Chapter 6 Properties of Gases: The Air We Breathe

They have neither a definite volume or shape and are comprisable

The volume (V) of a gas changes with temperature (T) and pressure
Gasses are miscible (can make solutions as long as no reaction
place)
They are much less dense than liquids (g/L rather than g/mL)

(P)
takes

Pressure is the ratio of force to surface area (P=F/A). Atmospheric Pressure (Patm) is measured by a
barometer.
SI unit: Pascal kg/(ms2): 1 atm(ave . Patm at sea level )=760 torr=760 mmHg=101,325 Pa=1.01325

Manometer an instrument for measuring the pressure

exerted by a gas
The Gas Laws (for ideal gases behavior is predicted by
these relations):
Boyles Law at fixed T and n (quanity):

P 1/V
o

P1 V 1=P 2 V 2

Charless Law at fixed P and

(quanity):

V1 V2
=
T 1 T2

Avogadros Law at fixed T and P:

0C =
273K

V T in kelvin

V1 V2

=
n 1 n2

V n

Amontons Law at fixed V and

n : P T

P1 V 1 P2 V 2
=
T1
T2

P1 P2
=
T1 T 2

General Gas Equation/Combined Gas Law (constant n):

THE Ideal Gas Law/Equation: PV =nRT , where R is the universal
gas constant
Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP): 0C and 1 bar (IUPAC); 0C and 1
atm (US)
Molar Volume: the volume of an ideal gas at STP (use ideal gas law) = 22.4L
Applies to all ideal gasses and is independent of chemical
composition
Density: at constant P and V, T n d
Gas Density (m/V)

n=m/M

d=

m PM
=
V RT

The density of a gas at STP can be calculated: molar mass / molar volume

Molar Density (n/V)

d=

Molar mass of a gas for its density:

n
P
=
V RT
dRT
M=
P

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures the total pressure equals the sum of all the partial pressures:

Ptotal= Pi

Pa ) na
a = mixture:
) the ratio of moles of a component to the total moles in the
ntotal

Partial pressure depends on the number of moles nothing else (

Mole Fraction (

unlike morality, mole fractions have no units

unlike molarity, mole fractions are based on number of moles and can be used for any kind of mixture/solution

the mole fractions of all the components in a mixture should add up to 1

Pa= a Ptotal
(s ,l , g)

Kinetic Molecular Theory a model that describes the behavior of gases; all equations defining
relationships between pressure, volume, temperature, and number of moles of gases can be derived from
the theory
Assumptions:
1. Volume of each gas molecule is effectively zero (and spread apart gas is mostly empty
space)

2. Gas movement is constant and random

3. The average kinetic energy is proportional to T
a. All gas at the same T have the same KE, average speed INCs with T
4. Each gas molecule act independently no attractive or repulsive forces
All populations of gas particles at a given T have the same ave. KE (mu2), but not all molecules have the
same u
1.

The peak is the most probable speed (

2.

The average speed (

right) of

(b)

3.
-

(a)

typical dist. of

um

uave

um

), arithmetic ave, is higher (to the

The root-mean-square speed ( urms ), a particle

possessing the ave. KE moves at this speed

1
KE ave = m(urms )2 ; urms = 3 RT / M ;
2
rx
My
2
=
kg
kg m
r;y MM x
R=8.314 2
mol root of
of effusion of a sgas
mol K 1/(the square
a.

Graham's Law of Effusion the rate

b. This indicates that more massive molecules move more
its molar mass)
Effusion
: a gases escape
( c ) - from containers through tiny holes into regions
increasing T
Also true:
of lower pressure
urmsx
My
o A gas with a greater urms effuses faster
=
Diffusion: the spread of one substance (usually a gas or liquid) through another
u rmsy
Mx
o Grahams Law also describes the diffusion rate of gasses

If we collect over water, water vapor will be present.

To use the calculated pressure to find the moles of a reaction, you must find the partial pressure of the
product

Pmeasured =Ptotal =P product + Pwater

If a gas is mixed with water vapor, it is wet

If a gas contains no water vapor, it is dry
Real Gases
Most gases behave ideally under typical atmospheric pressures and temperatures
o The assumptions from the kinetic molecular theory are good
o However, at high pressures this falls apart
Less V Total V molecules becomes non-negligible: Since we use V Total

The empty
space not
occupied by
gas molecules

to estimate

V free with the equation V Total =V free +V molecules , V Total >V free and
P V Total PV free
(moles calculated > real)
>
RT
RT

Closer together, so intermolecular interation, decreasing the Force of their collisions

with the side od the container:

real)

Preal < Pideal and

Preal V Pideal V
<
RT
RT

(moles calculated <

Van der Waals Equation an equation that includes experimentally determined factors a and b that
quantify the contributions of non-negligible molecular volume and non-negligible intermolecular

interactions to the behavior of real gases with respect to

changes in P, V, and T
o
o

Stoichiometry
Chapter 3: Mass Moles
Chapter 4: Concentration Moles
Chapter 6: Pressure Moles

P+

n a
( V nb )=nRT
2
V

Not necessary to know