General Studies Manual

for
UPSC and State Public Services
Examinations
2014
Fundamentals of Geography
Module-10: Select Concepts in Human Geography and Economic
Geography


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First Published in 2010

Last Updated: November 2013
2010-2013 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

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General Studies Manual for UPSC and State

 

Geography--10:: Select Concepts in Human Geography and Economic Geography

Contents
Select Concepts in Human Geography ..................................................................2
Determinism and possibilism...................................................................................... 2
Determinism ........................................................................................................................ 2
Possibilism ........................................................................................................................... 3
Neo-determinism ................................................................................................................ 4
Migration, Demographic Transition and Transhumance .............................................4
Reallocation of resources .................................................................................................... 5
Change in demographic characteristics ............................................................................... 5
Change in sex ratio .............................................................................................................. 5
Economic gains .................................................................................................................... 5
Transformation of ethnic characteristics ............................................................................. 5
Transformation of cultural values....................................................................................... 5
Theory of Demographic Transition.............................................................................. 5
Crude Birth Rate .................................................................................................................. 5
Crude Death Rate ................................................................................................................ 6
Age Structure, Demographic Dividend, Dependency Ratio and Longevity Dividend .............7
Demographic Dividend................................................................................................ 7
Longevity Dividend .............................................................................................................. 7
Age Sex Pyramid......................................................................................................... 7
Triangle Shaped Pyramid .................................................................................................... 8
Bell shaped Pyramid tapered at top ................................................................................... 8
Bell shaped Pyramid tapered at top and bottom................................................................8
Indias Age Sex Pyramid....................................................................................................... 8
Chapter 2.
Select Concepts in Economic Geography ...............................................................9
Primary Activities........................................................................................................ 9
Gathering............................................................................................................................. 9
Nomadic herding or pastoral nomadism ........................................................................... 10
Transhumance ................................................................................................................... 10
Transhumance in India & World ........................................................................................ 10
Commercial Livestock Rearing ........................................................................................... 11
Primary Subsistence Agriculture ........................................................................................ 11
Intensive subsistence agriculture....................................................................................... 12
Plantation Agriculture ....................................................................................................... 13
Extensive Commercial Grain Cultivation ............................................................................ 13
Mixed Farming ................................................................................................................... 13
Some Other terms: ............................................................................................................ 14
Chapter 1.

Chapter 1.

Select Concepts in Human Geography

    -relationship     
sociocultural

Determinism and possibilism


Determinism
            

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General Studies Manual for UPSC and State

 

Geography--10:: Select Concepts in Human Geography and Economic Geography


-mak

              
environment.

Environmental determinism
           
 nd-            
             
             


             

i

           
 Indus-          
th

Possibilism
            
           
              













 
        
    



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General Studies Manual for UPSC and State

 

Geography--10:: Select Concepts in Human Geography and Economic Geography



Neo-determinism
 
           
                
                







                
,wh
                
\


               


Migration, Demographic Transition and Transhumance

   lity       
           -
--to--to-rural.
-p





             
-
                


  
          
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General Studies Manual for UPSC and State

 

Geography--10:: Select Concepts in Human Geography and Economic Geography





           

Reallocation of resources


             
popu   -         

Change in demographic characteristics
             
destina            
or
Change in sex ratio


Economic gains



Transformation of ethnic characteristics


Transformation of cultural values
             


Theory of Demographic Transition

             

Crude Birth Rate
                 
population.

1000

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 =

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General Studies Manual for UPSC and State

 

Geography--10:: Select Concepts in Human Geography and Economic Geography

              

Crude Death Rate



  = 1000

Wher





              
    
     



First Stage:
      


    
     
    
      


the
Second stage:
               




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General Studies Manual for UPSC and State

 

Geography--10:: Select Concepts in Human Geography and Economic Geography

               

Age Structure, Demographic Dividend, Dependency Ratio and Longevity Dividend
              
               -59

            
               


Demographic Dividend

-
--
A
             
-24
 


               


Longevity Dividend

             
          cha     


Age Sex Pyramid

 -               
-



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General Studies Manual for UPSC and State

 

Geography--10:: Select Concepts in Human Geography and Economic Geography




Triangle Shaped Pyramid
      
      
       

        

    
      
      

Bell shaped Pyramid tapered at top
- 

Bell shaped Pyramid tapered at top and bottom
                
.
Indias Age Sex Pyramid
I
             -  
                 
          -     


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General Studies Manual for UPSC and State

 

Geography--10:: Select Concepts in Human Geography and Economic Geography

Chapter 2.

Select Concepts in Economic Geography

Primary Activities



             



Red Collar workers
               

Gathering

     


    
    
    
     
     
   
 
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General Studies Manual for UPSC and State

 

Geography--10:: Select Concepts in Human Geography and Economic Geography



             


Nomadic herding or pastoral nomadism

             


Transhumance



   
    
     



     
   
  Africa   
   

Transhumance
            
           

               

Transhumance in India & World
     
 
    


               

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General Studies Manual for UPSC and State

 

Geography--10:: Select Concepts in Human Geography and Economic Geography

Commercial Livestock Rearing

C
    

Ranches
Ranches refers to the large stock farms,
usually fenced in, where animals are bred
and reared on a commercial scale. They are
found especially in the United States.

     
     

    



            

Primary Subsistence Agriculture
               






        
      


     

        
      


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Geography--10:: Select Concepts in Human Geography and Economic Geography

















Intensive subsistence agriculture



Intensive subsistence agriculture dominated by wet paddy cultivation

                

  






Intensive subsidence agriculture dominated by crops other than paddy:






    
      
    -

      
     

     
     


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General Studies Manual for UPSC and State

 

Geography--10:: Select Concepts in Human Geography and Economic Geography

Plantation Agriculture
            


       



 

          
      



      

       






Ma










Extensive Commercial Grain Cultivation
-


              

Mixed Farming
 c
.
 -
             
 







Anim              


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General Studies Manual for UPSC and State

 

Geography--10:: Select Concepts in Human Geography and Economic Geography

Some Other terms:

Rotation of Crops
                 

Sedentary Agriculture
               
agriculture.
Truck Farming





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