use equation (2) from the kinematic equations. Be careful
with the signs.
Solution:
Average acceleration = (final velocity - initial velocity) / time
Equation:
aav = (vf - vi ) / t
= [(2 m/s) - (20 m/s)] / (13 s)
= -1.38461538461538 m/s2
Answer for Part: 0
-1.385 [-1.315,-1.454]

Set 3 Motion in 2-d - due Sep 13

A boat moves through the water of a river at 8 m/s relative
to the water, regardless of the boats direction. If the water
in the river is flowing at 1.5 m/s how long does it take the
boat to make a round trip consisting of a 250-m displacement
downstream followed by a 250-m displacement upstream?

10
Height
A snowball is launched horizontally from the top of a
building at v = 17.2 m/s. If
it lands d = 47.5 meters from
the bottom, how high (in m)
was the building?

Answer for Part: 0
Hint:
64.7773279352227 [61.5384615384616,68.0161943319838] Sig 0 - 15
Projectile motion with h = y0 unknown.
Unit: s
Solution:
Lets first deal with the x-component. Here we have motion
Consider the two vectors r1 and r2 shown in the diagram.
with constant velocity v = v0 = 17.2 m/s. From this we can
The magnitudes of the two vectors are: r1 =6.3 and r2 =8.9.
get the time the snowball spent in the air:
The vectors directions relative to the x axis are defined by
the angles: 1 =27 degrees and 2 =57 degrees.
d = x - x0 = v0 t => t = d / v0
Now we simply plug this value for t into the free-fall equation for the y-component (intial y-velocity component is 0,
because the ball was launched horizontally):
0 = y = y 0 - g t2 / 2
All we now have to do is solve for y0 (=h):
=> h = y0 = g t2 / 2 = g (d / v0 )2 / 2
= (9.81 m/s2 ) 158; (47.5 m / 17.2 m/s)2 / 2
= 37.4084175567875 m
prob
What is the magnitude of the vector r = r2 r1 ?
Answer for Part: 0
/prob prob
37.4084175567875 [36.6602492056517,38.1565859079232]
What is the angle between r and the x axis? (in degrees)
/prob
A plane is capable of moving at a speed of 210 m/s in still
air. It is on a course to move due east (relative to the earth)
Answer for Part: 0
in a wind of 47 m/s which is blowing from the north.
4.66732377529634 [4.57397729979041,4.76067025080227] Sigprob
0 - 15
What is the velocity of the plane relative to the
Answer for Part: 0
ground?
/prob prob
99.4467708063497 [97.4578353902227,101.435706222477] SigAt0what
- 15angle is the nose of the plane pointed? (Define diDue date: Sat 13 Sep 2003 11:00:01 PM EST
rection relative to the east, with positive being north of east.
Give angle in degrees)
/prob
Answer for Part: 0
204.673 [200.579,208.766] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m/s
Answer for Part: 0
12.933 [12.674,13.192] Sig 0 - 15
A plane, capable of flying at 170 mph with no wind, is moving
at full speed in a gale blowing 101 mph from the west. The
planes ground speed is measured at 232 mph. What direction
is the plane moving relative to the ground? (Give angle in
degrees relative to an axis pointing east.)
Answer for Part: 0
41.45 [38.45,44.45] Sig 0 - 15

11
Consider a projectile which strikes a target as shown below.

Ignore all forces except gravity.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Choose from: greater than, less than, equal to,

true, false.
The x-component of the velocity at A is
than the
x-component of the velocity at C.
The y-component of the velocity at B is
zero.
The magnitude of the y-component of the velocity at A
is
the magnitude of the y-component of the velocity
at C
the acceleration at C.
The accleration at B is
At B, the speed of the projectile is zero

Answer for Part: 0
equal to
equal to
greater than
equal to
false

12
A h1 = 1.92 m tall basketball player wants to make a goal

from d = 11.3 m from the basket, as seen in the figure below.
If he shoots the ball at a a = 41.1o angle, at what initial

speed must he throw the basketball so that it goes through
the hoop without striking the backboard? The height of the
basketball hoop is h2 = 3.05 m.
Answer for Part: 0
1.12E+01 [1.10E+01,1.15E+01] Sig 3 - 5
Unit: m/s
, whatisitsspeedatthehighestpointof itsmotion?
Answer for Part: 0
5.120e+01 [5.017e+01,5.222e+01]
Potato Launcher
Tom the cat is chasing Jerry the mouse across a table surface
1.8 m above the floor. Jerry steps out of the way at the last
second, and Tom slides off the edge of the table at a speed of
6.8 m/s. How far will Tom fly before he hits the floor?
What are Toms Velocity components as he hits the floor?
Vx
A
potato gun is capable of launching a spud farther than a
Tiger Woods drive. If the muzzle speed is 70 m/s, and it is
launched at an angle = 43

Vy
Answer for Part: 11
4.12142238177302 [3.91535126268437,4.32749350086167] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m
Answer for Part: 13
6.8 [6.46,7.14] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m/s
Answer for Part: 15
-5.94575787723431 [-5.64846998337259,-6.24304577109602] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m/s

Set 4 Newtons Laws, Force and Motion - due Sep 20
13

14
The two individuals pull on the boat with the forces shown in
the figure. The boat moves through the water with a constant
velocity of 2.0 m/s.
Choose from: True, False, insufficient information.
1. The drag force between the water and the boat is more
than 1000 N to the left.
2. The net force on the boat acts to the right.
3. The mass of the boat is less than 600 kg.
4. Each person experiences a force with the rope whose
y-component is 300 N and points toward the river.
Answer for Part: 0
True
False
insufficient information
True
A performer in a circus is fired from a cannon as a human cannonball and leaves the cannon with a speed of 17
m/s. The performers mass is 77 kg. The cannon barrel
is 9.3 m long. Find the average net force exerted on the
performer while he is being accelerated inside the cannon.
Consider the cat burglar of mass 65 kg in the figure.

What is the tension in the horizontal section of the cable?
What is the tension in the right section of the cable attached
to the ceiling?

Answer for Part: 11
846.190130357802 [803.880623839912,888.499636875692] S
Unit: N
Answer for Part: 0
Answer for Part: 13
1196.39784946237 [1136.57795698925,1256.21774193549] Sig 1059.54483586819
0 - 15
[1006.56759407478,1112.5220776616] Si
Unit: N
Unit: N

15

16
Find the tension in the two wires that supoort the light fixture. M=11 kg, =35 degrees.
Answer for Part: 0
94.07 [89.36,98.77] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: N
Assume that the three blocks in the figure move together on

a frictionless surface and that a T=35 N force acts as shown
on the 3.0-kg block.
What is the acceleration?
What is the tension in the cord connecting the 3.0-kg and the
1.0-kg blocks?
What is the magnitude of the force between the 1-kg block
and the 2-kg block?
Answer for Part: 11
5.83 [5.54,6.12] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m/s^2
Answer for Part: 13
17.50 [16.62,18.38] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: N
Answer for Part: 15
11.67 [11.08,12.25] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: N
Two packing crates of masses M1 =4.24 kg and M2 =5.3 kg

are connected by a light string that passes over a frictionless
pulley as shown in the figure. M1 lies on a frictionless incline
of angle 40.0 degrees.
What is the acceleration of M2 ? Define upwards as positive.
What is the tension in the rope?
If the masses are reversed (M1 =5.3 kg, M2 =4.24 kg), what
is the acceleration of the hanging mass?
The mass M1 =7 kg is pulled up the plane by the mass M2 =10

kg despite the friction between M1 and the plane. The kinetic
coefficient of friction is 0.29.
What is the magnitude of the normal force between M1 and
the plane?
Answer for Part: 11
-2.64744602146223 [-2.51507372038912,-2.77981832253534] You
Sig are
0 - correct.
15
Your receipt is 498-1218
What is the magnitude of the frictional force between
Unit: m/s^2
M1 and the plane that acts parallel to the plane?
Answer for Part: 13
37.9615360862502 [36.0634592819377,39.8596128905627] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: N
What
is
the
downwards
acceleration
of
M2 ?
Answer for Part: 15
-0.856807526827784 [-0.813967150486395,-0.899647903169173]
Unit: m/s^2

17
What is the tension in the rope between the two masses?

18

Answer for Part: 11
54.84 [52.10,57.58] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: N
Answer for Part: 13
15.90 [15.11,16.70] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: N
Answer for Part: 15
2.40 [2.28,2.52] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m/s^2
Answer for Part: 17
74.06 [70.36,77.76] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: N
A 6.5 kg object hangs at one end of a rope that is attached
to a support on a railroad car. When the car accelerates to
the right, the rope makes an angle of 4.0 degrees with the
vertical, as shown in the figure. Find the acceleration of the
car.
Answer for Part: 0
0.684 [0.650,0.719] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m/s^2
Consider the figure above, with M1 =151 and M2 =63.42.

What is the minimum static coefficient of friction necessary
to keep the block from slipping?
If M2 is replaced with a different mass, M3 , what mass M3
would allow M1 to slide at constant velocity if the kinetic
coefficient of friction is 0.21?
Answer for Part: 11
0.42 [0.399,0.441] Sig 0 - 15
Answer for Part: 13
31.71 [30.1245,33.2955] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: kg
A crate is pulled up using frictionless pulleys in the
manner shown in the figure.
The angle is 45 degrees. The
masses are, for the small pulley, m1 = 4.1 kg, for the
traveling pulley, M2 = 6.1
kg, and for the crate, MC =
38.8 kg.
What is the minimum tension with which the operator must
pull on the cable (assume the cable is of neglible mass) in
order to slowly raise the crate.
Answer for Part: 0
2.20E+02 [2.18E+02,2.23E+02] Sig 3 - 5
Unit: N

Set 5 Kinetic Energy Work and Power - due Sep 27
19

A cannon is placed on the edge of a 100-m tall cliff overlooking
the ocean. The cannon has a muzzle velocity v0 and can be
aimed at any angle with respect to the horizontal. Ignore
air resistance.
Choose from: True, False.
1. The range of the cannon will depend on v0 but not .
2. The kinetic energy of the projectile when it hits the
water will depend on v0 but not .
3. The kinetic energy of the projectile at its highest point
will depend on both v0 and .
4. The height of the trajectory will depend on v0 but not
.

20
An outfielder throws a 0.15-kg baseball at a speed of 37

m/s and an initial angle of 39 . What is the kinetic
energy of the ball at the highest point of its motion?
Answer for Part: 0
62.01 [58.91,65.11] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: J

Answer for Part: 0
False
True
True
False
A shopper in a supermarket pushes a cart at constant velocity with a force of 88 N directed at an angle of 25
downward from the horizontal. Find the work done by
the shopper as she moves down a 59-m length of aisle.
Answer for Part: 0
4705.6 [4470.3,4940.8] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: J
A 6.1-kg bowling ball moves at 3.3 m/s. How fast must a
2.45-g Ping-Pong ball move so that the two balls have the
same kinetic energy?
Answer for Part: 0
164.7 [156.4,172.9] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m/s
A 89-kg base runner begins his slide into second base when
moving at a speed of 5.5 m/s. The coefficient of friction
between his clothes and Earth is 0.61. He slides so that his
speed is zero just as he reaches the base. (a) How much
mechanical energy is lost due to friction acting on the runner?
How far does he slide?
Answer for Part: 11
1346.1 [1278.8,1413.4] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: J
Answer for Part: 13
2.53 [2.40,2.65] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m
A gymnast swings on the high bar as shown in the figure above. Starting from rest directly over the bar, he
swings around the bar while keeping his arms and legs outstretched. Treating the gymnast as though his entire mass
were concentrated at a point 1.05 m from the bar, determine his speed as he passes the lowest part of his trajectory.
Answer for Part: 0
6.42 [6.10,6.74] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m/s

21

22
Energy
A spring is compressed D = 5 cm
by a force which starts at 0 and
ends up at F = 16 N. How much
energy (in J) is stored?
A bead of mass m = 32.5 kg is released from point A which
is located 5 m above the ground and slides on the frictionless
track as shown in the figure. Determine the beads speed when
it reaches point C which is located 2.0 m above the ground.
Answer for Part: 0
7.67 [7.29,8.06] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m/s
Tarzan swings on a 30-m-long vine initially inclined at an
angle of 51 with the vertical.
What is his speed at the bottom of the swing if he starts from
rest?
starouttext / What is his speed at the bottom if he pushes
off with a speed of 3.7 m/s?
Answer for Part: 11
14.77 [14.03,15.51]
Unit: m/s
Answer for Part: 13
15.23 [14.47,15.99]
Unit: m/s
Three objects with masses, m1 = 2.5 kg, m2 = 5 kg, and

m3 = 7.5 kg, are attached by strings over frictionless pulleys as indicated in the figure. The horizontal surface is frictionless, and the system is released from rest. Using energy
concepts, find the speed of m3 after it moves down 0.89 m.
Answer for Part: 0
2.41 [2.29,2.53] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m/s
Hint:
This is an example of potential energy. You can either take
the average force, F/2, and multiply it by the distance, or
calculate k = F/x and then use 1/2 kx2 .
Solution:
The simplest way to proceed is to calculate the average force,
which is exactly 1/2 of the final value for the spring force.
Then we multiply by the displacement and get:
E = 0.5 (16 N) (5 cm)
= 0.4 J
Answer for Part: 0
0.40 [0.39,0.41]

23

24
How far does the skier glide along the horizontal portion of
the snow before coming to rest?
Answer for Part: 11
26.5 [25.1,27.8] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m/s
Answer for Part: 13
463.4 [440.2,486.5] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m
Water flows over a section of Niagara Falls at the rate of 1.3
x 106 kg/s and falls 50 m. How much power is generated by
the falling water?
Answer for Part: 0
6.38e+08 [6.06e+08,6.70e+08] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: W
The launching mechanism of a toy gun consists of a spring

of unknown spring constant, as shown in the left side of the
figure. If the spring is compressed a distance of 0.13 m and
the gun fired vertically as shown, the gun can launch a 15-g
projectile from rest to a maximum height of 29 m above the
starting point of the projectile. Neglect all resistive forces.
Determine the spring constant.
Determine the speed of the projectile as it moves through the
equilibrium position of the spring (where x = 0), as shown in
the right side of the figure.
Answer for Part: 11
505.0 [479.8,530.3] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: N/m
Answer for Part: 13
23.85 [22.66,25.05] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m/s
A skier of mass 77 kg starts from rest at the top of a hill that
is inclined at 13.5 with the horizontal. The hillside is 225
m long, and the coefficient of friction between snow and skis
is 0.077. At the bottom of the hill, the snow is level and the
coefficient of friction is unchanged.
What is the speed of the skier at the bottom of the hill?
An object is subject to a force F that varies with position as

in the figure above, where F0 =18 N. Find the work done by
the force on the object as it moves:
from x = 0.0 to x = 5.0 m.
from x = 5.0 to x = 10.0 m.
from x = 10.0 to x = 15.0 m.
Answer for Part: 11
45.00 [42.75,47.25] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: J
Answer for Part: 13
90.00 [85.50,94.50] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: J
Answer for Part: 15
45.00 [42.75,47.25] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: J

Set 6 Momentum and Collisions - due Oct 4
25

26
Due date: Sat 04 Oct 2003 11:00:01 PM EST
The mass m1 enters from the left with velocity v0 and strikes
a mass m2 > m1 which is initially at rest. The collision
between the blocks is perfectly elastic. The mass m2 then
compresses the spring an amount x.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Choose from: True, False, greater than, equal to,

less than.
Immediately after the collision, the energy of m2 is ......
the initial energy of m1 .
Immediately after the collision, the momentum of m2
is ....... the initial momentum of m1 .
The maximum energy stored in the spring is ...... the
initial energy of m1 .
Immediately after colliding with m2 , the mass m1 stops
and has zero velocity.

Answer for Part: 0
less than
greater than
less than
False
A pitcher claims he can throw a 0.145-kg baseball with as
much momentum as a 3.3-g bullet moving with a speed of
1.55 x 103 m/s.
What must the baseballs speed be if the pitchers claim is
valid?
With what speed must the pitcher throw the ball to equal
the kinetic energy of the bullet?
Answer for Part: 11
35.3 [33.5,37.0] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m/s
Answer for Part: 13
233.8 [222.1,245.5] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m/s
A stroboscopic photo of a club hitting a golf ball like that
shown in Figure 6.3 of the text was made by Harold Edgerton
in 1933 and revealed that the club was in contact with the
club for 0.002 s. Assume the ball was found to end up with a
speed of 63 m/s. Assuming that the golf ball had a mass of
55 g, find the average force exerted by the club on the ball.
Answer for Part: 0
1732.5 [1645.9,1819.1] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: N
The force shown in the force-time diagram above acts on a

2.3-kg object.
Find the impulse of the force.
Find the final velocity of the object if it is initially at rest.
Find the final velocity of the object if it is initially
moving along the x axis with a velocity of -2 m/s.
Answer for Part: 11
8.00 [7.60,8.40] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: N*s
Answer for Part: 13
3.48 [3.30,3.65] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m/s
Answer for Part: 15
1.48 [1.33,1.63] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m/s
An 7.1-g bullet is fired into a 290-g block that is initially at

rest at the edge of a table of height 0.93 m as illustrated in
the figure above. The bullet remains in the block, and after
the impact the block lands 2.15 m from the bottom of the
table.
What was the speed of the block (with bullet embedded) just
as it left the table?

What
was
the
initial
speed
of
27
the
bullet?

Answer for Part: 11
4.94 [4.69,5.18] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m/s
Answer for Part: 13
206.61 [196.28,216.95] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m/s
A 13-g bullet is fired horizontally into a 130-g wooden block
that is initially at rest on a frictionless horizontal surface
and connected to a spring having spring constant 155 N/m.
The bullet becomes embedded in the block. The bullet-block
system compresses the spring by a maximum amount 75 cm.
What was the kinetic energy of the block (with bullet embedded) just after the impact of the bullet? Assume the spring
had not yet moved substantially.
What was the initial velocity of the bullet?
Answer for Part: 11
43.59 [41.41,45.77] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: J
Answer for Part: 13
271.6 [258.0,285.2] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m/s
** A 4.7-g object moving to the right at 22 cm/s makes an
elastic head-on collision with a 9.4-g object that is initially
at rest.
What is the velocity of the 4.7-g mass after the collision?
What fraction of the initial kinetic energy was transferred to
the 9.4-g block?
Answer for Part: 11
-7.33 [-6.97,-7.70] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: cm/s
Answer for Part: 13
0.889 [0.844,0.933] Sig 0 - 15
A billiard ball rolling across a table to the right at 2.2 m/s
makes a head-on elastic collision with an identical ball. The
mass of a billiard ball is 36 g.
If the second ball is initially at rest, what is the velocity of
the first ball after the collision?
If the second ball is initially at rest, what is the velocity of the
second ball after the collision?
If the second ball is initially moving to the left with a velocity
of -1.1 m/s, what is the velocity of the first ball after the
collision?

28
If the second ball is initially moving to the left with a velocity

of -1.1 m/s, what is the velocity of the second ball after the
collision?
Answer for Part: 11
0.00 [-0.01,0.01] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m/s
Answer for Part: 13
2.20 [2.19,2.21] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m/s
Answer for Part: 15
-1.10 [-1.11,-1.09] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m/s
Answer for Part: 17
2.20 [2.19,2.21] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m/s
Bumper Cars
Walt and Wolfie collide in
bumper cars of mass 50 kg
each. Walt has a mass of 71
kg, and Wolfie has a mass of
84 kg.
Walt strikes Wolfie
from the rear at V = 5.2 m/s.
If the collision is elastic, and
Wolfie is initially at rest, what
is Wolfies speed after the collision (in m/s)?
Hint:
This is an elastic collision, with mass 2 (Wolfie) intially at
rest (V2 = 0).
Solution:
In our formula for elastic collisions, we are looking for v4 .
Since v2 = 0 here, we get:
v4 = [2m1 /(m1 +m2 )] v1
= [2(71+50)/(71+50+84+50)] 5.2 m/s
= 4.93490196078431 m/s.
Please note: the masses m1 and m2 are not just the masses
of Walt and Wolfie, but in each case you need to add 50 kg,
the mass of their bumper cars.
Answer for Part: 0
4.935 [4.836,5.034]

Asteroid
29
An 11 kg asteroid is traveling through space with

velocity v = 100 m/s
when it breaks up into
three equal pieces. One
piece is left at rest, and a
second one continues with
same velocity. What was
the energy of the explosion (in Joules.)
Hint:
This is a lot like the example of the exploding bomb.
Momentum must be conserved. So there is only one solution
possible for the velocity of the third piece. Add the three
final energies and subtract the initial energy.
Solution:
The velocity of the third piece turns out to be twice the original velocity of the asteroid (from momentum conservation).
Initial kinetic energy:
KEi = M v2 / 2
Final kinetic energy:
KEf = (M/3) v2 / 2 + (M/3) (2v)2 / 2
= (5/3) M v2 / 2
Energy of the explosion = KEf - KEi
= (5/3) M v2 / 2 - M v2 / 2
= M v2 / 3 = 11 a 1002 / 3 J
= 36666.6666666667 J
Answer for Part: 0
36666.667 [34833.333,38500.000]

Set 7 Circular motion - due Oct 11
30

A wheel has a radius of 4.5 m. How far (path length) does
a point on the circumference travel if the wheel is rotated
through angles of :
23 ?
23 radians?
23 revolutions?
Answer for Part: 11
1.81 [1.72,1.90] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m
Answer for Part: 13
103.50 [98.33,108.67] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m
Answer for Part: 15
650.31 [617.79,682.83] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m
A potters wheel moves from rest to an angular speed of 0.47
rev/s in 35 s. Find its angular acceleration in radians per
second per second.
Answer for Part: 11
0.084 [0.080,0.089] Sig 0 - 15
A car is traveling with a velocity of 21 m/s on a straight
horizontal highway. The wheels of the car have a radius of
50 cm. If the car then speeds up with an acceleration of 1.9
m/s2 for 6.5 s, find the number of revolutions of the wheels
during this period.
Answer for Part: 11
56.23 [53.41,59.04] Sig 0 - 15
The diameters of the main rotor and tail rotor of a singleengine helicopter are 14.4 m and 2.18 m, respectively. The respective rotational speeds are 450 rev/min and 4170 rev/min.
What is the speed of the tip of the large rotor? Give answer as a fraction of the speed of sound, vsound = 343 m/s.
What is the speed of the tip of the small rotor? Give answer as a fraction of the speed of sound, vsound = 343 m/s.
Answer for Part: 11
0.99 [0.94,1.04] Sig 0 - 15
Answer for Part: 13
1.39 [1.32,1.46] Sig 0 - 15
As noted in Conceptual Question 11 of the text, it has been
suggested that rotating cylinders about 22 km long and 11 km
in diameter be placed in space and used as colonies. What angular speed must such a cylinder have so that the centripetal
acceleration at its surface equals the free-fall acceleration on
Earth? Give answer in revolutions per second.

31

32
Acceleration

Answer for Part: 11
6.72e-03 [6.39e-03,7.06e-03] Sig 0 - 15
Consider twins named Bert and Ernie who are visiting a star
named Alpha Sesame. Bert is at a distance r from the star
while Ernie is located a distance 3r. Both Bert and Ernie are
stationary, i.e. they are not orbiting the star. Big Bird flies
by Bert in a space ship which is in a circular orbit around
Alpha Sesame.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Choose from: True, False.

The gravitional force that Bert feels is 3 times larger
than the gravitational force Ernie feels.
Big Birds acceleration is zero.
If Bert were to let go of whatever was holding him in
place, he would experience an identical acceleration to
that of Big Bird.
If Big Bird were to step on a bathroom scale in the
spaceship, the scale would register zero.
If Bert and Ernie would step on bathroom scales, Berts
weight would be 9 times larger Ernies.

Answer for Part: 0
False
False
True
True
True
A 57-kg ice skater is moving at 4.5 m/s when she grabs the
loose end of a rope, the opposite end of which is tied to a
pole. She then moves in a circle of radius 0.75 m around the
pole. What is the tension in the rope?
Answer for Part: 11
1.54e+03 [1.46e+03,1.62e+03] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: N
A runner is running on a circular track, which is 200 m in

circumference. Find the magnitude of his acceleration in m/s2
when he is running at a constant speed of 10.3 m/s.
Hint:
You need to find R, the radius of the circular motion. Since
the circumference is 2p times the radius, R is the circumference divided by 2p
Then the centripetal acceleration is just v2 /R.
Solution
The centripetal acceleration for this motion is:
ac = v2 / (200 m / 2p)
= 3.33291564619341 m/s2
Answer for Part: 0
3.333 [3.166,3.500]
Radius of Curvature
A train has a speed of V = 124.2 km/h. If the acceleration

experienced by the passengers is to be less than 0.15 g, find
the smallest radius of curvature R (in m) acceptable for the
track.
g = 9.81 m/s2
Hint:
Convert V into m/s and set the centripetal acceleration to
be equal to the maximum acceleration experienced by the
passengers.
Solution:
We have from the problem:
ac = 0.15 g
With
ac = v 2 / R
we can set these two equal and solve for R:
R = v2 / (0.15 g)
= (124.2 km/h / 3.6)2 / (0.15 9.81 m/s2 )
= 808.868501529052 m
Answer for Part: 0
808.87 [792.69,825.05]

33
Radius of Curvature 2
A crate of mass 161 kg is loaded

onto the back of a flatbed truck.
The coefficient of static friction
between the box and the truck
bed is 0.52. What is the smallest radius of curvature (in m)
that the truck can take, if the
speed with which it is going
around a circle is 32 m/s?
Hint:
The force of friction is mmg, and the centripetal acceleration
times the mass should be set equal the force of friction.
Solution:
Fc = m v 2 / R = m m g
=> R = v2 / (m g)
= (32 m/s)2 / (0.52 9.81 m/s2 )
= 200.737081471026 m
Answer for Part: 0
200.737 [190.700,210.774]
Speed
Consider the conical pendulum, a mass on the end
of a string, with the other
end of the string fixed to
the ceiling. Given the
proper push, this pendulum can swing in a circle at an angle of 31.5o
with respect to the vertical, maintaining the same
height throughout its motion.
If the mass of
the pendulum M is 9.8
kg, and the length of the
string L is 0.7 m, what is
the speed (in m/s) of the
mass as it swings?
Hint:
Radially: Tasinq = mv2 / R
Vertically: Tacosq = mg
Geometry: R = Lasinq
Solve for v
Solution:
Eliminate T from the first two equations by solving the first
equation for T and inserting into the second one. This results
in:
tanqagaR = v
Now insert R from the 3rd equation and obtain for v:

v = (tanqagaLasinq)1/2
= (tan(31.5) a 9.81 m/s2 a 0.7 m a sin(31.5))
= 1.48281077148396 m/s
Answer for Part: 0
1.483 [1.409,1.557]
1/2

34

Minimum Height
Lets design a roller coaster. It should consist of a long ramp

leading into a loop. The loop should have a radius r of 7.1 m.
The cars have a mass M of 188 kg. Assuming that friction
can be neglected here, what should be the minimum height h
of the ramp (in m) with respect to the bottom of the loop so
that the cars dont fall off the track at the top of the loop?
Hint:
The total mechanical energy is conserved in this problem.
When it is released from rest, the car has 0 kinetic energy
and only potential energy, m g h. When it is at the top of
the loop, it has kinetic energy, 1/2 mv2 , and potential energy,
m g 2r. Equating the energies at these two points allows you
to solve for v.
In order for the car not to fall off the track at the top, the
centripetal force (m times the centripetal acceleration) has to
at least equal the weight,
mv2 /r = mg
Solution:
From the conservation of total mechanical energy, we know
that the square of the velocity of the car at the top is
v2 = 2g(h-2r)
because the change in height is h-2r. (By the way, if you
cannot derive this result yourself, then you really should go
back and read the writeup on conservation of total mechanical
energy).
One the other hand, we also have from the 2nd equation in
the hint:
v2 = rg
Combining the two last equations results in:
rg = 2g(h-2r)
=> h = 2.5r
= 2.57.1 m
= 17.75 m
Answer for Part: 0
17.750 [16.863,18.637]

35
Height

36
Briggies Orbit
The year is 2115. There is a high

jump competition on planet Mars.
An athlete of mass 72.8 kg who has
been clearing a height of 2.37 m on
Earth just the week before is competing here. What is the height this athlete can expect to clear in this competition?
Relevant data:
Mass of Mars = 6.42 1023 kg
Mass of Earth = 6.00 1024 kg
Radius of Mars = 3.40 103 km
Radius of Earth = 6.38 103 km
Hint:
The force of gravity on the surface of a planet is proportional
to the mass of the planet and inversely proportional to the
square of the radius of the planet.
The height to which the athlete can jump is inversely proportional to the force of gravity by the work energy theorem.
Solution:
The work that the athlete can do is a function of the conditioning of the athlete and will not change from one week to
the other. This work is:
W = Fah (= force a height) = m M h / R2
Writing this equation for Earth and Mars, and realizing that
the work is the same, we get:
m M e he / R e 2 = m M m hm / R m 2
=> hm = he a (Me / Mm ) a (Rm / Re )2 = 6.2837027027027
m
Answer for Part: 0
6.284 [5.970,6.598]
Some asteroid named Briggie has been discovered revolving

around the Sun on a circular orbit with radius 3.8 times the
radius of the Earths orbit around the Sun (which is about
149.6 million kilometers). Knowing that it takes the Earth 1
year to complete a revolution, how many years does it take
for Briggie?
Hint:
Keplers third law:
T2 = kr3 ,
where k is a constant that is the same for all planets in the
solar system (and all asteroids and comets, too).
Solution:
Use Keplers law for Earth and Briggie. Then you get:
TE 2 / rE 3 = T B 2 / rB 3
=> TB = TE (rB / rE )3/2
= 1 year (3.8)3/2
= 7.40756370205481 years
Answer for Part: 0
7.408 [7.037,7.778]

37
Angular Acceleration
A 331 /3 rpm record drops onto
a turntable and accelerates up
to speed in 0.6 seconds. What
is its angular acceleration, , in
radians/s2 during this time?
Hint:
This is exactly like like the motion in 1 dimension problems,
except it is angular motion.
It is analogous to v = v0 + at, only now the angular velocity
changes in time:
w = w0 + at
You have to convert rpm (revolutions per minute) into radians
per second.
Solution:
Convert w to radians:
w = (33.33 revolution / minute) (1 minute / 60 s) ( 2p
radians / 1 revolution)
Then calculating a is easy:
a=w/t
= 2p 33.33 / (60 0.6) radians / s2 = 5.8171823968971
radians / s2
Answer for Part: 0
5.817 [5.701,5.934]

What is the speed of the puck?

Answer for Part: 11
7.11e+00 [6.76e+00,7.47e+00] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: N
Answer for Part: 13
5.07e+00 [4.82e+00,5.33e+00] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m/s
**An object is placed directly between a large planet and a
star. Find the distance from the planet for which the net
gravitational force exerted by the planet and by the star on
this object is zero.
DATA:
Mstar
= 2.10e+30 kg, Mplanet
= 7.70e+25 kg,
Dplanettostar = 1.50e+11; m.
Answer for Part: 11
9.028e+08 [8.577e+08,9.480e+08] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m
A satellite orbits the sun at a radius of 2.9 times the radius
of Earths orbit. What is the period of the orbit? Give your
answer in years.
Answer for Part: 11
4.94e+00 [4.69e+00,5.19e+00] Sig 0 - 15
** Neutron stars are extremely dense objects that are formed
from the remnants of supernova explosions. Many rotate very
rapidly. Suppose that the mass of a certain spherical neutron
star is 1.7 times the mass of the Sun and its radius is 18.7 km.
Determine the greatest possible angular speed it can have so
that the matter at the surface of the star on its equator is just
held in orbit by the gravitational force. Give your answer in
revolutions per second.
DATA: Msun = 1.992 1030 kg.
Answer for Part: 11
9.35e+02 [8.88e+02,9.82e+02] Sig 0 - 15
An air puck of mass 0.29 kg is tied to a string and allowed to

revolve in a circle of radius 1.05 m on a frictionless horizontal
table. The other end of the string passes through a hole in
the center of the table, and a mass of 0.725 kg is tied to it
as shown above. The suspended mass remains in equilibrium
while the puck on the tabletop revolves.
What is the tension in the string?
38

39

Set 8 Rotation - due Oct 20
40
Due date: Mon 20 Oct 2003 11:00:01 PM EST

If the torque required to loosen a nut that is holding a flat tire
in place on a car has a magnitude of 41 N*m, what minimum
force must be exerted by the mechanic at the end of a 24-cm
lug wrench to accomplish the task?
Answer for Part: 11
1.71e+02 [1.62e+02,1.79e+02] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: N
In a popular amusement park ride, a rotating cylinder of radius 2.95 m is set in rotation at an angular speed of 0.35
revolutions per second, as seen above. The floor then drops
away, leaving the riders suspended against the wall in a vertical position. What minimum coefficient of friction between a
riders clothing and the wall is needed to keep the rider from
slipping?
Answer for Part: 11
6.88e-01 [6.53e-01,7.22e-01] Sig 0 - 15
As part of a physical therapy program following a knee operation, a 12.5-kg object is attached to an ankle and leg lifts
are done as sketched in the figure above.
What is the torque exerted by the knee when the weight is a
the 30-degree angle shown above?
Answer for Part: 11
2.45e+01 [2.33e+01,2.58e+01] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: N*m
Answer for Part: 13
4.25e+01 [4.04e+01,4.46e+01] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: N*m
Answer for Part: 15
4.90e+01 [4.66e+01,5.15e+01] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: N*m

41
The arm shown above weighs 47.5 N. The force of gravity

acting on the arm acts through point A.
Determine the magnitudes of the tension force Ft in the deltoid muscle.
Find the magnitude of the force Fs exerted by the shoulder
on the humerus (upper-arm bone) to hold the arm in the
position shown.
Answer for Part: 11
8.28e+02 [7.87e+02,8.70e+02] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: N
Answer for Part: 13
8.20e+02 [7.79e+02,8.61e+02] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: N
A hungry 980-N bear walks out on a beam in an attempt to

retrieve some goodies hanging at the end as shown above.
The beam is uniform, weighs 280 N, and is 7 m long. The
goodies weigh 98 N.
When the bear is at x=1.05 m, what is the tension in the
blue support wire?

42
If the maximum tension that the wire can sustain is 784 N,

what is the maximum distance xmax that the bear may walk
before the wire breaks?
Answer for Part: 11
3.85e+02 [3.66e+02,4.04e+02] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: N
Answer for Part: 13
3.90e+00 [3.71e+00,4.09e+00] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m
** A 25-kg floodlight in a park is supported at the end of

a horizontal beam of mass 5 kg that is hinged to a pole, as
shown in the figure above. A cable at an angle of 30 with
the beam helps to support the light.
What is the tension in the cable?
What is the magnitude of the force between the two poles at
the point where they intersect?
Answer for Part: 11
5.40e+02 [5.13e+02,5.67e+02] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: N
Answer for Part: 13
4.68e+02 [4.45e+02,4.91e+02] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: N

43

44
An antique bicycle wheel has a diameter of 63 cm and a mass

of 1.8 kg. Assume that the wheel is a hoop with all the mass
concentrated on the outside radius. The bicycle is placed on
a stationary stand so that one can easily spin the wheel.
What is the moment of inertia of the wheel?
Four objects are held in position at the corners of a rectangle by light rods as shown above. DATA: MA =3, MB =2,
MC =4, MD =2.
Find the moment of inertia about the x axis.
Find the moment of inertia about
the
axis.

Find the moment of inertia about an axis through
the origin which is perpendicular to the x-y plane.
What torque would be necessary to induce an angular acceleration of 2.5 revolutions per second squared about the x
axis?
Answer for Part: 11
9.90e+01 [9.40e+01,1.04e+02] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: kg*m^2
Answer for Part: 13
4.40e+01 [4.18e+01,4.62e+01] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: kg*m^2
Answer for Part: 15
1.43e+02 [1.36e+02,1.50e+02] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: kg*m^2
Answer for Part: 17
1.56e+03 [1.48e+03,1.63e+03] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: N*m

What force must be applied by a chain passing over a 9.5-cmdiameter sprocket in order to give the wheel an acceleration
of 5.2 revolutions/s2 ?
What force must be applied by a chain passing over a smaller
sprocket of 4.75 cm in order to give the wheel the same acceleration of 5.2 revolutions/s2 ?
Answer for Part: 11
1.79e-01 [1.70e-01,1.88e-01] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: kg*m^2
Answer for Part: 13
1.23e+02 [1.17e+02,1.29e+02] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: N
Answer for Part: 15
2.46e+02 [2.33e+02,2.58e+02] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: N
A solid 11-kg cylinder rolls without slipping on a rough surface. At an instant when its center of gravity has a speed of
5.4 m/s. Determine:
the kinetic energy due to the motion of the center-of-mass.
(ignoring rotation)
** the kinetic energy due to rotation of the block about its
center-or-mass.
** the total kinetic energy.
Answer for Part: 11
1.60e+02 [1.52e+02,1.68e+02] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: J
Answer for Part: 13
8.02e+01 [7.62e+01,8.42e+01] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: J
Answer for Part: 15
2.41e+02 [2.29e+02,2.53e+02] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: J
The net work done in accelerating a propeller from rest to
an angular speed of 38 revolutions/s is 3100 J. What is the
moment of inertia of the propeller?
Answer for Part: 11
1.09e-01 [1.03e-01,1.14e-01] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: kg*m^2
A car is designed to get its energy from a rotating flywheel
with a radius of 2.15 m and a mass of 500 kg. The flywheel
can be considered as a uniform thin cylinder. Before a trip,
the flywheel is attached to an electric motor, which brings
the flywheels rotational speed up to 4600 rev/min.

45

46
What is the kinetic energy stored in the flywheel?

If the flywheel is to supply energy to the car as would a 10hp motor, find the length of time the car could run before
the flywheel would have to be brought back up to speed.
Answer for Part: 11
1.34e+08 [1.27e+08,1.41e+08] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: J
Answer for Part: 13
1.80e+04 [1.71e+04,1.89e+04] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: s
Halleys comet moves about the Sun in an elliptical orbit,
with its closest approach to the Sun being 0.59 A.U. and its
greatest distance being 35 A.U. (1 A.U. = Earth-Sun distance). If the comets speed at closest approach is 54 km/s,
what is its speed when it is farthest from the Sun in km/s?
You may neglect any change in the comets mass.
Answer for Part: 11
9.10e-01 [8.65e-01,9.56e-01] Sig 0 - 15
A playground merry-go-round of radius R = 2.05 m has a
moment of inertia I = 250 kg*m2 and is rotating at 9 rev/min
about a frictionless vertical axle. Facing the axle, a 24-kg
child hops onto the merry-go-round, and manages to sit down
on the edge.
What is the moment of inertia of the merry-go-round with
the child included?
What is the new angular speed of the merry-go-round in
rev/min?
Answer for Part: 11
3.51e+02 [3.33e+02,3.68e+02] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: kg*m^2
Answer for Part: 13
6.41e+00 [6.09e+00,6.73e+00] Sig 0 - 15
The puck in the figure has a mass of 0.14 kg. Its original
distance from the center of rotation is 35 cm, and the puck
is moving with a speed of 90 cm/s in a circle. The string is
pulled downward until the center of rotation has moved to
r=14 cm. The table is effectively frictionless.
What is the original angular momentum of the puck?
What is the angular momentum after the puck has moved to
r=0.14?
What
is
the
original
moment
of
inertia?
What is the moment of inertia after the puck has reached
r=0.14?
How much work was done in pulling the string?
Answer for Part: 11
4.41e-02 [4.19e-02,4.63e-02] Sig 0 Unit: kg*m*m/s
Answer for Part: 13
4.41e-02 [4.19e-02,4.63e-02] Sig 0 Unit: kg*m*m/s
Answer for Part: 15
1.71e-02 [1.63e-02,1.80e-02] Sig 0 Unit: kg*m*m
Answer for Part: 17
2.74e-03 [2.61e-03,2.88e-03] Sig 0 Unit: kg*m*m
Answer for Part: 19
2.98e-01 [2.83e-01,3.13e-01] Sig 0 Unit: J
15
15
15
15
15

Set 9 Solids, Liquids and Gases - due Nov 1
47

48
Due date: Sat 01 Nov 2003 11:00:01 PM EST

Wire Stretch
A mass of 42 kg is suspended from a steel

wire of diameter 0.5 mm and length 2.5
m. How much does the wire stretch in
mm? Youngs modulus for steel is 2.0 x
1011 N/m2 .
Hint:
This is a tensile stress problem that uses Youngs Modulus.
Dont forget to convert the diameter to meters, and the answer to mm.
Solution:
The stress is here:
F/A = m g / A
The area is circular:
A = p d2 / 4
Since:
A stainless steel orthodontic wire is applied to a tooth, as

shown in the figure above. The wire has an unstretched length
of 3.1 cm and a diameter of 0.22 mm. The wire is stretched
0.1 mm. Youngs modulus for stainless steel is 1.80e+11 Pa.
What is the tension in the wire?
What is the magnitude of the force on the tooth due
to the wires?
Disregard the width of the tooth.
Answer for Part: 11
2.21e+01 [2.10e+01,2.32e+01] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: N
Answer for Part: 13
2.21e+01 [2.10e+01,2.32e+01] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: N
Bouyant Force
F/A = Y DL / L
we get:
DL = L m g / (A Y) = L M g / (p d2 / 4 Y)
= 26.1996 mm
Answer for Part: 0
26.200 [24.890,27.510]
The heels on a pair of womens shoes have radii of 0.4 cm at
the bottom. 30% of the weight of a woman of mass 59 kg is
supported by each heel.
Find the force in each heel?
Find
the
tensile
stress
in
each
heel.
Answer for Part: 11
1.74e+02 [1.65e+02,1.82e+02] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: N
Answer for Part: 13
3.45e+06 [3.28e+06,3.63e+06] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: Pa
For safety in climbing, a mountaineer uses a nylon rope that
is 40 m long and 1 cm in diameter. When supporting a 84-kg
climber, the rope elongates 1.7 m. Find its Youngs modulus.
Answer for Part: 11
2.47e+08 [2.35e+08,2.59e+08] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: Pa
What is the buoyant force in N on a 3.1

m3 helium balloon in air at standard conditions? The density of air is 1.3 kg/m3 .
Hint:
According to Archimedes you only need to know the weight
of the air displaced.
Solution:
The buoyant force is
F = rair V g
= (1.3 kg/m3 ) (3.1 m3 ) (9.81 m/s2 )
= 39.5343 N
Answer for Part: 0
39.534 [37.558,41.511]

49
Minimum Force

50
Change in Volume
A syringe with a plunger of diameter 2.2 cm is attached to a

hypodermic needle with a diameter of 2.7 mm. What minimum force (in N) must be applied to the plunger to inject
into a vein where the pressure is 11 torr.
Hint:
Remember Pascals Principle. The pressure is transmitted to
all points. So F/A in the plunger must be the pressure in the
vein.
Dont forget that 760 torr = 1 atm = 1.01105 N/m2
Solution:
The relation between pressure and force is:
p=F/A
(p = pressure, F = force, A = area)
Since we exert force on the plunger, the area relevant here is
A = p d2 / 4 = p (2.2 cm)2 / 4
What is the change in volume (in cubic meters) of a quantity of sea water
at a depth of 880 m, if its volume was
1 cubic meter at the ocean surface?
Hint: The density of sea water is 1070
kg/m3 , and the bulk modulus is 2.3
109 N/m2 . Dont forget the sign!
Hint:
You need to use the pressure-depth relation and treat it as
volume stress.
The pressure at the surface is one atmosphere.
Solution:
Solve the definition of the bulk modulus,
B= -V0 (Dp / DV)
for the change in volume:
=> DV = - V0 Dp / B
Now we insert the change in pressure from the pressure-depth
relationship:
Dp = rgh
So we get for the force:

F = p A = (11 torr) p (2.2 cm)2 / 4
= (11 torr) (1.01105 N/m2 / 760 torr) p (2.2102 m)2 / 4
= 0.5558256 N
Answer for Part: 0
0.5558 [0.5280,0.5836]
Thus we get:
DV = - V0 r g h / B
= - (1 m3 ) (1.07a103 km/m3 ) (9.81 m/s2 ) (880 m) /
(2.3a109 N/m2 )
= -0.00401612869565217 m3
Answer for Part: 0
-4.02e-03 [-3.82e-03,-4.22e-03]

51

A piece of moon rock reads 19.2

grams on a scale when in air, but
12.4 grams in alcohol (specific gravity = 0.79). What is the density of
the moon rock in kg/m3 ?
Hint:
Classic Archimedes Principle case.
Careful with the units.
specific gravity of 0.79 means 790 kg/m3
Solution:
We know the weight of the moon rock. Since the scale we
are using indicated the result in grams, this measurement for
weight is also the mass:

Answer for Part: 11
0.107 [0.101,0.112] Sig 0 - 15
52
Density
m = 19.2 gram
In alcohol, the forces acting on the rock are not jsut gravity,
but also the buoyont force
(12.4 gram) g = (19.2 gram) g - ralcohol V g
We can solve this for the voolume and get:
V = (19.2 - 12.4) gram / ralcohol
Now, if we divide the mass by the volume, we get the density
of the moon rock:
rmoonrock = ralcohol 19.2 / (19.2 - 12.4) = 790 kg/m3 19.2
/ (19.2 - 12.4)
= 2230.58823529412 kg/m3
Answer for Part: 0
2.23e+03 [2.12e+03,2.34e+03]
If 1.0 cubic meters of concrete weighs 5.00e+04 N, what is
the height of the tallest cylindrical concrete pillar that will
not collapse under its own weight? The compression strength
of concrete (the maximum pressure that can be exerted on
the base of the structure) is 1.70e+07 Pa.
Answer for Part: 11
3.40e+02 [3.23e+02,3.57e+02] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m
Water is to be pumped to the top of the Empire State Building, which is 1200 ft high. What gauge pressure is needed in
the water line at the base of the building to raise the water
to this height?
Answer for Part: 11
3.59e+06 [3.41e+06,3.77e+06] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: Pa
The density of ice is 920 kg/m3, and that of sea water is 1030
kg/m3. What fraction of the total volume of an iceberg is
exposed?
** A jet of water squirts out horizontally from a hole near

the bottom of the tank as shown in the figure above and hits
the ground a horizontal distance 52 cm from the tank. The
hole in the tank lies a height Hf all =0.99 m above the floor.
What is the height h of the water level in the tank?
Answer for Part: 11
6.83e-02 [6.49e-02,7.17e-02] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m

Net Force
53
What is the net force (in Newtons)

on a window looking into a swimming
pool at a depth of 9 meters. The window is 0.2 by 0.2 meters.
One word of explanation: Here we use
net force to indicate the difference
between the inside force from the water pressure and outside force from
the air pressure. That net force is,
of course balanced by another force
on the window, that which the surrounding walls are exerting on it. The
force from the walls on the window
has to exactly balance the net force
that we want you to calculate, so that
the true net force is 0 - as it must for
the window to remain at rest.
Hint:
Net force is the difference between the two sides of the window. Outside it is one atm, and inside one atm + rgh, from
the pressure-depth relation.
Solution:
As noted above, the pressure difference between inside and
outside is
p=rgh
We also know that pressure is Force / area:

54
Force
How much force (in Newtons) does it

take to hold a 77 kg man completely
under water in the ocean? His density
is 927 kg/m3 , and the specific gravity
of sea water is 1.07.
Hint:
Buoyant force is greater than the weight:
B.F. = Weight + Force Down
Solution:
We know the mass of the man, 77 kg. Thus his weight is
W = m g = (77 kg) (9.81 m/s2 ) = 755.37 N
The buoyant force is:
B.F. = V rwater g = (m / rman ) rwater g =
871.894174757282 N
The difference is our result:
Force Down = B.F. - Weight
= 871.894174757282 N - 755.37 N
= 116.524174757282 N
Answer for Part: 0
116.524 [110.698,122.350]
Velocity
p=F/A
Combine both and solve for F:
F=rghA
= (1000 kg/m3 ) (9.81 m/s2 ) (9 m) [(0.2 m)(0.2 m)]
= 3531.6 N
Answer for Part: 0
3.53e+03 [3.36e+03,3.71e+03]
A tube carries water on the level in a nonturbulent flow condition. The flow, F, is 0.11 104 m3 /s. What is the velocity
of the water in m/s when it crosses a part of the tube which
has a diameter, D, of 5.3 cm?
Hint:
In fluid dynamics for an incompressible fluid, flow is velocity
times area.
Solution:
Since the flow is specified, and flow is the product of velocity
and area, we simply have to divide the flow by the area to
get the velocity:
v = Flow / Area = (0.11a104 m3 /s) / (p (5.3a102 m)2 /4)
= 0.00498598611323844 m/s
Answer for Part: 0
4.99e-03 [4.74e-03,5.24e-03]

Time
55
SAE no. 10 oil has a viscosity of 0.2

Pa s. How long (in sec) would it take
to pour 1 liters of oil through a funnel
with a neck 18 cm long and 2.5 cm in
diameter. Assume that it is poured in
such a way that the oil level is kept
just above the top of the tube.
Hint: The specific gravity (= ratio of
its density to that of water) of the oil
is 0.70.
Hint:
Use Poiseuilles law.

The pressure difference is given by
Dp = rgL
1000 liter = 1 m3 = 106 cm3
Solution:
You can calculate the pressure difference
Dp = rgL
= (700 kg/m3 )a(9.91 m/s2 )a(18a102 m)
The flow rate is given by Poiseuilles law:
Q = p r4 Dp / (8 h L)
And the time it takes for the oil to flow through is the volume
of the oil divided by the flow rate:
t = V / Q = 8 V h L / (p r4 Dp)
3
= 8 (1a10 m3 ) a 0.2 a (18a102 m) / [p (0.5a2.5a102
m)4 aDp]
= 3.04092663279022 s
Answer for Part: 0
3.04e+00 [2.89e+00,3.19e+00]

56
Ratio of Flow Rates
Two tubes carry the same incompressible fluid with viscosity

1.5 Pl. They have lengths L1 = 17 and L2 = 30 m and
diameters d1 = 1.3 and d2 = 4.8 cm. What is the ratio of
their flow rates F1 /F2 ?
Hint:
Use Poiseuilles law.
Since the problem asks for a ratio, you dont have to convert
any units or use the viscosity.
Solution:
According to Poisseuilles Law, the flow rate is proportional to
the forth power of the radius (and with it also the forth power
of the diameter), and inversely proportional to the length. We
thus get for the ratio of the two flow rates:
ratio = F1 /F2 = (L2 /L1 )(d1 /d2 )4
= (30/17)(1.3/4.8)4
= 0.00949469007438045
Answer for Part: 0
0.009 [0.009,0.010]

Set 10 Temperature - due Nov 8
57

Contract
How much (in m) does a concrete slab
on the Mackinac Bridge 215 m long
contract when going from 35 to -15
degrees C?
The linear expansion coefficient is
105 per C.
Hint:
Thermal expansion with units in meters.
Solution:
From the formula for thermal expansion, we get:
DL = a L (T2 - T1 )
= (105 / C) (215 m) (35 C - (-15 C))
= -0.1075 m
However, when we ask how much does it contract?, then
we expect a positive answer. Thus the correct answer should
be the absolute value of this result, 0.1075 m.
Answer for Part: 0
1.07e-01 [1.02e-01,1.13e-01]
Temperature
At what temperature (K)

does the average KE of a
molecule in an ideal gas
equal 9.7 1021 J?
Hint:
use the kinetic theory defintion of temperature:
KE = 3/2 k T
k = 1.38a1023 J/K
Solution:
Solve the above equation for T:
T = 2 KE / (3 k)
= 2 (9.7a1021 J) / (3 a 1.38a1023 J/K)
= 468.599033816425 K
Answer for Part: 0
468.60 [445.17,492.03]

58
Surface Rise
A can of gasoline has a rectangular base
with dimensions of 11.5 cm by 12 cm.
If there is 0.6 liters of gasoline in the
can, how much does the surface of the
gasoline rise (in mm) in the can when
the temperature is raised by 25 C.
The coefficient for volume expansion of
gasoline is 9.5 104 / C.
Hint:
Please read up on the thermal expansion for a liquid.
The fractional change in height is the same as the fractional
change in volume.
The change in volume is the same as the area of the bottom
of the container times the change in height:
DV = A a D h
One more thing: 1 mL = 1 cm 3
Solution:
The formula for volume expansion is:
DV = g V DT
Using the hint equation we get by combining the two:
g V DT = A a D h
=> D h = g V DT / A
= (9.5a104 /C) a (0.6 L) a (25 C) / (12 cm a 11.5 cm)
= 1.03260869565217 mm
Answer for Part: 0
1.033 [0.981,1.084]
For each of the following temperatures, find the equivalent
temperature on the indicated temperature scale:
-273.15 C on the Fahrenheit scale
98.6 F on the Celsius scale
100 C on the Fahrenheit scale
Answer for Part: 11
-459.7 [-436.7,-482.7] Sig 0 - 15
Answer for Part: 13
37.00 [35.15,38.85] Sig 0 - 15
Answer for Part: 15
212.0 [201.4,222.6] Sig 0 - 15
The New River Gorge bridge in West Virginia is a 518-mlong steel arch. How much will its length change between
temperature extremes of -25 C and 40 C?
DATA: The coefficient of linear expansion for steel is =1.1e05.
Answer for Part: 11
3.70e-01 [3.52e-01,3.89e-01] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m

59
A tank having a volume of 0.11 m3 contains helium gas at 140

atm. How many balloons can the tank completely fill if each
filled balloon is a sphere 30 cm in diameter at an absolute
pressure of 1.2 atm?
Answer for Part: 11
907 [862,952] Sig 0 - 15
A spherical weather balloon is designed to expand to a maximum radius of 21 m when in flight at its working altitude
where the air pressure is 0.031 atm and the temperature is
185 K. If the balloon is filled at atmospheric pressure at 300
K, what is its radius at lift-off?
Answer for Part: 11
7.75 [7.36,8.14] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m
Pressure
A constant volume gas thermometer has a

pressure of 3070 Pa at 28 C. What would the
pressure be for -41 C (in Pa)?
Hint:
The pressure is proportional to the Kelvin temperature for a
constant volume gas thermometer.
Solution:
For a constant volume, we have p/T = constant. Therefore
we can write:
p1 /T1 = p2 /T2 => p2 = p1 T2 /T1
Putting in the numbers:
p2 = (3070 Pa) (273.15 + -41 K) / (273.15 + 28 K)
= 2366.59638054126 Pa
Answer for Part: 0
2.37e+03 [2.25e+03,2.48e+03]

60
Number of Moles
2 liters of Nitrogen at 138 C and 1 atmospheres contain how many moles?
Hint:
Use the ideal gas law, with R = 0.0821 Latm/molK.
Solution:
The ideal gas law states:
pV=nRT
and n is the number of moles. We solve this for n:
n = p V / (R T)
= (1 atm) (2 L) / ((0.0821 Latm/molK) (138+273.15 K)
= 0.0592497529655612
Answer for Part: 0
5.92e-02 [5.63e-02,6.22e-02]
Moles of Gas
A gas cylinder of volume 30 liters contains an
ideal gas at temperature 27 C and pressure
1900 kPa. Some of the gas leaks, until the
pressure falls to 1325 kPa. How many moles
of gas leaked, assuming that the temperature
remains constant during this process?
Hint:
You can use the ideal gas law to figure out the original number of moles at the higher pressure. Then you can use the
same law to figure out the number of moles at the lower pressure. The difference between the two answers is the number
of moles that leaked.
Solution:
From the ideal gas law, we get:
n = p V / (R T)
=> Dn = Dp V / (R T)
= (1900 - 1325 kPa) (30 L) / ((8.31 J/molK) (300 K))
= 6.9193742478941
Answer for Part: 0
6.919 [6.573,7.265]

61
Average Speed
A gas contains NO2 molecules at 39 C. What
is the average speed of the molecules in m/s?
The mass of a N02 molecule is 1.53 1026 kg.
Hint:
Please read up on kinetic theory.
Use k = 1.38a1023 J/K
Solution:
The mean kinetic energy is 3/2 k T:
m v2 = 3 k T
where v is the mean speed of the molecules, and m their mass.
Solve this for the speed:
v = (3 k T / m)1/2
= (3 a (1.38a10
J/K) a (273.15 + 39 K) / (1.53a1026
kg))1/2
= 918.822776229261 m/s
23

Answer for Part: 0
918.82 [872.88,964.76]

Set 11 Heat and thermal energy - due Nov 15
62

Temperature 2
A copper cup of mass 0.05 kg, initially at
18 C , is filled with 0.2 kg of coffee initially
at 81 C . What is the final temperature
after the coffee and cup have reached equilibrium?
Specific heat for copper = 0.093 kcal/kg C
Hint:
This is a very straightforward application of calorimetry.
Solution:
The equilibrium temperature is
T = (mc Tc cc + mw Tw cw ) / (mc cc + mw cw )
= (0.05 kg 18 C 0.093 kcal/kg C + 0.2 kg 81 C 1
kcal/kg C) /
(0.05 kg 0.093 kcal/kg C + 0.2 kg 1 kcal/kg C)
= 79.5685316393843 C
where the index w is used for water, and the index c is
used for copper.
Answer for Part: 0
79.57 [75.59,83.55]

63

64
Energy
Kilocalories
Heat is added to 1.6 kg of ice at -11 C. How
many kilocalories are required to change the
ice to steam at 149 C.
Hint:
This involves two phase changes and heating the ice water
and steam. Be sure to use the right latent heats and specific
heats.
Solution:
Let us divide this problems into several parts:
1. Heat the ice to 0 C:
Q1 = m (0 C - T1 ) cice = (1.6 kg) (11 C) (0.5
kcal/kg C)
2. Melt ice:
Q = (540 kcal/kg) (14.9 g) (4.186 J/cal)

= 33680.556 J
Q2 = m Lf = (1.6 kg) (80 kcal/kg)

3. Heat water to 100 C:
Q3 = m 100 C cwater = (1.6 kg) (100
kcal/kg C)
C) (1
4. Convert the liquid water to steam:

Q4 = m Lv = (1.6 kg) (540 kcal/kg)
5. Heat the steam to the final temperature T2 :
Q5 = m (T2 - 100 C) csteam = (1.6 kg) (149-100 C)
(0.48 kcal/kg C)
6. Now add them all up, and you are done:
Q = Q 1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 + Q5
= 1198.432 kcal
Answer for Part: 0
1198.43 [1174.46,1222.40]
How much energy (in J) is removed from

the human body by the evaporation of 14.9
g of water?
Hint: The latent heat of vaporization is
540 kcal/kg for water. Please use only the
heat of vaporization, and not the energy required to raise the temperature to 100 C.
Hint:
Use the latent heat of vaporization.
Solution:
Well, all we have to do is to calculate the heat of vaporization by multiplication of the mass with the latent heat of
vaporization of water. Slight complication: we need to give
the answer in J, which means multiplication with a factor of
4186, if we want to use the 540 kcal/kg, and conversion of
the g to kg for the mass:
Why can we neglect the energy that is required to raise the

temperature of the water to 100 C? To a good approximation,
the water vapor in the air in close vicinity to our body has
the temperature of our body. For the purposes of calculating
the energy balance, we can thus cosider the evaporation to
take place at body temperature. But this is leading to more
advanced topics.
Answer for Part: 0
3.37e+04 [3.30e+04,3.44e+04]
Kilocalories 2
A weight lifter manages to snatch a 67 kg
weight a distance of 1.5 m. How many kcal
of heat energy are equivalent to this lift?
Hint:
This is a conversion from one form of energy to another.
Solution:
The energy to lift the weight is U = mgh. All we have to
do is to calculate the thermal equivalent of this mechanical
energy:
Q = mgh / (4186 J/kcal)
= (67 kg) (9.81 m/s2 ) (1.5 m)/ (4186 J/kcal)
= 0.23552436693741 kcal
Answer for Part: 0
0.236 [0.224,0.247]

65
Temperature

66
Time 2
A block of aluminum with a mass of 6.4

kg is at 16 C and comes in contact with
a hot block of copper with a mass of 10
kg at 62 C. What is the final temperature?
caluminum = 0.22 kcal/kg C
ccopper = 0.093 kcal/kg C
Hint:
A classic calorimetry problem.
Be careful with the signs.
Solution:
The equilibrium temperature of the combined blocks is:
T = (mc Tc cc + ma Ta ca ) / (mc cc + ma ca )
= (10 kg 62 C 0.093 kcal/kg C + 6.4 kg 16 C 0.22
kcal/kg C) /
(10 kg 0.093 kcal/kg C + 6.4 kg 0.22 kcal/kg C)
= 34.2976903336185 C
where the index a is used for aluminum, and the index c
is used for copper.
Answer for Part: 0
34.30 [32.58,36.01]
Time
A copper pot is heated by a burner which

is at 175 C. If the water in the pot is
boiling, how long does it take in seconds to
boil away 0.1 L? The diameter of the pot is
25 cm, and it is 2.6 mm thick.
kcopper = 9.4 102 kcal/(m s C)
Hint:
Heat conduction through the bottom of the pot:
Q/ t = k A T / d
Solution:
We first calculate the area of the bottom of the pot, which is
the area entering into the formula for heat conduction.
A = d2 / 4
= (25 cm)2 / 4
= 0.0490873852123405 m2
The temperature difference in the above heat conduction formula is the temperature of the burner minus the temperature
of boiling water, 100 C.
The heat Q is the heat it takes to boil the 0.1 L of water:
Q = m Lv = (0.1 kg) (540 kcal/kg)
We can now solve the above formula for the time interval:
t = Q d / (k A T)
= (0.1 kg) (540 kcal/kg) (2.6 103 m) /
[(9.4 102 kcal/(m s C)) (0.0490873852123405 m2 )
(175-100 C)]
= 0.405702881318166 s
Answer for Part: 0
0.406 [0.385,0.426]
An immersion heater has a power rating of

1500 watts. It is used to heat water for coffee. How long (in minutes) should it take to
bring 0.6 L of water from room temperature
(20 C) to 86 C?
Hint:
Dont forget to convert joules to kcals and seconds to minutes.
A Watt is a Joule per second.
Solution:
Power: P = DQ/Dt
=> Dt = DQ / P = m cw DT / P
= (1 minute/60 s) (0.6 kg) (4186 J/kg C) (86 C-20 C) /
(1500 W)
= 1.84184 minutes
Answer for Part: 0
1.84 [1.75,1.93]
While on their honeymoon in the French Alps, James Prescott
Joule and his bride carefully measured the temperature of
water at the top and bottom of a waterfall. If the water fell
a distance of 114 m and if all of its initial potential energy
was converted to internal energy as a result of the friction
forces involved in hitting the bottom, what temperature rise
should the new Mr. and Mrs. Joule have found? (Actually,
they found no rise because the water loses energy through
evaporation.)
Note: Degrees Centigrade, Kelvin and Farenheit are noted
by degC, degK and degF.
Answer for Part: 11
0.267 [0.254,0.281] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: degC
A 40-g lead bullet at 26 C is fired at a speed of 240 m/s into
a large block of ice at 0 C, in which it embeds itself. What
mass of ice melts?
DATA:
clead = 0.0305 cal/(g C)
LH2 0 f usion = 79.7 cal/g
Answer for Part: 11
3.85e+00 [3.66e+00,4.05e+00] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: g
A 64-kg runner expends 305 W of power while running a
marathon. Assuming that 10.0% of the energy is delivered
to the muscle tissue and that the excess energy is primarily
removed from the body by sweating, determine the mass of
bodily fluid (assume it is water) lost per hour. (At 37.0 C
the latent heat of vaporization of water is 576 cal/g.)
Answer for Part: 11
410.0 [389.5,430.5] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: g

67
** A Thermopane window consists of two glass panes, each

0.5 cm thick, with a 1-cm-thick sealed layer of air between.
The inside surface temperature is 22 C and the outside surface temperature is -9 C.
DATA:
kglass = 0.84J/(s m C)
kair = 0.0234J/(s m C)
Determine the rate of energy transfer (power) through 1m2
of the window.
What is the rate of energy transfer through 1 m2 of a single
1.0-cm-thick pane of glass.
Answer for Part: 11
70.57 [67.05,74.10] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: W
Answer for Part: 13
2604.0 [2473.8,2734.2] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: W

Set 12 Thermodynamics - due Nov 22
68

The surface temperature of the Sun is about 5800 K. Taking the Suns radius to be 6.96e+08 m, calculate the power
radiated by the sun. (Assume an emissivity of 0.965)
Answer for Part: 11
3.77e+26 [3.58e+26,3.96e+26] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: W
(NOTE: Early in Week, wording listed degC rather than
degK by mistake)
Measurements on two stars indicate that Star X has a surface
temperature of 5700 K and Star Y has a surface temperature
of 11700 K. If both stars have the same radius, what is the
ratio of the luminosity (total power output) of Star Y to the
luminosity of Star X? Both stars can be considered to have
an emissivity of 1.0.
Answer for Part: 11
17.75 [16.86,18.64] Sig 0 - 15
At high noon, the Sun delivers 1.01 kW to each square meter
of a blacktop road. If the hot asphalt loses energy only by
radiation, what is its equilibrium temperature of the road
surface in degrees Farenheit?
Answer for Part: 11
1.98e+02 [1.88e+02,2.08e+02] Sig 0 - 15
Surface Area
The operating temperature of tungsten filament in a 100 watt lamp is 2800 C. If its
emissivity is 0.25, what is its surface area in
mm2 ?
Hint:
Use Stefans law, but dont forget to change C into K.
Solution:
From P = s A e T4 , we solve for the surface area, A:
A = P / (s e T4 )
= 106 100 / [(2800+273)4 0.25(5.67108 )]
= 79.109145120577
(The factor 106 results from the conversion of A from m2 into
mm2 .)
Answer for Part: 0
79.11 [77.53,80.69]

Work
69
A gas is at an initial pressure

of 1.94 104 Pa, and occupies a
volume of 0.25 m3 . The (slow)
addition of 22600 cal of heat to
the system causes it to expand
isobarically to a volume of 0.47
m3 . How much work (in J) is
done by the system?
Hint:
An isobaric expansion is easy to calculate.
Solution:
In an isobaric expansion, work is equal to the change in volume times the pressure.
W = p V
= (1.94158;104 Pa) 158; (0.47 m3 - 0.25 m3 )
= 4268 J

IAF
You are correct. Your receipt is
IF
IBF
Answer for Part: 11
810.4 [769.9,850.9] Sig 0 Unit: J
Answer for Part: 13
506.5 [481.2,531.8] Sig 0 Unit: J
Answer for Part: 15
202.6 [192.5,212.7] Sig 0 Unit: J
70
498-1212
498-1212
498-1212
15
15
15

Answer for Part: 0
4268.00 [4182.64,4353.36]
A sample of helium-4 behaves as an ideal gas as it is heated
at constant pressure from 298 K to 408 K. If 25 J of work
is done by the gas during this process, what is the mass of
helium present?
Answer for Part: 11
1.09e-01 [1.04e-01,1.15e-01] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: g
A quantity of a monatomic ideal gas undergoes a process in

which both its pressure and volume are doubled as shown in
the figure above.
DATA:
V0 = 0.17 m3
P0 = 10500 Pa.
What is the change of the internal energy of the gas?
What was the work done by the gas during the expansion?
A gas expands from I to F along the three paths indicated in

the figure above. Calculate the work done on the gas along
paths:

What amount of heat flowed into the gas during the expansion?
Answer for Part: 11
8.03e+03 [7.63e+03,8.43e+03] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: J
Answer for Part: 13
2.68e+03 [2.54e+03,2.81e+03] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: J
Answer for Part: 15
1.07e+04 [1.02e+04,1.12e+04] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: J

71
(NOTE: This problem has been edited since earlier in the

week)
An ideal monotonic gas is compressed at a constant pressure
of 0.7 atm from 6 L to 1.5 L.
Note: Atmospheric pressure is 1.013x105 Pa.
By how many cubic meters is the volume reduced?
What is the work done on the gas?
What was the change in the internal energy of the gas?
How much heat was added to the gas during the compression?
Answer for Part: 11
4.50e-03 [4.27e-03,4.73e-03] Sig 0 - 15
Answer for Part: 13
3.19e+02 [3.03e+02,3.35e+02] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: J
Answer for Part: 15
-4.79e+02 [-4.55e+02,-5.03e+02] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: J
Answer for Part: 17
-7.98e+02 [-7.58e+02,-8.38e+02] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: J

72
If the processed were reversed and the trajectory proceeded

ACBA, what amount of work would have been done by the
gas?
Answer for Part: 11
1.20e+04 [1.14e+04,1.26e+04] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: J
Answer for Part: 13
1.20e+04 [1.14e+04,1.26e+04] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: J
Answer for Part: 15
-1.20e+04 [-1.14e+04,-1.26e+04] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: J
Efficiency
A heat engine absorbs 137 kcal of
heat and exhausts 48 kcal of heat
in each cycle. Calculate the efficiency (in %).
Hint:
In a complete cycle the final conditions are the same as the
initial. Therefore the internal energy is unchanged and the
difference in heat absorbed and exhausted is the work done.
This is the First Law of Thermodynamics.
The efficiency is the work done divided by the heat input.
Solution:
The work done is equal to the difference between the heat
put in and the heat taken out, or:
W = 137 kcal - 48 kcal.
The efficiency is the work divided by the amount of put in.
Therefore,
Efficiency = 100% * (137 kcal - 48 kcal) / 137 kcal.
Efficiency = 64.963503649635 %
Answer for Part: 0
64.964 [61.715,68.212]
A gas is taken through the cyclic process described by the

figure above.
How much work was done by the gas during the cycle ABCA?
What was the net amount of heat that entered the gas during
the cycle ABCA?

73
Entropy
74
Entropy 4
While watching television a person
has a metabolic rate of 97 watts. At
what rate is the entropy of his body
changing (in J/K s)?
Room temperature: 27 o C
A metal wire is in thermal contact with two heat reservoirs

at both of its ends. Reservoir 1 is at a temperature of 649 K,
and reservoir 2 is at a temperature of 330 K. Compute the
total change in entropy arising from the conduction of 1104
J of heat through the wire. Please give your answer in units
of J/K.
Hint:
The change in entropy is positive for the object which absorbs
energy and negative for the other, and it is just DQ/T in
magnitude.
Solution:
The entropy change for each reservoir is equal to DQ/T. The
entropy change for the system as a whole is equal to the sum
of the entropy changes for each reservoir. Heat is leaving
the hotter reservoir (negative value for DQ) and entering the
cooler reservoir (positive value for DQ.)
S = -1104 Joules / 649 Kelvin + 1104 Joules / 330 Kelvin
S = 1.64437596302003 J/K.
Answer for Part: 0
1.644 [1.562,1.727]
Work 3

An ideal Carnot engine takes in 90 kcal of

heat at 100 C and exhausts some of this
at 30 C. How much work in J must have
been done by the engine?
Hint:
This is just the first law of thermodynamics.
Solution:
Here we go: First we calculate the efficiency of this Carnot
Engine:
e = 1 - Tlow / Thigh = 1 - (30 + 273.15 K) / (100 + 273.15
K)
= 1 - ( 303.15 K) / (373.15 K)
= 0.187592121130913
Now we just need to multiply this efficiency by the work intake to get the result for the work done:
Wdone = (90 kcal) (4186 J/kcal) 0.187592121130913
= 70673.45571486 J
Answer for Part: 0
7.067e+04 [6.714e+04,7.421e+04]
Hint:
1 watt = 1 J/s
Solution:
The rate of entropy change is nothing but the power divided
by the temperature.
S/t = P/T = (-97 J/s) / (27 + 273.15 K)
= -0.323333333333333 J/K158;s
Answer for Part: 0
-0.323 [-0.307,-0.339]

Set 13 Vibrations and Waves - due Nov 29
75
Due date: Mon 01 Dec 2003 11:00:01 PM EST

Energy
A block of mass 0.28
kg connected to a spring
with spring constant 39
N/m is oscillating on
a frictionless horizontal
surface. Its speed as it
passes through its equilibrium position is 0.87
m/s. What is the total
energy of the system in J?
Hint:
At equilibrium x=0, and the energy is totally kinetic.
The formulas are given in Energy and Speed in SHM, but all
you really need is 1/2 mv2 .
Solution:
Energy = Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy. At the equilibrium position, there is no potential energy, and the velocity
is 0.87 meters per second. If there is no potential energy, we
can just use the kinetic energy equation to find the energy in
the system.
Kinetic Energy = 1/2 m v2
KE = 1/2 0.28 kg a (0.87 m/s)2
KE = 0.105966 Joules
Tries 0/20
Answer for Part: 0

1.060e-01 [1.007e-01,1.113e-01]

76
Zero velocity
In the figure shown here, an object is performing a regular
harmonic oscillation, starting at t = 0. Please answer the
following question by clicking on the correct location on the
curve in the image shown here. (Within +- 5 pixels accuracy).
Where is the velocity zero for the sixth time?
Hint:
The velocity is 0 wherever the slope of the x(t) curve is 0,
i.e. horizontal. This happens at the maxima as well as at the
minima.
Solution:
The equation for this oscillation is given by
x(t) = (7 cm) sin(2.3 t/s + 1.9)
This means that the velocity is:
v(t) = (16.1 cm/s) cos(2.3 t/s + 1.9)
This function is 0 whenever 2.3 t/s + 1.9 is an half-integer
multiple of pi.
At t = 1.22 s, the velocity is then 0 for the first time.
At t = 2.59 s, the velocity is 0 for the second time.
At t = 3.95 s, the velocity is 0 for the third time.
At t = 5.32 s, the velocity is 0 for the fourth time.
At t = 6.69 s, the velocity is 0 for the fifth time.
At t = 8.05 s, the velocity is 0 for the sixth time.

77
Period

78
Largest Amplitude
A pendulum has a period on the earth of 1.35

s. What is its period on
the surface of the moon
where g = 1.62 m/s2 ?
Hint:
This is SHM for a pendulum:
T is proportional to (l/g)1/2
Answer:
Tmoon = Tearth (gearth /gmoon )1/2
= 1.35 s158;(9.81/1.62)1/2
= 3.32208518855251 s.
Tries 0/20
Answer for Part: 0

3.32208518855251 [3.15598092912489,3.48818944798014]
Distance
A sonar generator on a
ship produces periodic ultrasonic waves at a frequency of 2.6 MHz. The
wavelength of the waves
in sea water is 5.5 104
m. When the generator is directed downward,
an echo is received 16.6
s later. How deep is the
ocean in m?
Hint:
The wave velocity = wavelength times frequency.
Remember that the time given is for a round trip.
Solution:
Distance = velocity 158; time
Velocity = wavelength 158; frequency
A block of mass M1 = 0.51 kg sits on top of a block with a

mass of M2 = 4.2 kg that rests on a frictionless surface and is
connected to a spring that has a spring constant of k = 12.6
N/m. The block is displaced and undergoes simple harmonic
motion. What is the largest amplitude the block can have
for the smaller block to remain at rest relative to the larger
block? The coefficient of friction between the two blocks m
is 0.300.
Hint:
kx = (M1 + M2 ) a
M1 a = M1 g
find a from the equations of motion
Solution:
The spring force is F = - k x, where x is the displacement.
According to Newtons second law, we also have F = m a,
where m is the combined mass of the two blocks, M1 + M2 .
Thus we have:
kx = (M1 + M2 ) a
The upper block is kept on the lower block by the force of
friction, which is equal to the coefficient of static fraction
times the normal force, which in turn is equal to the mass of
the upper block times the gravitational acceleration. So we
get for the friction force:
Ff = M1 g
The force on this block is, also due to Newtons second law:
V = (5.5158;104 m) 158; (2.6 MHz)

= 1430 m/s
Ff = M 1 a
Distance = (1430 m/s) 158; (16.6 s) = 23738 m

But 23738 meters is the distance for the round trip. We just
want the time going in 1 direction, or 23738 m/2
Where a is the same acceleration as above. So we get for the

maximum possible acceleration:
Depth = 23738 m / 2
Depth = 11869 m
Inserting this into the first equation, we get for the maximum
displacement x:
Tries 0/20
Answer for Part: 0

11869 [11275.55,12462.45]
a = g
x = (M1 + M2 ) a / k = (M1 + M2 ) g / k
= (0.51 kg + 4.2 kg) 0.3 (9.81 m/s2 ) / (12.6 N/m)
= 1.10012142857143 m
Tries 0/20
Answer for Part: 0

1.1001 [1.0451,1.1551]

79

What
Percent of Tension
A violinist is trying to tune her instrument
to 512 Hz, but it is at 476. By what percent
does she have to change the tension to tune
the violin?
Hint:
This is a straightforward calculation for the ratio of two natural frequencies.
Please keep in mind that the string tension is proportional to
the square of the frequency!
Answer:
To work out this problem, call the original frequency f, and
the new one f; and we call the original tension T, and the
new tension T. The percentage change in the tension is then:
change = 100(T-T) / T = 100((T/T) - 1)
Since
f2 = const.T
we get:
change = 100((f/f)2 - 1)
= 100((512/476)2 - 1)
= 15.6980439234517.
Tries 0/20
Answer for Part: 0

15.698 [14.913,16.483]
80
is
the
amplitude
of
the
motion?
is
the
frequency
of
the
motion?
Tries 0/20
What
Tries 0/20
What is the period of the motion?

Tries 0/20
Answer for Part: 11

0.71 [0.68,0.75] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m
Answer for Part: 13
2.300 [2.185,2.415] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m
Answer for Part: 15
0.152 [0.144,0.159] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: Hz
Answer for Part: 17
6.60 [6.27,6.93] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: s
A piano emits sound waves with frequencies that range from
a low of about 28 Hz to a high of about 4,200 Hz. The speed
of sound in air is approximately 343 m/s.
What is the longest wavelength of sound produced by a piano?
Tries 0/20
What is the shortest wavelength of sound produced by a piano?

Tries 0/20
A 1.5-kg block at rest on a tabletop is attached to a horizontal

spring having constant 20 N/m as shown above. The spring
is initially unstretched. A constant 20-N horizontal force is
applied to the object causing the spring to stretch. Determine
the speed of the block after it has moved 1 m.
Tries 0/20
Answer for Part: 11

12.25 [11.64,12.86] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m
Answer for Part: 13
8.17 [7.76,8.58] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: cm
Wavelength
A wave has a frequency 276 Hz and a velocity of 410 m/s in a particular medium.
What is its wavelength (in m)?
**What would the velocity be if friction were present

and characterized by a coefficient of friction, =0.19;
Tries 0/20
Answer for Part: 11

3.65e+00 [3.47e+00,3.83e+00] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m/s
Answer for Part: 13
3.10e+00 [2.94e+00,3.25e+00] Sig 0 - 15
Unit: m/s
The motion of an object is described by the equation
x = (2.3 m) cos(t/3.3)
where t is assumed to be measured in seconds.
What is the position at a time 1.32 seconds?
Tries 0/20
Hint:
It is a characteristic of all waves that v = lf.
Solution:
The velocity of the wave is equal to the wavelength times the
frequency, v = f.
Solving this equality for wavelength gives:
= v/f
= (410 m/s) / (276 s1 )
= 1.48550724637681 m.
Tries 0/20
Answer for Part: 0

1.4855 [1.4112,1.5598]

81
Zero acceleration
In the figure shown here, an object is performing a regular
harmonic oscillation, starting at t = 0. Please answer the
following question by clicking on the correct location on the
curve in the image shown here. (Within +- 5 pixels accuracy).
Where is the acceleration zero for the second time?
Hint:
In harmonic motion, the acceleration is proportional to the
displacement.
Solution:
The equation for this oscillation is given by
x(t) = (7 cm) sin(2.3 t/s + 1.9)
This means that the acceleration is:
a(t) = -(37.03 cm/s2 ) sin(2.3 t/s + 1.9)
This function is 0 whenever 2.3 t/s + 1.9 is an integer multiple
of pi.
At t = 0.53 s, the acceleration is then 0 for the first time.
At t = 1.91 s, the acceleration is 0 for the second time.
At t = 3.27 s, the acceleration is 0 for the third time.
At t = 4.64 s, the acceleration is 0 for the fourth time.
At t = 6.00 s, the acceleration is 0 for the fifth time.
At t = 7.37 s, the acceleration is 0 for the sixth time.
Tries 0/20

82
Graph of SHM
The curve on the left represents an object in simple harmonic

motion. Match the points on the curve to the velocity and
acceleration of the object.
Choose from: Point A, Point B, Point C, Point D,
Point E, Point F, Point G, Point H.
1. The velocity is negative, and the acceleration is negative.
2. The velocity is zero, and the acceleration is negative.
3. The velocity is positive, and the acceleration is negative.
4. The velocity is zero, and the acceleration is positive.
Tries 0/20
Answer for Part: 0

Point A
Point H
Point G
Point D
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Remco Zegers - PHY 231 - Fall 2003

Set 1 Units and Measurments - due Aug 30

Remco Zegers - PHY 231 - Fall 2003

Due date: Sat 30 Aug 2003 11:00:01 PM EST

Remco Zegers - PHY 231 - Fall 2003

Units mix and match

Remco Zegers - PHY 231 - Fall 2003

Consider A=104 m kg and B=52 km g

2. You can divide A by B, and get 2

Choose from: This operation is impossible, This

You are correct. Your receipt is 498-1887

3. You can add A and B2 , and get 2808 m kg

You are correct. Your receipt is 498-1549

Remco Zegers - PHY 231 - Fall 2003

Remco Zegers - PHY 231 - Fall 2003

Due date: Sat 06 Sep 2003 11:00:01 PM EST

You are correct. Your receipt is 498-1618

The Graph above shows the speed of a car traveling in a

The Graph above shows the speed of a car traveling in a

Choose from: True, False, A, B, C, D, E, F, G.

You are correct. Your receipt is 498-1192

Remco Zegers - PHY 231 - Fall 2003

A ball is thrown vertically upwards with an initial velocity of

Remco Zegers - PHY 231 - Fall 2003

Calculate the speed of Stans car at the instant he is overtaken

Remco Zegers - PHY 231 - Fall 2003

Due date: Sat 13 Sep 2003 11:00:01 PM EST

Remco Zegers - PHY 231 - Fall 2003

You are correct. Your receipt is 498-1703

Remco Zegers - PHY 231 - Fall 2003

Consider a projectile which strikes a target as shown below.

Choose from: greater than, less than, equal to,

You are correct. Your receipt is 498-1236

Remco Zegers - PHY 231 - Fall 2003

A h1 = 1.92 m tall basketball player wants to make a goal

If he shoots the ball at a a = 41.1o angle, at what initial

You are correct. Your receipt is 498-1711

Remco Zegers - PHY 231 - Fall 2003

Remco Zegers - PHY 231 - Fall 2003

Due date: Sat 20 Sep 2003 11:00:01 PM EST

Consider the cat burglar of mass 65 kg in the figure.

You are correct. Your receipt is 498-1118

Remco Zegers - PHY 231 - Fall 2003

Remco Zegers - PHY 231 - Fall 2003

Due date: Sat 20 Sep 2003 11:00:01 PM EST

Assume that the three blocks in the figure move together on

Two packing crates of masses M1 =4.24 kg and M2 =5.3 kg

The mass M1 =7 kg is pulled up the plane by the mass M2 =10

Remco Zegers - PHY 231 - Fall 2003

What is the tension in the rope between the two masses?

Remco Zegers - PHY 231 - Fall 2003

Due date: Sat 20 Sep 2003 11:00:01 PM EST

You are correct. Your receipt is 498-1218

Consider the figure above, with M1 =151 and M2 =63.42.

Remco Zegers - PHY 231 - Fall 2003

Due date: Sat 27 Sep 2003 11:00:01 PM EST

Remco Zegers - PHY 231 - Fall 2003

An outfielder throws a 0.15-kg baseball at a speed of 37

You are correct. Your receipt is 498-1292

Remco Zegers - PHY 231 - Fall 2003

Remco Zegers - PHY 231 - Fall 2003

Three objects with masses, m1 = 2.5 kg, m2 = 5 kg, and

Remco Zegers - PHY 231 - Fall 2003

Remco Zegers - PHY 231 - Fall 2003