10th STD Science 1 Notes of Lesson

14.
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
ONE MARK:1. Screw gauge is an instrument to measure the dimensions of very small objects
upto __________ ( 0.1 cm., 0.01 cm., 0.1 mm., 0.001 mm )
2. In a screw gauge if zero of the head scale lies below the pitch scale azis, the
zero error is _______________ ( positive, negative, nil)
3. Screw gauge is used to measure the diameter of _________
( crow bar, thin wire, cricket ball)
4. One light year is equal to ____________ ( 365.25 x 24 x60x60x3x108 m,
1x24x60x60x3x108m, 360x24x60x60x3x108m)
5. One astronomical unit is the distance between the centre of the earth and
_________ ( centre of the Moon, centre of the Sun, centre of the Mars)
Part-B
1. Correct the mistakes if any, in the following statements.
a) Astronomical distance is the mean distance of the surface of the sun from
the surface of the earth.
b)Light year is the distance travelled by light in one year in vacuum at a
speed of 3x108 m. per month
Ans: a) Astronomical distance is the mean distance of the centre of the sun
from the centre of the earth.
Ans: b)Light year is the distance travelled by light in one year in vacuum at
a speed of 3x108 m. per second
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BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1
2. Match the items in group A with the items in group B

Group A
Group B
Small dimensions
Kilo meter
Large dimensions
Screw gauge
Long distances
Scale
Small distances
Light year
Altimeter
Ans : 1.b
2. c
3. d
4. a
3. Fill in the blanks:
Special methods adopted to determine very large distances are______and
_________(Laser pulse method, Light year method, Radio echo method,
Radio echo method)
4. Least count of a screw gauge is an important concept related to screw
gauge. What do you mean by the term least count of a screw gauge?
Ans : The least count of the screw gauge is the smallest length of the objects
that can be measured by screw gauge.
5. Label the following parts of the screw gauge in the given screw gauge
diagram.
1. Head scale 2. Pitch scale 3. Axis 4. Ratchat
15. LAWS OF MOTION AND GRAVITATION

ONE MARKS :1. The acceleration in a body is due to ___________.
a) balanced force b) un-balanced force
2. The physical quantity which is equal to rate of change of momentum is
(a) displacement b) acceleration c) force d) impulse
3. The momentum of a massive object at rest is _______.
a) very large b) very small c) zero d) infinity
4. The weight of 50 kg person at thesurface of earth is ________
a) 50N b) 35N c) 380N d) 490N.
5. The freezing of biotechnology products like Vaccine requires_______
a) Helium b) Nitrogen c) Ammonia d) Chlorine
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6. Force is one which changes or tends to change the state of rest or of

uniform motion of a body.
7. Force is a vector quantity. Its SI unit is newton.
8. The first law of motion is also known as the law of inertia.
9. The inability of a body to change its state of rest or of uniform motion
by itself is called inertia.
10. Inertia of body depends mainly upon its mass.
11. Momentum has both direction and magnitude. It is a vector quantity.
The SI unit of momentum is kg ms-1.
12. The force of attraction between objects is called the gravitational
force.
13. Mass is a fundamental quantity. The unit of mass is kilogram.
14. Cryogenics is the study of the production of very low temperature
(below 123k); and the behaviour of materials at those temperature.
15. Liquefied gases such as liquid nitrogen and liquid helium are used
in many cryogenic applications.
16. Liquid nitrogen is the most commonly used element in cryogenics
17. Liquid helium is also commonly used and allows for the lowest
attainable temperature to be reached.
18. Liquid nitrogen and liquid helium are held in special containers
called Dewar flasks.
19.Liquid nitrogen is used for specially chilling and freezing
applications.
20.Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is used to scan inner organs of
human body.
21.The only space stations are Almaz and Salyut series, Sky lab and
Mir.
TWO MARKS :1. From the following statements write down that which is not
applicable to mass of an object?
a. It is fundamental quantity
b. It is measured using physical balance.
c. It is measured using spring balance.
Ans. It is measured using spring balance.
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a. Force = mass x acceleration, then momentum = _______?_____
b. Liquid hydrogen is for rocket, then___________is for MRI.
Ans. a.mass and velocity
b. liquid helium
3. The name of some organizations which are associated with

Chandrayan-1 mission are given below. But some of them are not. List
out the wrong ones.
(ISRO, BARC, NASA, ESA, WHO, ONGC)
Ans: BARC, WHO, ONGC
4. Correct the mistakes, if any, in the following statements.
a. One Newton is the force that produces an acceleration of 1 ms-2 in an
object of 1 gram mass.
b. Action and reaction is always acting on the same body.
Ans. One Newton is the force that produces an acceleration of 1 ms-2 in
an object of 1 kilogram mass.
b. Action and reaction is always acting on the different body.
5. The important use of cryogenics is cryogenic fuels. What do you mean
by cryogenic fuels?
Ans : Cryogenic fuels are fuels that require storage at extensively low
temperatures in order to maintain them in a liquid state. It constitutes
liquefied gases such as liquid hydrogen which is mainly used for rockets as a
fuel. It produces energy at very low temperatures.
6. As a matter of convention, an anticlockwise moment is taken
as_______and a clockwise moment is taken as______
Ans : positive, negative
7. DEFINE FORCE ?
Force is one which changes or tends to change the state of rest or of
uniform motion of a body. Force is a vector quantity. Its SI unit is newton.
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8.DEFINE BALANCED FORCE ?

Forces acting on an object which do not change the state of rest or of
uniform motion of it are called balanced forces
9.DEFINE UNBALANCED FORCE ?
The resultant of two forces acts on an object and brings it in motion. These
opposite forces are called unbalanced forces
10. STATE FIRST LAW OF MOTION ?
An object remains in the state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line
unless compelled to change that state by an applied unbalanced force.
11. STATE SECOND LAW OF MOTION ?
The second law of motion states that the rate of change of momentum of an
object is proportional to the applied unbalanced force in the direction of force.
12. DEFINE ONE NEWTON ?
One unit of force(1N) is defined as the amount of force that produces an
acceleration of 1 m s-2 in an object of 1 kg mass.
13. A constant force acts on an object of mass 10 kg for a duration of
4 s. It increases the objects velocity from 2 ms-1 to 8 m s-1 Find the
magnitude of the applied force.
Solution:
Given, mass of the object m = 10 kg
Initial velocity u = 2 m s-1
Final velocity v = 8 m s-1
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14. Which would require a greater force for accelerating a 2 kg of mass at

4 m s-2 or a 3 kg mass at 2 m s-2?
Solution
We know, force F = ma
Given m1 = 2 kg a1 = 4 m s-2
m2 = 3 kg a2 = 2 m s-2
Thus, F1 = m1 a1 = 2 kg 4 m s-2 = 8 N
and F2 = m2 a2 = 3 kg 2 m s-2 = 6 N
F1 > F2
Thus, accelerating a 2 kg mass at 4m s-2 would require a greater force.
15. DEFINE COUPLE ?
Two equal and opposite forces whose lines of action do not coincide are
said to constitute a couple in mechanics.
16. STATE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE ?
Newton concluded that all objects in the universe attract each other. This
force of attraction between objects is called the gravitational force.
17. STATE NEWTON LAW OF GRAVITATION ?
Every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force which
is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional
to the square of the distance between them.
18.Mass of an object is 5 kg. What is its weight on the earth?
Solution:
Mass, m = 5 kg Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m s-2
Weight, w = m g
w = 5 kg 9.8 m s-2 = 49 N
Thus the weight of the object is, 49 N
19.DEFINE INERTIA ?
The inability of a body to change its state of rest or of uniform motion by
itself is called inertia.
20.DEFINE MOMENTUM ?
The momentum p of an object is defined as the product of its mass m and
velocity v. That is, p=mv The SI unit of momentum is kg ms-1.
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FIVE MARKS:1. a. Newtons first law of motion gives a qualitative definition offorce.
Justify.
Ans : Newtons first law is a qualitative definition of force because it explains
velocity]. It also gives the definition of force and also explains the property of
inertia and momentum.
First law states that if there is no force, there is no change in state of rest or of
uniform motion.
Inertia is the inability of the body to change by itself its state of rest or of uniform
motion in a straight line.
b. The figure represents two bodies of masses 10kg and 20 kg and
moving with an initial velocity of 10ms-1 and 5 ms-1 respectively.
They are colliding with each other. After collision they are
moving with velocities 12 ms-1 and 4 ms-1 respectively. The time
of collision be 2s. Then calculate F1 and F2
Solution :
Given :
For body A
For body B
-1
Mass m1 = 10kgms
m2 = 20kg
-1
Initial velocity u1 =10ms u2 = 5ms-1
Final velocity V1=12ms-1 t = 2s
Formula : F1 = -F2
The force acting on B
(action ) F1
= mass m2 x acceleration on B
F1
= m2(v2-u2)
t
20 (45)
=
2
20 1
F1
The force acting on A
( reaction ) F2
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=
=
2
= -10 N
20
2
=-10N
= mass m1 x acceleration on A
= m1(v1-u1)
t
10(1210)
2
102
=
= 10 N
2
According to Newtons III law F1 = -F2
Ans : Force F1= -10 N : Force F2 = 10N
2. a Space stations are used to study the effects of long-space flight on the
human body. Justify.
These stations have various issues that limit their long-term
habitability, such as very low recycling rates, relatively high radiation
levels and a lack of gravity. Some of these problems cause discomfort and
long-term health effects
b. F=G m1 m2 /d2 is the mathematical form of Newtons law of
gravitation G-gravitational constant, m1 and m2 are the masses of
two bodies separated by a distance d, then give the statement of
Newtons law of gravitation.
Every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force
which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between them. The force act along the
line joining the centers of two objects.
m1
m2
d
F m1m2
F 1
d2
3.WRITE A NOTE ON FIRST LAW OF MOTION ?

An object remains in the state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line
unless compelled to change that state by an applied unbalanced force.
Certain experiences that we come across while travelling in a motor car can be
explained on the basis of the law of inertia. We tend to remain at rest with respect
to the seat until the driver applies a braking force to stop the motor car. With the
application of brakes, the car slows down but our body tends to continue in the
same state of motion because of inertia. A sudden application of brakes may thus
cause injury to us by collision with panels in front.
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4.WRITE A NOTE ON SECOND LAW OF MOTION ?

Suppose an object of mass m is moving along a straight line with an initial
velocity u. It is uniformly accelerated to velocity v in time t by the
application of constant force, F throughout the time, t.
Initial momentum of the object = mu
Final momentum of the object = mv
The change in = mv - mu = m(v - u) (1) momentum
K is known as the constant of proportionality. The SI unit of mass and

acceleration are kg and m s-2 respectively. The unit of force is so chosen that the
value of the constant K becomes one.
Therefore, F = ma (4)
1 unit of force = (1 kg) x (1 m s-2)
The unit of force is kg m s-2 or newton which has the symbol N.
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5. WRITE A NOTE ON CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM AND

PROOF ?
The law of conservation of momentum states that, in the absence of
external unbalanced force the total momentum of a system of objects remains
unchanged or conserved by collision.
Consider two objects (two balls) A and B of masses m1 and m2 are
traveling in the same direction along a straight line at different velocities u1 and
u2 respectively Fig.15.6(a) .There are no other external unbalanced forces
acting on them . Let u1 > u2 and the two balls collide with each other as shown
in Fig. 15.6(b). During collision which last for time t , the ball A exerts a force
F1 on ball B , and the ball B exerts a force F2 on ball A. Let v1 and v2 be the
velocities of two balls A and B after collision respectively in the same direction
as before collision
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m2 (v2 u2) = m1 (v1-u1)

m2v2 m2u2 = m1v1 + m1u1
m1v1 + m2v2 = m1u1 + m2u2
Therefore,
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
The total momentum before collision is equal to the total momentum after
collision.
6. A bullet of mass 15g is horizontally fired with a velocity 100 m s-1 from a
pistol of mass 2 kg what is the recoil velocity of the pistol?
Solution:
The mass of bullet, m1 = 15 g = 0.015 kg
Mass of the pistol, m2 = 2 kg
Initial velocity of the bullet, u1 = 0
Initial velocity of the pistol, u2 = 0
Final velocity of the bullet, v1 = + 100 m s-1
(The direction of bullet is taken from left to right-positive, by convention)
Recoil velocity of the pistol, = v
Total momentum of the pistol and bullet
before fire, = (0.015 0 + 2 0) kg m s-1
= 0 kg m s-1
Total momentum of the pistol and bullet after fire,
= (0.015 100 + 2 v)
= (1.5 + 2v) kg m s-1
According to the law of conservation of momentum,
Total momentum after fire = total momentum before fire
1.5 + 2v = 0
2v = -1.5
v = -0.75 m s-1
Negative sign indicates that the direction in which the pistol would recoil is
opposite to that of the bullet, that is, right to left.
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7. EXPLAIN NEWTON LAW OF GRAVITATION ?

Every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force which
is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional
to the square of the distance between them. The force acts along the line joining
the centers of two objects.
Let two objects A and B of masses m1, m2 respectively lie at a distance d from
each other as shown in Fig.15.12. Let the force of attraction between two objects
is F. According to above law,
F m1 X m2 (1)
Where G is the constant of proportionality and is called the Universal gravitation

constant. From eqn (4)
Substituting the S.I units in this equation the unit of G is found to be N m2kg-2
The value of G is 6.67310-11 N m2kg-2
63
8.Difference between mass and weight ?
9. WRITE A NOTE ON ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY AT THE

SURFACE OF THE EARTH ?
Consider a body of mass m on the surface of the earth
Its distance from the centre of the Earth is R (radius of the Earth).
The gravitational force experienced by the
mass of the earth. From Newtons second law of motion,
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Force, F = mg
Equating the above two forces,
This equation shows that g is independent of the mass of the body m but, it
varies with the distance from the centre of the Earth. If the Earth is assumed to be
a sphere of radius R, the value of g on the surface of the Earth is given by
10. WRITE A NOTE ON CHANDRAYAAN -1 ?

Chandrayaan-1 is a moon-traveler or moon vehicle. It was Indians first
unmanned lunar probe. It was launched by Indian Space Research Organization
in October 2008 from Srihari Kota in Andrapradesh and operated until August
2009. The mission included a lunar orbiter and an impactor. It carried five ISRO
payloads and six payloads from other space agencies including NASA, European
Space Agencies(ESA), and the Bulgarian Aerospace Agency which were carried
free of cost.
11. write any six ACHIEVEMENTS OF CHANDRAYAAN ?
The discovery of wide spread presence of water molecules in lunar soil.
Chandrayaans Moon Mineralogy Mapper has confirmed that moon was once
completely molten.
European Space Agency payload- Chandrayaan-1 imaging X-ray spectrometer
(CIXS) detected more than two dozen weak solar flares during the mission.
The terrain mapping camera on board Chandrayaan-1 has recorded images of
the landing site of US space craft Apollo-15, Apollo-11.
It has provided high-resolution spectral data on the mineralogy of the moon.
.More than 40000 images have been transmitted by Chandrayaan Camera in 75
days.
The Terrain Mapping Camera acquired images of peaks and Craters. The moon
consists of mostly of Craters.
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12. WRITE THE USES OF CRYOGENIC FUEL ?

(i) Rocket
The important use of cryogenics is cryogenic fuels. Cryogenic fuels mainly
liquid hydrogen has been used as rocket fuel.
(ii) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
MRI is used to scan inner organs of human body by penetrating very intense
magnetic field. The magnetic field is generated by super conducting coils with
the help of liquid helium. It can reduce the temperature of the coil to around 4k.
At this low temperature very high resolution images can be obtained.
(iii) Power transmission in big cities:
It is difficult to transmit power by over head cables in cities. So underground
cables are used. But underground cables get heated and the resistance of the wire
increases leading to wastage of power.
16.ELECTRICITY AND ENERGY

ONE MARKS:1. The potential difference required to pass a current 0.2 A in a wire of
resistance 20 ohm is _________.
(a) 100V b) 4 V c) 0.01 V d) 40 V)
2. Two electric bulbs have resistances in the ratio 1 : 2. If they are joined
in series, the energy consumed in these are in the ratio _________.
(a) 1 : 2 b) 2 : 1 c) 4 : 1 d) 1 : 1
3. Kilowatt-hour is the unit of __________.
(a) potential difference b) electric power c) electric energy d) charge
4. ________ surface absorbs more heat than any other surface under
identical conditions. a) White b) rough c) black d) yellow
5. The atomic number of natural radioactive element is _________.
(a) greater than 82 b) less than 82 c) not defined d) at least 92
3. A continuous and closed path of an electric current is called an
electric circuit.
4. The S.I unit of electric charge is coulomb. This is equivalent to the
charge contained in nearly 6X1018 electrons.
5. The fuse consists of a piece of wire made of metal or an alloy (37%
lead, 63% tin).
6. Fuse has high resistance and low melting point.
7. The SI unit of electric power is watt (W).
66
8. The commercial unit of electric energy is kilowatt hour (kWh).

9.The phenomenon of the conduction of electricity through electrolytes
and chemical decomposition is called electrolysis.
10.The cells in which the electrical energy is derived from the chemical
action are called electrochemical cells.
11. A simple cell is a device which converts chemical energy into
electrical energy.
12. Primary cell is the cell from which the electric energy is derived by
irreversible chemical reaction.
13. In Leclanche cell ammonium chloride solution is acting as
electrolyte.
14. In Leclanche cell, carbon rod forms the positive pole and the zinc
rod the negative pole.
15. The e.m.f of freshly charged cell is 2.2V.
16. In a lead-acid accumulator, the anode and cathode are made of lead
and lead dioxide respectively.
17. The phenomenon of radioactivity was discovered by Henri
Becquerel in 1896.
18. Madame Marie Curie and her husband Pierre Curie discovered the
highly radioactive elements radium and polonium.
19. In 1939, German scientists Otto Hahn and Strassman discovered
nuclear fission.
20. Nuclear fusion is a process in which two or more lighter nuclei
combine to form a heavier nucleus.
21. The nuclear fusion reactions are known as thermo nuclear
reactions.
22. The radiation exposure is measured by the unit called roentgen(R).
23. One roentgen is defined as the quantity of radiation which produces
1.6 x 1012 pairs of ion in 1 gram of air.
24. Lead aprons and lead gloves are used while working in hazardous
area.
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TWO MARKS:1.
From the following statements write down that which does not
represent ohms law?
a. current/potential difference
=
constant
b. potential difference/current
=
constant
c. current = resistance x potential difference
Ans : c. current = resistance x potential difference
2.
Fill in the blanks:

a. Potential difference: Voltmeter, then : current_______
b. Power plant: Conventional source of energy then solar
energy__________
Ans : a. Ammeter b. Non-conventional source
3. In the list of sources of energy given below, some of them are Wron,
List out the wrong ones. (Wind energy, solar energy, hydro electric power,
nuclear energy, tidal energy, wave energy, geothermal energy)
Ans : Nuclear energy, Geothermal energy

a. A good source of energy would be one which would do a small amount of
work per unit volume of mass.
b. Any source of energy we use to do work is consumed and can be used
again.
Ans : a. A good source of energy would be one which would do a large
amount of work per unit volume of mass.
b. Any source of energy we use to do work is consumed and cannot be
used again.
5. The schematic diagram, in which different components of the circuit are
represented by the symbols conveniently used, is called a circuit diagram. What
do you mean by the term components?
Ans : Components mean elements.
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6. Following graph was plotted between V and I values., What would be the
values of V/I ratios when the potential difference is 0.8 V and 1.2 V.
Ans : From the graph, V=.8 V, then I = 0.8 V and 1.2V
According to ohms law, V = IR. V I
0.8
A constant R = =
= 2.5
1
0.321
1.2
V = 1.2 V
I=0.48A
R=
= 2.5
0.48
From this, as the potentinal increases current also increases.
The ratio of V/I is constant. So ohms law is verified.
7.
We know that Y-rays are harmful radiations emitted by natural

radioactive substances.
a. Which are other radiations from such substances?
b. Tabulate the following statements as applicable to each of the above
radiations.
They are electromagnetic radiation. They have high penetrating power. They
are electrons. They contain neutrons.
ANS : a. The other radiations are and -rays
- Rays
-Rays
-rays
(i) They are helium
They are electrons
i) They are
nuclei
electromagnetic
radiation.
ii) They have high
penetrating power.
8. Draw the schematic diagram of an electric circuit consisting of a battery of
two cells of 1.5 V each, three resistance of 5 ohm, 10 ohm and 15 ohm.
Respectively and a plug key all connected in series.
9.
Fuse wire is made up of an alloy of_____which has high resistance and

______________
Ans:- Tin and Lead ; Low melting point
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10. Observe the circuit given below and find the resistance across Ab.
Ans : The resistance across AB = sum of resistances R1 + R2

1 1 1 1
1
Rosistance in paraller (R1) = = + = =2
R1=
1 1 1 1
2
another parallel combination of resistances
1 1 1
1
= + = =2
2
The resistance across AB i.e., series

Rs=R1+R2
1 1
= + =1
2
The resistance across AB = 1

11. Complete the table choosing the right terms from within the brackets. (zinc,
copper, carbon, lead, leadoxide, aluminium)
+ve electrode
Danial cell
Ve electrode
Lechlechne cell
ANS:+ve electrode
Ve electrode
Danial cell
Lechlechne cell
Copper
Zinc
12. DEFINE ELECTRIC CRICUIT ?

A continuous and closed path of an electric current is called an electric
circuit.
13.DEFINE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE ?
We define the electric potential difference between two points in an
electric circuit carrying current as the work done to move a unit charge from one
point to the other. Potential difference (V) between two points = work done
(W)/charge (Q). V = W/Q The S.I Unit of potential difference is volt
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14. A current of 0.75 A is drawn by a filament of an electric bulb for 10

minutes. Find the amount of electric charge that flows through the
circuit.
Solution:
Given, I = 0.75 A, t = 10 minutes = 600 s We know,
Q = I t = 0.75 A 600 s Q = 450 C
15. How much work is done in moving a charge of 5 C across two points
having a potential difference 10 V ?
Solution:
Given charge, Q = 5 C Potential difference, V = 10 V
The amount of work done in moving the charge, W = V Q
W= 10 V 5C = 50 J
16.WRITE THE COMPONENTS NAME AND SYMBOLS FOR THE
FOLLOWING ?
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17. STATE OHMS LAW ?

Ohms law states that at constant temperature the steady current (I) fl owing
through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference (V)
between its ends. V I (or) V/I = constant.
18.The potential difference between the terminals of an electric heater is 60
V when it draws a current of 5 A from the source. What current
will the heater draw if the potential difference is increased to 120 V ?
Solution:
Given the potential difference, V = 60 V Current, I = 5 A
According to ohms law, R = V/I = 60 V / 5 A = 12
When the potential difference is increased to 120 V, the current is given by I =
V/R = 120 V / 12 = 10 A
19.Two resistances 18 and 6 are connected to a 6 V battery in series.
Calcu- late (a) the total resistance of the circuit, (b) the current through the
circuit.
Solution:
(a) Given the resistance, R1 = 18 R2 = 6 The total resistance of the circuit
RS = R1 + R2 RS = 18 + 6 = 24
(b) The potential difference across the two terminals of the battery
V = 6 V Now the current through the circuit,
I = V/ RS = 6 V / 24 = 0.25 A
20.Three resistances having the values 5 , 10 , 30 are connected
parallel with each other. Calculate the total circuit resistance.
Solution:
Given, R1 = 5 , R2 = 10 , R3 = 30
These resistances are connected parallel
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- 10th Std Science 1
21. STATE JOULES LAW OF HEATING ?

Applying Ohms law we get H=I Rt. This is known as Joules law of
heating. The law implies that heat produced in a resistor is
(1) directly proportional to the square of current for a given resistance,
(2) directly proportional to the resistance for a given current, and
(3) directly proportional to the time for which the current flows through the
resistor
22. A potential difference 20 V is applied across a 4 resistor. Find the rate
of production of heat.
Solution:
Given potential difference, V = 20 V The resistance, R = 4
The time, t = 1 s According to ohms law, I = V / R
I = 20 V / 4 = 5 A The
rate of production of heat, H = I2Rt H = 52 4 1
= 100 J
23. DEFINE ONE WATT HOUR ?
One watt hour is the energy consumed when one watt of power is used for one
hour. The commercial unit of electric energy is kilowatt hour (KWh), commonly
known as unit. 1 kWh = 1000watt 3600second = 3.6106 watt second = 3.6
106 joule (J)
24. An electric bulb is connected to a 220 V generator. The current is 0.50 A.
What is the power of the bulb?
Solution:
Electric generator voltage V = 220 V, the current I = 0.50 A
The power of the bulb, P = VI = 220 x 0.50 = 110 W
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25. DRAW THE DIAGRAM FOR VOLTAIC CELL ?
26. DRAW THE DIAGRAM FOR LECLANCHE CELL ?
27. DRAW THE DIAGRAM FOR LEAD ACID ACCUMULATOR ?
28. DEFINE PRIMARY CELL ?

Primary cell The cells from which the electric energy is derived by
irreversible chemical reaction are called primary cells.
29. DEFINE RADIOACTIVITY ?
The phenomenon of spontaneous emission of highly penetrating radiations such as , , and rays by heavy elements having atomic number greater
than 82 is called radioactivity and the substances which emit these radiations
are called radioactive elements
74
30. DEFINE NUCLEAR FISSION ?

The process of breaking up of the nucleus of a heavier atom into two
fragments with the release of large amount of energy is called nuclear fission.
235
+ 0n1 56Ba141 + 36Kr92 +30n1 + 200 MeV
92U
31. DEFINE NUCLEAR FUSSION ?
Nuclear fusion is a process in which two or more lighter nuclei combine to
2
3
4
1
form a heavier nucleus
1H + 1H 2 He + 0n + Energy
32. Calculate the energy produced when 1 kg of substance is fully converted
into energy.
Solution:
Energy produced, E = mc2 Mass, m = 1 kg
Velocity of light, c = 3108 ms-1
E = 1(3108 )2
E = 9 1016 J
33. DEFINE ONE ROENTGEN ?
The radiation exposure is measured by the unit called roentgen(R). One
roentgen is defined as the quantity of radiation which produces
1.6x 1012 pairs of ion in 1 gram of air.
34.WHAT ARE THE PRECAUTIONS TAKEN IN RADIATION
LABORATORIES ?
The following precautions are to be taken for those, who are working in
radiation laboratories.
(i)Radioactive materials are kept in thick-walled lead container.
(ii) Lead aprons and lead gloves are used while working in hazardous area.
(iii) A small micro-fi lm badge is always worn by the person and it is checked
periodically for the safety limit of radiation.
(iv) Nuclear devices can be operated using remote control system. (v) Clean
up contamination in the work area promptly.
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17. MAGNETIC EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT AND LIGHT
ONE MARKS:1. The magnification produced by a mirror is 1/3, then the type of mirror
is------------- (a) concave b) convex c) plane
2. An electric current through a metallic conductor produces _________
around it. (a) heat b) light c) magnetic field d) mechanical force
3. The field of view is maximum for -------------(a) plane mirror b) concave mirror c) convex mirror
4. An object is placed 25 cm from a convex lens whose focal length is 10
cm. The image distance is ________ .
(a) 50 cm b) 16.66 cm c) 6.66 cm d)10 cm
5. The lines along which the iron fillings align themselves represent
magnetic lines of force.
6. Magnetic field is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction.
direction of magnetic field.
7. An electric motor is a rotating device that converts electrical energy
in to mechanical energy.
8. A device that reverses the direction of flow of current through a circuit
is called a commutator.
9. In electric motors, the split ring acts as a commutator.
10. The soft iron core, on which the coil is wound, plus the coils, is called
an armature.
11. Armature enhances the power of the motor.
12. Faraday in1831 discovered that an electro motive force is produced
in a circuit whenever the magnetic flux linked with a coil changes.
13.The emf generated by the relative motion between the conductor and
a magnetic field. is called an induced emf and the phenomenon is
known as electro magnetic induction.
14.The induced emf will cause a current to flow through the conductor.
Such a current is known as induced current.
15. A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is curved inwards is
called a concave mirror.
16. A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is curved outwards is
called a convex mirror.
17.The centre of the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is a point,
called the pole.
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18. The radius of the sphere of which the reflecting surface of a spherical
mirror forms a part, is called the radius of curvature of the mirror.
19. The diameter of the reflecting surface of spherical mirror is called its
aperture.
20. Concave mirrors are commonly used in torches, search-lights and
vehicles head lights to get powerful parallel beams of light.
21. Concave mirrors are used as shaving mirrors to see a lager image
of the face.
22. The dentists use concave mirrors to see large images of the teeth
of patients.
23. Large concave mirrors are used to concentrate sun light to produce
heat in solar furnaces.
24. Convex mirrors are commonly used as rear-view mirrors in
vehicles.
25. In a spherical mirror, the distance of the object from its pole is called
the object distance (u).
26. The distance of the image from the pole of the mirror is called the
image distance (v).
27. The distance of the principal focus from the pole is called the focal
length (f).
28.The mirror formula is expressed as 1/v + 1/u = 1/f.
29. Light travels the fastest in vacuum with the highest speed of
3X 108 m s-1.
30. The central point of a lens is called its optical centre.
31. The effective diameter of the circular outline of a spherical lens is
called its aperture.
32. The SI unit of power of a lens is dioptre.
33. The power of a convex lens is positive and that of a concave lens is
negative.
34. The band of the coloured component of a light beam is called its
spectrum.
35. The hotter air has a refractive index slightly less than that of the
cooler air.
36. In human eve, the lens system forms an image on a light sensitive
screen called the retina.
37. Light enters the eye through the thin membrane called the cornea.
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38. The eye ball is approximately spherical in shape with a diameter of

about 2.3cm.
39. Myopia can be corrected by using a concave lens of suitable power.
40. Hypermetripia can be corrected by using a convex lens of
appropriate power.
41. H.S.T is named after the American astronomer Edwin Hubble.
TWO MARKS :1. From the following statement write down that which is applicable to a
commutator?
a. galvanometer uses commentator for deadbeat.
b. transformer uses commentator to step up voltage
c. motor uses commentator to reverse the current.
Ans : motor uses commentator to reverse the current.
a. For a motor: a permanent magnet, then commercial motor:____
b. Focal length of a lens; meter, then for power of a lens_____
Ans : a. Electromagnet
b. Dioptre
a. Magnetic field is a quantity that has magnitude only.
b. The magnetic field lines emerge from the south pole and merge at the
north pole.
Ans: a. Magnetic field is a quantity that has magnitude and direction.
b. The magnetic field lines emerge from the north pole and merge at the
south pole.
4. The ray diagram shown below is introduced to show how a concave mirror
forms an image of an object.
a. identify the mistake and draw the correct ray diagram.

b. Write the justifications for your corrections.
78
Ans : a.
Ans : b. A ray passing through the principal focus of a concave mirror,

after reflection, will emerge parallel to the principal axis.
5. In traffic signals______colour light is used to stop vehicles because it is
having____wave length.
Ans : red , larger
6. Considerations this writes down the names of the parts in human eye.
a. Dark muscular diaphragm that controls the pupil.
b. The screen at where the image is formed by eye lens.
Ans : a) Iris
b. Retina
7. You know that myopia is a common refractive defect of vision. Person
with this defect can see only nearby objects clearly. Using concave lens of
suitable power this defect is corrected.
a. mention other two types of defects like this.
b. explain how can we correct it.
Ans : a. Hypermetropia or far sightedness and presbyopia.
b. Hypermetropia is corrected by using convex lens. Presbyopia is
corrected by using bifocal lenses.
8. a. Which of the compass needle orientations in the following diagram might
correctly describe the magnets field at that point?
b. To an astronaut sky appears dark instead of blue. Give the reason.
ANS:
79
a
b) The skyappears dark instead of blue to an astronaut because there is

no atmosphere containing air in the outer space to scatter sunlight. As there is no
scattered light to reach eyes in outer space, the sky appears dark.
9. STATE FLEMINGS LEFT HAND RULE ?
Stretch the thumb, fore finger and middle finger of your left hand such that
they are mutually perpendicular. If the forefinger points in the direction of
magnetic field and the middle finger points in the direction of current, then the
thumb will point in the direction of motion or the force acting on the conductor.
10. DEFINE ELECTRO MAGNETIC INDUCTION ?
When ever there is a relative motion between the conductor and a
magnetic field. Then emf produced in this way is called an induced emf and the
phenomenon is known as electro magnetic induction.
11. STATE ANGLE OF REFLECTION ?
(i) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection, and
(ii) The incident ray, the normal to the mirror at the point of incidence and the
reflected ray, all lie in the same plane.
12.DEFINE CONCAVE MIRROR ?
A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is curved inwards is called a
concave mirror.
13. DEFINE CONVEX MIRROR ?
A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is curved outwards is called a convex
mirror.
14. DEFINE POLE ?
The centre of the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is a point,
called the pole. It is represented by the letter P.
80
15. DEFINE CENTRE OF CURVATURE ?

The reflecting surface of a spherical mirror forms a part of a sphere.
This sphere has a centre. This point is called the centre of curvature of the
spherical mirror. It is represented by the letter C.
16.DEFINE RADIUS OF CURVATURE ?
The radius of the sphere of which the reflecting surface of a spherical
mirror forms a part, is called the radius of curvature of the mirror. It is
represented by the letter R.
17. DEFINE PRINCIPAL AXIS ?
Imagine a straight line passing through the pole and the centre of curvature of a
spherical mirror. This line is called the principal axis.
18. STATE Flemings right hand rule ?
Stretch the thumb, forefinger and middle finger of right hand so that they are
perpendicular to each other. If the forefinger indicates the direction of the
magnetic field and the thumb shows the direction of motion of conductor, then
the middle finger will show the direction of induced current.
19.State the laws of reflection of light ?
(i) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection, and
(ii) The incident ray, the normal to the mirror at the point of incidence and the
reflected ray, all lie in the same plane.
20.Define focal length?
The distance between the pole and the principal focus of a spherical mirror
is called the focal length.
21. Uses of concave mirror
Concave mirrors are commonly used in torches, search-lights and vehicles
head lights to get powerful parallel beams of light. They are used as shaving
mirrors to see a large image of the face. The dentists use concave mirrors to see
large images of the teeth of patients. Large concave mirrors are used to
concentrate sun light to produce heat in solar furnaces
81
22. Uses of convex mirrors

Convex mirrors are commonly used as rear-view mirrors in vehicles. These
mirrors are fitted on the sides of the vehicle, enabling the driver to see traffic
behind him/her to facilitate safe driving. Convex mirrors are preferred because
they always give an erect image. Also they have a wider field of view as they are
curved outwards.
23. A convex mirror used for rear-view on an automobile has a radius of
curvature of 3 m. If a bus is located at 5 m from this mirror, find the
position and nature of the image.
272
Solution:
Radius of curvature, R = +3.00 m
Object distance u = - 5.00 m
Image distance v = ?
We know,
24. State the Laws of refraction ?

(i) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the interface oftwo
transparent media at the point of incidence, all lie in the same
plane.
(ii) The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is a
constant, for the light of a given colour and for the
given pair of media. This law is also known as Snells law of refraction.
If i is the angle of incidence and r is the angle of refraction, then,
Sin i /sin r = constant
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25.Define optical centre ?

The central point of a lens is called its optical centre.
26. Define aperture ?
The effective diameter of the circular outline of a spherical lens is called its
aperture.
27.A concave lens has focal length of 15 cm. At what distance should the
object from the lens be placed so that it forms an image 10 cm from the
lens?
28. An object is placed at a distance of 30cm from a concave lens of focal

length 15cm. An erect and virtual image is formed at a distance of 10 cm
from the lens. Calculate the magnification.?
Solution:
Object distance, u = -30 cm
Image distance, v = -10 cm
29.Define power of the lens ?

The power of a lens is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length. It is
represented by the letter P. The power P of a lens of focal length f is given by
The SI unit of power of a lens is dioptre. It is denoted by the letter D.
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30.The focal length of a concave lens is 2m. Calculate the power of the lens.
Solution:
Focal length of concave lens, f = - 2 m
Power of the lens,
p = - 0.5 dioptre
31.Define dispersion ?
The splitting of light into its component colours is called dispersion.
32.Define spectrum ?
The band of the coloured component of a light beam is called its spectrum.
33.Define retina ?
The human eye is like a camera. Its lens system forms an image on a light
sensitive screen called the retina.
5 MARKS :1. (a) Label the following in the given diagram given below.
i) Incident ray ii) Refracted ray iii) Emergent ray
iv)Angle of refraction v) Angle of deviation
vi) Angle of emergence
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(b) The refractive index of diamond is 2.42. What is the meaning of this
statement in relation to speed of light?
The refractive index of diamond = 2.42
velocity of light C = 3 x 108 m/s
velocity of light through a diamond v = ?
The refractive index of the medium is given by
=
i.e., the speed of light is not same as that of in air when it passes through the
medium
= 3x108
2.42
V = 3x108
2.42
= 1.23 x108 m/s
The speed of light is lesser in medium than in air V<C
2. a. Re draw the above diagram.
b.This diagram represents _________
c. Label the parts of the diagram.
d. Write the principle of the name of the device denoted by this
diagram.
b.This diagram represents _________(ANS: A C Generator )
C.
c.
d. Ans: Electro magnetic induction

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3.Describe the electric motor with diagram ?

An electric motor is a rotating device that converts electrical energy in to
mechanical energy. Do you know how an electric motor works? An electric motor, as
shown in Fig. 17.10, consists of a rectangular coil ABCD of insulated copper wire.
The coil is placed between two poles of a magnetic field such that the arm AB and CD
are perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field. The ends of the coil are connected
to the two halves S1 and S2 of a split ring. The inner side of these halves insulated and
attached to an axle. The external conducting edges of S1 and S2 touch two conducting
stationary brushes B1 and B2, respectively. Current in the coil ABCD enters from the
source battery through conducting brush B1 and flows back to the battery through
brush B2. Notice that the current in arm AB of the coil flows from A to B. In arm CD
it flows from C to D, that is, opposite to the direction of current through arm AB. On
applying Flemings left hand rule for the direction of force on a current-carrying
conductor in a magnetic field. We find that the force acting on arm AB pushes it
downwards while the force acting on arm CD pushes it upwards. Thus the coil and the
axle, mounted free to turn about an axis, rotate anti-clockwise. At half rotation S2
makes contact with the brush B1 and S1 with brush B2. Therefore the current in the
coil gets reversed and flows along the path DCBA. A device that reverses the direction
of flow of current through a circuit is called a commutator. In electric motors, the split
ring acts as a commutator. The reversal of current also reverses the direction of force
acting on the two arms AB and CD. Thus the arm AB of the coil that was earlier
pushed down is now pushed up and the arm CD previously pushed up is now pushed
down. Therefore the coil and the axle rotate half a turn more in the same direction. The
reversing of the current is repeated at each half rotation, giving rise to a continuous
rotation of the coil and to the axle. The commercial motors use (i) an electro magnet in
place of permanent magnet; (ii) large number of turns of the conducting wire in the
current-carrying coil, and (iii) a soft iron core on which the coil is wound . The soft
iron core, on which the coil is wound, is called an armature. This enhances the power
of the motor.
86
whenever there is a relative motion between the conductor and a magnetic

field.Then emf produced in this way is called an induced emf and the
phenomenon is known as electromagnetic induction.
4. Describe the Ac and Dc generator with diagram ?
An electric generator, as shown in Fig.17.13a, consists of rotating
rectangular coil ABCD placed between the two poles of a permanent magnet.
The two ends of this coil are connected to the two rings S1 and S2. The inner
sides of these rings are made insulated. The two conducting stationary brushes
B1 and B2 are kept pressed separately on the rings S1 and S2 respectively. The
two rings S1 and S2 are internally attached to an axle. The axle may be
mechanically rotated from outside to rotate the coil inside the magnetic field.
Outer ends of the two brushes are connected to the external circuit. When the
axle attached to the two rings is rotated such that the arm AB moves up, the arm
CD moves down in the magnetic field produced by the permanent magnet. Let us
say the coil ABCD is rotated clockwise. By applying Flemings right- hand rule
the induced currents are setup in these arms along the directions AB and CD.
Thus an induced current flows in the direction ABCD. If there are large numbers
of turns in the coil, the current generated in each turn adds up to give a large
current through the coil. This means that the current in the external circuit flows
from B1 to B2. After half a rotation, arm CD starts moving up and AB moving
down. As a result, the directions of the induced currents in both the arms change,
giving rise to the net induced current in the direction DCBA. The current in the
external circuit now flows from B1 to B2. Thus after every half rotation the
polarity of the current in the respective arms changes. Such a current which
changes direction after equal intervals of time, is called an alternating current
(AC). This device is called an AC generator To get a direct current (DC), a splitring type commutator must be used with this arrangement, Fig.17.13b, one brush
is at all times in contact with the arm moving up in the field, while the other is in
contact with the arm moving down. Thus a unidirectional current is produced.
The generator is thus called a DC generator.
87
5.Write a note on Reflection of light by spherical mirror ?

(i) A ray parallel to the principal axis,after reflection, will pass through principal
focus in case of a concave mirror or appear to diverge from the principal focus in
case of a convex mirror. This is illustrated in Fig.
17.16(a) and (b).
88
(ii) A ray passing through the principal focus of a concave mirror or a ray
directed towards the principal focus of a convex mirror, after reflection, will
emerge parallel to the principal axis. This is illustrated in Fig.17.17 (a) and (b).
(iii) A ray passing through the centre of curvature of a concave mirror or directed
in the direction of the centre of curvature of a convex mirror, after reflection, is
reflected back along the same path. This is illustrated in Fig.17.18 (a) and (b).
89
6. Write a note Image formation by concave mirror ?
90
7. Write a note Image formation by a convex mirror
8. write a note Sign convention for reflection by spherical mirrors

(i) The object is always placed to the left of the mirror.
(ii) All distances parallel to the principal axis are measured from the pole of
the mirror.
(iii) All the distances measured to the right of the origin (along +X-axis) are
taken as positive while those measured to the left of the origin (along -X-axis)
are taken as negative
(iv) Distances measured perpendicular to and above the principal axis
(along +Y-axis) are taken as positive.
(v) Distances measured perpendicular to and below the principal axis
(along -Y-axis) are taken as negative. The New Cartesian Sign Convention
described above is illustrated in Fig. 17.21.
91
These sign conventions are applied to obtain the mirror formula

9. Write a note on Image formation by lenses ?
(i) A ray of light from the object, parallel to the principal axis, after
refraction from a convex lens, passes through the principal focus on the
other side of the lens, as shown in Fig.17.24(a). In case
of a concave lens, the ray appears to diverge from the principal focus
located on the same side of the lens, as shown in Fig.17.24(b)
(a)
92
(ii) A ray of light passing through a principal focus after refraction from
a convex lens will emerge parallel to the principal axis. This is shown in
Fig 17.25(a). A ray of light appearing to meet at the principal focus of a
concave lens, after refraction, will emerge parallel to the principal axis.
This is shown in Fig. 17.25(b).
(iii) A ray of light passing through the optical centre of a lens will emerge
without any deviation. This is illustrated in Fig 17.26(a) and (b).
93
10. Write a note on Image formation by convex lens ?
94
11. Write a note on Image formation by concave lens ?
12.Write a note on Defects of vision and rectification in human eye?

There are mainly three common refractive defects of vision. These are
(i) Myopia or near - sightedness.(ii) Hypermetropia or far-sightedness, and (iii)
Presbyopia. These defects can be corrected by the use of suitable spherical
lenses.
(a) Myopia
Myopia is also known as nearsightedness. A person with myopia can see near
by objects clearly but cannot see the distant objects distinctly.
A person with this defect has the far point nearer than infinity. Such a person
may see clearly up to a distance of a few meters. In a myopic eye, the image of a
distant object is formed in front of the retina and not at the retina itself. This
defect may arise due to (i) excessive curvature of the eye lens, or (ii) elongation
of the eyeball. This defect can be corrected by using a concave lens of suitable
95
power. This is illustrated in A concave lens of suitable power will bring the
image back on to the retina and thus the defect is corrected.
(b) Hypermetropia
Hypermetropia is also known as far-sightedness. A person with hypermetropia
can see distant objects clearly but cannot see near by objects distinctly. The near
point, for the person, is further away from the normal near point (25 cm). Such a
person has to keep a reading material such beyond 25cm from the eye for
comfortable reading. This is because the light rays from a close by object are
focussed at a point behind the retina This defect either because (i) the focal
length of the eye lens is too long or (ii) the eyeball has become too small. This
defect can be corrected by using a convex lens of appropriate power. Eye- glasses
with
converging lenses provide the additional focusing power required for forming the
image on the retina.
(c) Presbyopia
The power of accommodation of the eye usually decreases with ageing. For most
people, the near point gradually recedes away. They find it difficult to see near
by objects comfortably and distinctly without corrective eye - glasses. This
defect is called Presbyopia. It arises due to the gradual weakening of the ciliary
muscles and diminishing flexibility of the eye lens. Sometimes, a person may
suffer from both myopia and hypermetropia. Such people often require by-focal
lenses. A common type of by-focal lenses consists of both concave and convex
lenses. The upper portion consists of a concave lens. It facilitates distant vision.
These days, it is possible to correct the refractive defects with contact lenses.
96
MODEL QUESTION PAPER

X STANDARD SCIENCE
Time : 2.30
Section A
Marks :75
I Choose the right Answer
1 x 15 = 15
1. A fruit develops from a single flower with multicarpellary, apocarpous,
superior ovary is __________
(Aggregate fruit, composite fruit, simple fruit, multiple fruit)
2. Which of the following constitute a food chain____________________
{ (Grass, Wheat and Mango), (Grass, goat and Human),
(Goat, cow and elephant),(Grass, fish and goat)}
3. Somatic genetheraphy does ______
( affect the sperm, affect the egg,
affect the progency, affect body cell)
4. Pick out the bacterial disease_____( Meningities, Rabies, Tetanus, Small pox)
5. Mammals main excretory product is ___(Ammonia, Uric acid, Urea, Sodium)
6. When sunlight passes through the window of your house, the dust particles
scatter the light making the path of the light visible. This phenomenon is
called as (Brownian motion , tyndall effect, Raman Effect , uniform motion)
7. 2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2 In this chemical reaction MnO2 acts as
(reactant, product , catalyst, promoter)
8. Number of groups in modern periodic table is --------------- (7,17,18,8)
9. An amalgam is an alloy of metal with ( carbon, mercury, hydrogen, gold)
10. The saturated hydrocarbons form homologous series with the general
formula CnH2n+2. The formula of the second member in this series is
(C2H2, C2H6,C2H4,C2H8)
11. An object is placed at 25 c.m. from a convex lens whose focal length is
10c.m. The image distance is (50 c.m, 16.66 c.m, 6.6 c.m., 10 c.m.)
12. Mass of an object is 10 Kg. What is its weight on the earth
(where w=mg, g=9.8m/s2 ) (49 N, 25 N, 98 N, 100 N)
13. Four cells each of emf E are joined in parallel to form a battery. The
equivalent emf of the battery will be (4E, E, E/4, E=0)
14. The symbol for closed switch is
15. Electric power can be transmitted over long distance without much loss of
energy is an important advantage of ..(AC, DC, Both AC & DC,
None)
97
Section B
II i) Short Answers
ii) Answer any twenty questions.
20 X 2 = 40
16. Match the following glands with suitable hormone
Glands Hormone
a. Adrenal cortex i) Insulin
b. Neurohypophysis ii) Thyroxin
c. Thyroid iii) Cortisone
d. Islets of Langerhan iv) Oxytocin
17. Do you agree with the statement given below. If not, give the correct
statements.
a. Variation may be defined as the affinities in the characteristics among
the individual the species
b. Evolution is a sudden development from the complex species to simple
form Do you agree with the above statements?
18. Copy the diagram of neuron and label the parts A and B
19. Assertion (A): The secretions of pituitary gland controls all other endocrine
glands.
Reason (R) : It is known as the conductor of endocrine orchestra
a) A is correct and R is not giving correct reasoning.
b) A is correct and R is wrong
c) A is wrong and R is correct
d) A is relevant and R is giving correct reasoning.
20. You suspect that your friend is suffering from common cold. What are the
questions you will ask your friend to confirm the disease.
98
21. The polar bears have thick skin coat and wooly fur, the ballen whales have
ballen plates. Give reasons
22. The diagram shows that internal structure of the human heart. Label the
following parts.
a. The blood vessal that carries blood to the lungs
b. The blood vessal that carries blood to the different parts of the body.
23. The tearing teeth of carnivorous animals . The tusks of an

elephant are modified teeth of .
24. Draw and label any two parts of the anther.
25. What will happen if all the grass is removed from the grass land eco system?
26. Assertion A: All public places need not have adequate sanitation and
hygiene facilities.
Reason (R): There is a greater risk of the spread of diseases such as
Hepatitis A, Typhoid, diareha, etc.,
a) A is right R is wrong
b) A is wrong R is right
c) R explains A
d) B does not explain A
27. Assertion A :Alcohol is made by fermenting the sugar components of plant
materials. It can be used as a fuel for vehicles.
Reason (R) : Bio - ethanol is widely used.
a) A is false statement R is correct
th
99 BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10 Std Science 1
b) A is correct R is wrong
c) A is correct R is relevant
d) A and R statements not relevant.
28. Read the following the statements and correct them.
i) Green diesel is a fossil fuel.
ii) Bio - ethanol is widely used in England and Spain
29. Any water that has been used in the home, with the exception of water in
the toilet can be referred to as waste water. It is also referred as gray water.
Suggest any two ways to reuse this water and state benefit out of it.
30. Pollen grains have ceaseless, zigzag, continuous random motion when taken
in a beaker containing water. Name the phenomenon and give the reason.
31. 20 g of common salt is dissolved in 60 g of water. Find the concentration of
the solution in terms of weight percentage?
32. Analyse the table and fill up the blanks
33. Read the redox reaction given below and answer the questions.
CuO+H2
Cu+H2O
a. Conversion of CuO in to Cu is called _____________
b. Conversion of H2 into H2O is called _____________
34. The pH Values of certain familiar substances are given below
Analyses the data in the above table and answer the following questions
a. Which of the substances are acidic in nature?

b. Which substance is basic in nature?
35. From the extract of the periodic table answer the following
100
a. How many elements are present in the second period?

b. Write the group number for fluorine and neon?
36. An alloy of metal A is used in making aircraft parts. A reacts with strong
solution of NaOH to give B with the liberation of H2 gas. Identify A and B
37. Match the following:
a. Ethylalcohol
i) - CO b. Acetaldehyde
ii) - OH
c. Methanoicacid
iii) - CHO
d. Acetone
iv) -COOH
38. Observe the diagram and Write the answer
a. The resultant of these forces is ______________
b. Does the ball move?
39. When a gun is fired, it exerts forward forces on the bullet. Why does the
gun recoil backwards?
40. Leclanche cell diagram is given below. Lable the parts A, B, C, D.
41. Match the following

Components Symbols
42. Harmful radiations originate from a nuclear reactor. Precautions are taken
to see that they do not become a threat to living beings. What are these
precautions?
101
43. The ray diagram shown below is introduced to show how a concave mirror
forms an image A B of an object A B placed at F.
a. Identify the mistakes and draw the correct ray diagram.

b. Write the justification for your corrections
44. The speed of light in vacuum is 3 X 10 8 m/s Calculate the speed of light in
medium of refractive index 4/3. [Hint: = c/v]
45. Odd one out.
a. Myopia, hypermetropia, scurvy, presbyopia
b. Convex mirror, concave mirror, plane mirror, convex lens.
Section C
4 x 5 = 20
Note: i) Answer any four questions by choosing one question from each
group
ii) Each question carries five marks
iii) Draw diagram wherever necessary
Group-A
46. a. State any two applications of Bio-sensor in medicines. Somatic
genetherapy does not effect the sperm or egg. Give reason.
b. What are the types of gene therapy?
47. a. The transfer of disease causing germ from an infected person to a
normal healthy person through air by sneezing, coughing and talking is
possible. Is there any other agent that transmits the infectious germs. List
the agents or carriers, and the various diseases caused by them.
b. Administering vaccine is to prevent the spread of diseases. Brief the role
of MMR and DT vaccine.
Group-B
48. Calyx, Corolla are the parts of a flower.
a. Give the reproductive parts of a flower
b. State the process involved in sexual reproduction.
c. Fruit is a ripened ovary classify the following fruits.
1. Cotton / Ladys finger 2. Paddy 3. Castor
102
49. a) Smoke, Smoke everywhere smoke. List the effects of coal smoking.
b) To meet out the water scarcity we need several ways to increase the
water supply. Suggest any two ways to manage the crisis.
Group-C
50. a. Mole concept is introduced to express the quality of a substance. If 90 g
of water is taken in a beaker. Find the number of moles in it.
b. Atoms and molecules are the building blocks of matter. List out any two
differences between them.
51. a. Ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol in the presence of concentrated
sulphuric acid.
i) Name the organic product formed.
ii) Give the name of the reaction.
iii) What is the role of sulphuric acid in the above reaction
b. The structural formula of an organic compound is CH 3 CH 2 - OH
i) Write the IUPAC name of this compound
ii) Give one use of this compound.
Group D
52. a. Place the following objects in the correct order from the lowest to the
highest momentum.
Assume that all the objects are moving at their maximum velocity.
Aeroplane, Train, Bus, Car, Cycle.
{Where: Momentum = mass x velocity; p = mv }
b. Which object has more momentum ; a car travelling at 10 km/hr or a
baseball pitched at 150 km/hr? Explain your answer.
c. Newtons third law of motion. For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction. Explain this law, using one illustration.
53. a. Observe the figure and write down the following quantities using
Cartesian sign convention.
i) The length of the object AB

103
ii) The distance to the image.

iii) The focal length of the convex mirror
b. Observe the figure and answer the following questions
i) Why is the magnetic needle deflected?

ii) If the direction of current is reversed, what will be the direction of
deflection of magnetic needle?
the method of finding direction of current in this device.
104

10th STD Science 1 Notes of Lesson

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14.

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

2. Match the items in group A with the items in group B

15. LAWS OF MOTION AND GRAVITATION

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

6. Force is one which changes or tends to change the state of rest or of

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

2. Fill in the blanks:

3. The name of some organizations which are associated with

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

8.DEFINE BALANCED FORCE ?

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

14. Which would require a greater force for accelerating a 2 kg of mass at

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

3.WRITE A NOTE ON FIRST LAW OF MOTION ?

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

4.WRITE A NOTE ON SECOND LAW OF MOTION ?

K is known as the constant of proportionality. The SI unit of mass and

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

5. WRITE A NOTE ON CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM AND

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

m2 (v2 u2) = m1 (v1-u1)

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

7. EXPLAIN NEWTON LAW OF GRAVITATION ?

Where G is the constant of proportionality and is called the Universal gravitation

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

8.Difference between mass and weight ?

9. WRITE A NOTE ON ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY AT THE

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

10. WRITE A NOTE ON CHANDRAYAAN -1 ?

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

12. WRITE THE USES OF CRYOGENIC FUEL ?

16.ELECTRICITY AND ENERGY

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

8. The commercial unit of electric energy is kilowatt hour (kWh).

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

Fill in the blanks:

4. Correct the mistakes, if any, in the following statements.

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

We know that Y-rays are harmful radiations emitted by natural

Fuse wire is made up of an alloy of_____which has high resistance and

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

Ans : The resistance across AB = sum of resistances R1 + R2

The resistance across AB i.e., series

The resistance across AB = 1

12. DEFINE ELECTRIC CRICUIT ?

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

14. A current of 0.75 A is drawn by a filament of an electric bulb for 10

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

17. STATE OHMS LAW ?

- 10th Std Science 1

21. STATE JOULES LAW OF HEATING ?

- 10th Std Science 1

25. DRAW THE DIAGRAM FOR VOLTAIC CELL ?

26. DRAW THE DIAGRAM FOR LECLANCHE CELL ?

27. DRAW THE DIAGRAM FOR LEAD ACID ACCUMULATOR ?

28. DEFINE PRIMARY CELL ?

- 10th Std Science 1

30. DEFINE NUCLEAR FISSION ?

- 10th Std Science 1

17. MAGNETIC EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT AND LIGHT

- 10th Std Science 1