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Graphs (1)
CHAPTER
20
18
D
16
14
12
Distance
from home 10
(km)
8
B
C
6
4
2
F
0 A
12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00
Time of day
This is the same as saying that Yakub cycles at a constant speed of 20 kilometres per hour for the
first half hour of his journey.
10
6
10 km
4
10 km
Yakubs constant speed 20 km/h
0.5 hour
A
0
12:00 12:30 13:00
0.5 hour
The horizontal line BC shows that, for the second half hour of his journey, (from 13:00 to 13:30)
Yakub is not moving. He is still 10 km from home, waiting for his sister.
The line CD shows Yakub continues his journey to his cousins house. His cousins house is 16 km
from home. He cycles the remaining 6 km (16 10) in 1.5 hours (from 13:30 to 15:00). During this
part of the journey, Yakub cycles, at a constant speed. His speed is 4 kilometres per hour (6 1.5 4).
The horizontal line DE shows that, for one hour, (from 15:00 to 16:00) Yakub is not moving and is
still 16 km from home, at his cousins house.
The line EF shows the return journey home. He arrives back home at 17:00 having cycled 16 km in
1 hour at a constant speed. His speed on this final part of his journey is 16 kilometres per hour.
192
CHAPTER 13
Example 1
Peter and Jane go to the seaside, a distance of 30 kilometres from their home.
Peter leaves home on his bicycle at 12:30 pm.
Jane leaves later on her scooter.
30
Jane
25
20
Distance
from home 15
(km)
Peter
10
5
0
12
noon
1 pm
2 pm
3 pm 4 pm
Time of day
5 pm
6 pm
Solution 1
a i 1 hour
ii 30 15 15 kilometres
b The line before the break is steeper
than the line after the break
c 3:30 pm
d about 3:55 pm
193
Graphs (1)
CHAPTER 13
Velocitytime graphs
A velocitytime graph shows how velocity
changes with time.
When the velocity of a car increases
steadily it is said to accelerate with a
constant acceleration.
In general,
increase in velocity
constant acceleration
time taken
Example 2
A tram travels between two stations.
The diagram represents the velocitytime graph of the tram.
30
25
20
Velocity
(m/s) 15
10
5
a
b
c
d
20
40
60
80
Time (seconds)
100
Solution 2
a 30 m/s
30 0
b 1.5
20 0
increase in velocity
Use constant acceleration
time taken
120
CHAPTER 13
Example 3
The diagram shows a rectangular tank filling up with water.
The diagonal of the surface of the water is of length
d when the height of the water is h.
Solution 3
a Graph A
b
Graph A
Graph B
Graph C
Height
when
empty O
Exercise 13A
1 The travel graph shows some
information about the flight of an
aeroplane from London to Rome
and back again.
a At what time did the aeroplane
arrive in Rome?
b For how long did the aeroplane
remain in Rome?
c How many hours did the flight
back take?
d Work out the average speed, in
kilometres per hour, of the
aeroplane from London to Rome.
e Estimate the distance of the
aeroplane from Rome
i at 12:30 ii at 15:12
h
Height
when full
Time taken to
empty the tank
1400
1200
1000
800
Distance
from London
(km)
600
400
200
0
11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00
Time of day
195
Graphs (1)
CHAPTER 13
2 Sangita cycles from Bury to the airport, a distance of 24 miles. The distancetime graph shows
some information about her journey.
25
a Sangita stops for lunch. For how
many minutes does she stop?
b Explain how the graph shows that
20
Sangita cycles more slowly after
lunch?
Distance 15
from Bury
c Work out Sangitas speed, in
(miles)
miles per hour, for the part of
10
her journey before lunch.
d Simon leaves the airport at 13:00
5
and travels at a steady speed to
Bury. He arrives in Bury at 13:45.
i On the resource sheet draw a
0
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
distancetime graph for
Time
of
day
Simons journey.
ii Use your graph to work out Simons speed.
iii Use your graph to estimate the time at which Simon and Sangita are at the same distance
from the airport.
3 Mr Jacobs leaves home at 10:15 am and drives 90 kilometres to see a customer. He drives at
90 km/h. Mr Jacobs stays with the customer for 45 minutes and then travels back home at 60 km/h.
a Show this information on a distancetime graph.
b At what time did Mr Jacobs arrive back home?
4 Ken sets off from home to go to his
3
office. On his way he remembers that
he has left his keys in the front door.
He returns home to collect them and
sets off for work again. The travel graph
2
shows information about his journey.
a At what time did Ken first set off?
Distance
from home
b How far is Kens office from his
(km)
home?
1
c How far had Ken gone before he
turned back?
d At what time did he arrive back
home to get his keys?
e How long did the complete journey
0
07:00
07:30
08:00
take?
Time of day
f Ken travelled more quickly after he
picked up his keys than before he turned back. Explain how the graph shows this.
g Work out the speed of Kens journey back home. Give your answer in km/h.
5 The diagram represents the
velocitytime graph of a van for a
journey of 12 seconds. Describe fully
this journey.
12
10
8
Velocity
(m/s) 6
4
2
196
4 6 8 10 12
Time (seconds)
08:30
CHAPTER 13
6 A train leaves a station and steadily accelerates to reach a speed of 30 m/s in 6 seconds.
a Work out the constant acceleration during these 6 seconds.
b The train continues at a constant speed of 30 m/s for 10 seconds. It then makes an emergency
stop coming to rest after a further 4 seconds. For this 20 second period, draw the
velocitytime graph for the train.
c Find the velocity of the train 2 seconds before it stops.
7 The diagrams show three containers filling up with water.
d is the diameter of the surface of the water when the height of the water is h.
These graphs each show a relationship between d and h.
y
x 2
(2, 1)
5
4
3
2
y1
1
5 4 3 2 1 O
1
5 x
2
3
4
5
197
Graphs (1)
CHAPTER 13
y
P(5, 5)
5
4
A(4, 4)
Q(3, 3)
B(1, 1)
C(2, 2)
D(5, 5)
4
3
2
6 5 4 3 2 1 O
1
1
4
6 x
6 5 4 3 2 1 O
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
R(1, 1)
6 x
S(4, 4)
6
Figure 2. y x
6
Figure 1. y x
Example 4
a Find the equation of the line which passes through the points E(3, 6) F(1, 2) and H(2, 4).
b Find the equation of the line which passes through the points T(3, 9) U(2, 6) V(1, 3) and
W(3, 9).
Solution 4
a
2
E(3, 6)
2
F(1, 2)
2
10
H(2, 4)
3
T(3, 9)
3
U(2, 6)
3
V(1, 3)
198
E(3, 6)
4
2
3
W(3, 9)
U(2, 6)
T(3, 9)
F(1, 2)
3 2 1 O
1 2
2
V(1, 3)
H(2, 4)
4
6
W(3, 9)
8
10
3 x
CHAPTER 13
Example 5
Draw the graph of y 5x 4. Use values of x from x 1 to x = 4
Solution 5
y 5x 4
Substitute integer values of x from
x 1 to x 4 into y 5x 4
y 5 4 4 16
When x 4,
y 5 3 4 11
When x 3,
Alternatively these points can be found and shown
y5246
When x 2,
in a table of values
y5141
When x 1,
x
1
0
1
2
3
4
y 5 0 4 4
When x 0,
y
9 4
1
6
11
16
y 5 (1) 4 9
When x 1,
y
Plot each of the points
16
(4, 16) (3, 11) (2, 6)
y 5x 4
14
(1, 1) (0, 4) (1, 9)
12
and join them.
10
8
6
4
2
1O
2
4 x
4
6
8
10
All of the graphs of the equations considered so far have been straight-line graphs.
Straight-line graphs are also called linear graphs.
The equations have been of the form y mx c, where m and c are numbers.
( y x, y x, y 2x and y 3x are also equations of the form y mx c, where c 0)
To draw a straight-line graph only two points need to be plotted but it is safer to find and plot three
points.
Example 6
Draw the graph of y 2x 3 from x 3 to x 3
Solution 6
y 2x 3
When x 3, y 9
y 2x 3 is of the form y mx c
When x 3, y 3
When x 0, y 3
10
8
6
4
y 2x 3
2
3 2 1 O
2
3 x
4
199
Graphs (1)
CHAPTER 13
Equations of the form x y k, where k is a number, also always give straight line graphs, since
x y k can be rearranged to give y x k which is of the form y mx c with m 1
To draw these straight-line graphs, tables of values are not necessary.
Example 7
Draw the graph of x y 5
Solution 7
xy5
When x 0, y 5
When y 0, x 5
When x 2, y 3
y
8
7
6
5 (0, 5)
xy5
(2, 3)
3
2
1
2 1 O
1
(5, 0)
1
6 x
Exercise 13B
1 Write down the equation of the lines through these points.
a (4, 3) and (4, 1)
b (0, 8) and (0, 3)
2 a Plot the points (2, 4) (0, 0) (1, 2) and (3, 6) and join them with a straight line.
b Find the equation of the line.
3 a Draw the graph of y = 5 2x. Use values of x from 2 to 4
b Write down the coordinates of the point where your graph crosses
i the y-axis, ii the x-axis.
c Use your graph to find the value of x when y 6
Draw the graph of y 4x 7. Use values of x from 0 to 5
Write down the coordinates of the point where your graph crosses the y-axis.
Estimate and write down the x-coordinate of the point where your graph crosses the x-axis.
i On the same axes, draw the graph of x 2.5
ii Write down the coordinates of the point where the two graphs cross.
e i On the same axes, draw the graph of y 5
ii Write down the coordinates of the point where the graph of y 5 crosses the graph of
y 4x 7
4 a
b
c
d
200
CHAPTER 13
y
15
10
15
10
5
10
15 x
5
F
10
15
xy5
x y 5 and y x 1
xy5
yx1
P(2, 3)
y
5
2
1
5 4 3 2 1 O
1
5 x
2
yx1
3
4
5
is x 2, y 3
Check: 2 3 5
321
201
Graphs (1)
CHAPTER 13
Example 8
Find graphically the solution of the simultaneous equations
x y 2
yx 4
Solution 8
For x + y = 2: when x 0, y 2
when y 0, x 2
For y = x 4: when x 0, y 4
when x 1, y 3
when x 2, y 2
y
5
4
x y 2
3
2
yx4
1
5 4 3 2 1 O
1
5 x
2
P(1, 3)
3
4
5
x 1, y 3
Exercise 13C
1 The diagrams show six lines labelled L1, L2, L3, L4, L5 and L6.
L1
y
5
L2
L4
y
5
L3
5 4 3 2 1O
1
1 2 3 4 5 x
5 4 3 2 1O
1
1 2 3 4 5 x
5 4 3 2 1O
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
L5
L6
1 2 3 4 5 x
CHAPTER 13
For each of Questions 26 draw two linear graphs on the same grid (each axis scaled from 5 to 5)
to solve the simultaneous equations.
3 yx2
4 xy1
2 xy0
yx2
y 2x
y 2x 1
5 yx1
y 2x 4
6 y 2x 5
xy4
yx3
yx
yx1
yx3
yx2
yx
5
4
3
2
1
5 4 3 2 1 O
1
5 x
2
3
yx1
4
yx2
5
In general,
the line y mx c has y-intercept c, since it crosses the y-axis at (0, c).
y 3x 2
y 2x 1
4
2
y 2x 3
1
4 3 2 1 O
1
y 3x 5
y 3x 3
6 x
5 4 3 2 1 O
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
y 2x 4
6 x
Graphs (1)
CHAPTER 13
For different numbers in the x term, the slopes of the lines are different.
For example the line y 3x is steeper than the line y 2x.
y 2x 1
y 2x 1
4
3
4 units
1 unit
3 2 1 O
1
3 x
2
3
2
2 units
3 2 1 O
1 2
1
D
2 units
2
3 x
The steepness of the two lines appears to be the same ( 2) but the slopes of the two lines clearly
look different; from the bottom point on the line, the first line slopes to the right and the second line
slopes to the left.
A line that slopes to the right, /, is said to have positive slope.
A line that slopes to the left, \ , is said to have negative slope.
So,
and
Example 9
a Find the equation of the line which has gradient 6 and crosses the y-axis at the point (0, 4).
b Find the coordinates of the point where the line crosses the x-axis.
Solution 9
a Gradient, m 6
y-intercept, c 4
Equation of line is y 6x (4)
y 6x 4
204
y mx c is the equation
of a line with gradient m
and y-intercept c
Substitute m 6 and
c 4 in y mx c
CHAPTER 13
b When y 0, 0 6x 4
6x 4
4
2
so x
63 3
y 6x 4
3
2
1
5 4 3 2 1 O
1
1 2
6
5 x
2
3
4
5
Example 10
a Find the gradient and the y-intercept of the line with equation 2y 6x 3
b Use your answer to part a to draw the graph of 2y 6x 3
Solution 10
a 2y 6x 3
2y 6x 3
y 3x 1.5
m 3 and c 1.5
Gradient 3
y-intercept 1.5
y
5
(1, 4.5)
4
3
3 units
y intercept
1.5
1 1 unit
5 4 3 2 1 O
1
5 x
2
Exercise 13D
In Questions 15 for each of the lines
a write down i the gradient ii the y-intercept and b sketch the line.
1 y 2x 3
2 yx5
3 y 3x
2
4 y x 1
3
5 y 8 3x
In Questions 6-10 find a the gradient and b the y-intercept of lines with these equations.
6 2y 6x 1
9 3y 2x 12
7 x y 12
8 y 2(3x 2)
10 2x y 4 0
205
Graphs (1)
CHAPTER 13
11 A line passes through the point (0, 5) and has gradient 7. Find the equation of the line.
12 Find the equations of the lines A, B, C and D.
y
5
4
B
3
2
1
5 4 3 2 1 O
1
5 x
2
3
4
5
Perpendicular lines
y
m 1 5
y
m 32 5
m 12
5 4 3 2 1O
1
m1
1 2 3 4 5 x
5 4 3 2 1O
1
2
2
3
3
4
5
m2
1 2 3 4 5 x
5 4 3 2 1O
1
4
2
m
5
3
3
1 32 3 4 5 x
4
5
The diagrams show three pairs of perpendicular lines (lines which cross at 90).
1 1 1
1
2 1
2
3 2
1
2 3
2
3
CHAPTER 13
Example 11
The equations of three lines are y 2x 1, y 2x 3, 2y x 4
Two of these lines are perpendicular.
a Find the equations of the two perpendicular lines.
b Are any of these lines parallel? Give a reason for your answer.
Solution 11
a
2y x 4
so
2y 4 x
4 x
so y
2 2
1
y x 2
2
The gradient of y 2x 1 is 2
The gradient of y 2x 3 is 2
The gradient of 2y x 4
1
1
or y x 2 is
2
2
1
Since 2 1, the two perpendicular lines are
2
2y x 4 and y 2x 1
1
b Since the gradients 2, 2 and of the lines are
2
Example 12
Find the gradient of all lines which are a parallel b perpendicular to the line with equation 4y 8x 3
Solution 12
a
Write 4y 8x 3 so 4y 3 8x
3 8x
so y
4
4
3
y 2x
4
The gradient of 4y 8x 3 or
3
y 2x is 2
4
Lines parallel to 4y 8x 3 have
gradient 2
b Lines perpendicular to 4y 8x 3
1
1
have gradient
2 2
207
Graphs (1)
CHAPTER 13
Example 13
Find an equation of the line which passes through the point
(2, 1), and is parallel to the line with equation y 2x 5
Solution 13
y 2x 5 has gradient 2
5
4
so
y 2x 5
3
2
Use y mx c
(2, 1)
5 4 3 2 1 O
1
5 x
2
3
c 3
y 2x 3
4
5
Example 14
Find the equation of the line which passes through the point (3, 2) and is perpendicular to the line
with equation 2y 3x 4
Solution 14
2y 3x 4
3x 4
3
so y or y x 2
2
2
3
3
The gradient of y x 2 is
2
2
The gradient of the perpendicular
1
2
is
3
3
2
and has an equation in the form
2
y x c
3
2
(3, 2) is a point on y x c
3
2
so 2 (3) c
3
2 2 c means c 0
The equation of the line is
2
y x
3
208
Write 2y 3x 4 in
the form y mx c
Divide both sides by 2
Compare with y mx c and read
off the value of m for the gradient.
5
4
(3, 2)
y 32 x 2
3
2
1
Use y mx c
5 4 3 2 1 O
1
2
Substitute c 0 in y x c
3
2
3
4
5
y 23 x
5 x
CHAPTER 13
Example 15
Find the equation of the line which joins the points (3, 4) and (3, 1).
Solution 15
Find the gradient, m, of the line
joining (3, 4) and (3, 1)
(3, 4)
(3, 1)
6
Vertical distance 4 1 3
Horizontal distance
3 (3) 6
y
5
(3, 4)
3
1
Gradient, m
6
2
1
y x c
2
1
(3, 1) is a point on y x c
2
so
1 1.5 c
2.5 c
1
y x 2.5
2
4
3
y
1
2x
2.5
Use y mx c
Substitute x 3, y 1 into
the equation
1
y x c to find c
2
(3, 1)
1
5 4 3 2 1 O
1
5 x
2
3
4
1
Substitute c 2.5 in y x c
2
Exercise 13E
In Questions 13 find the equation of the line which passes through the point A and has the given
gradient.
1
2 A (2, 3) gradient 2
3 A (4, 2) gradient
1 A (0, 1) gradient 3
2
In Questions 46 find an equation of the line which passes through the point P and is parallel to the
line L.
4 P (0, 2) L is y 3x
5 P (3, 2) L is y 3 x
6 P (4, 3) L is 2y 3x 4
In Questions 79 find the equation of the line which passes through the point Q and is
perpendicular to the line M.
1
7 Q (1, 0) M is y x 3
2
8 Q (3, 2) M is y x 1
9 Q (2, 1) M is 4y 8x 1
In Questions 1012 find the equation of the line which joins the given points.
10 (1, 2) and (3, 4)
Graphs (1)
CHAPTER 13
13 A is the point (1, 3), B is the point (4, 3) and C is the point (1, 2).
Find the equation of the line which passes through the point C and is parallel to the line joining
the points A and B.
A(2, 6)
14
y 12 x 7
B
D
ABCD is a square. A is the point (2, 6). C is the point (4, 0).
The equation of the straight line through
1
A and B is y x 7
2
a Find the equation of the straight line through D and C
b Find the equation of the straight line through B and C
c Find the equation of the diagonal AC.
C(4, 0)
Chapter summary
You should now be able to use the fact:
that the coordinates of the point where two linear graphs cross gives the solution to that pair
of simultaneous equations
that the equation of a straight line written in the form y mx c, where m and c are
numbers, has
y-intercept c, since the line crosses the y-axis at (0, c)
and gradient m
1
all lines perpendicular to it have gradient
m
You should also be able to:
recognise the equations of vertical and horizontal lines, for example knowing that:
x 5 is the equation of the vertical line passing through the point (5, 0) on the x-axis
y 3 is the equation of the horizontal line passing through the point (0, 3) on the y-axis
210
CHAPTER 13
1 Anil cycled from his home to the park. Anil waited in the park.
Then he cycled back home.
Here is a distancetime graph for Anils complete journey.
8
6
Distance
from home
4
(km)
2
0
09:00 09:10 09:20 09:30 09:40 09:50 10:00 10:10
Time of day
a
b
c
d
2 A car is travelling at a constant velocity of 15 m/s. It steadily accelerates at 5 m/s2 for 4 seconds.
It then continues at a constant velocity for a further 12 seconds. The car then brakes and comes
to rest with a steady deceleration of 7 m/s2.
a Work out the constant velocity during this period.
b Draw the velocitytime graph for the car.
c Find the time taken from the car starting to accelerate to it coming to rest.
3 The point T is (2, 3).
a Write down the equation of the horizontal line through T.
b Write down the equation of the vertical line through T.
4 Write down the equations of the lines through these points.
a (4, 0) and (4, 0)
b (7, 8) and (7, 8)
211
Graphs (1)
CHAPTER 13
ii y 3x
O
R
(1388 Mock)
(1388 March 2003)
13 A straight line, L, passes through the point with coordinates (4, 7) and is perpendicular to the line
with equation y 2x 3
(1387 November 2003)
Find an equation of the straight line L.
14 A straight line passes through the points (0, 5) and (3, 17).
Find the equation of the straight line.
212
CHAPTER 13
15 ABCD is a rectangle. A is the point (0, 1). C is the point (0, 6).
The equation of the straight line through A and B is y 2x 1
y
6 C
Diagram NOT
accurately drawn
B
D
1 A
Diagram NOT
accurately drawn
y 4x 8
y 2x 3
A
(1388 March 2005)
17 The diagram shows three points A (1, 5), B (2, 1) and C (0, 5).
The line L is parallel to AB and passes through C.
a Find the equation of the line L.
The line M is perpendicular to AB and passes through (0, 0).
b Find the equation of the line M.
y
L
C (0, 5)
A (1, 5)
Diagram NOT
accurately drawn
(1388 June 2005)
x
B (2, 1)
213