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ABSTRACT
This paper presents the effect of harmonic currents and
reactive currents on losses. Current-related power losses
may be significant, overheating wiring and reducing
capacity of the power system. Harmonic reduction and
reactive power compensation will save energy and release
additional capacity to serve components of distribution
systems.
In this study, a numerical example is given for
compensation that is one of the loss reduction method,
eliminating harmonics and feeder reconfiguration in
distribution systems.
1. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, customer are expecting economic and
quality power, same as for all products
The term "power quality" has been used for describing
the variation of voltage, current and frequency on the power
system. With the increase of non-linear loads on utility
distribution systems, the voltage and current waveforms are
becoming more distorted and the power quality is
de!e:icrating [I].
Common sources of harmonics in distribution systems
are as follows: Arc Furnaces, Static Var Generators,
Rectifiers, Converters, Adjustable Frequency A.C. Motor
Drives, etc.[2].
As Known, distortion on voltage and current of the
system causes parallel and series resonance problems,
over voltage and over current caused by resonance,
increase of voltage drops, failure of power factor correction
banks and insulation breakdown, overheating of the
components of power systems because of overloading
(transformer, machines, lines. buses) and low power
factor[ 1-41,
In order to meet the increase in power demand, new
power plants are being bdilt and more energy is being tried
0-7803-3879-0 I 98 I $10.00
-1008
PJ= ke.12.Rdc.(l+ao.T)
(1)
OC
and
I*=If+I;
ITHD can provide a good idea of how much extra heat will
be realized when a distorted voltage is applied across a
resistive load. Likewise, it can give an indication of the
addition losses caused by the current flowing through a
conductor.
1009
(3)
taking into account the frequency-related effects, a ratio of
a.c. to d.c. resistance, k , , can be defined as
(4)
where k,,,is the resistance gain due to skin effect, and k,,
is the rea,istancegain to proximity effects[l,5].
2.2 Harmonic-Related loss Mechanisms in Power
Transformer
If the transformer is not designed to carry load current
with a significant percentage of higher-order harmonics, it
may overheat while appearing to be operating at less than
its rating. There are several reasons why this phenomenon
can hapipen. First, the higher-order harmonics induce
larger voltages in the transformer winding and core, which
cause thle losses due to eddy currents and hysteresis to
increase. Second, the higher-order harmonics of the loads
current cause an increase in the a.c. resistance of the
winding due to "skin effect" and "proximity effects". Third,
the third and multiples of third harmonics will circulate in
the delta connected windings and not appear in the input
line current to the transformer. Thus, the transformer must
be sized ito this circulating[l,4,16].
Transformer losses consist of no-load or core loss aod
load lossi~s.This can be expressed by the equation below
(5)
S =P+jQ
(6)
1010
I 150m
3\w1.........-....-
35m
1'"'
55m .. 100m II
.............
-]8kV
Loss(MW)
1.263
1.346
only filter
Ioss(MW)
only a m p .
1.231
1.312
0.839
0.896
loss(MW)
loss(MW)
comp+filt.
together
0.827
0.882
6,. CONCLUSIONS
h max
AP= CAP),
h=O
5. NUMERICAL EXAMPLE
1011 -
7. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to thank Istanbul Technical University
(ITU) Institute of Science and Technology for the financial
support.
8. REFERENCES
1012 -