Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq

Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq

President of Pakistan

In office
16 September 1978 – 17 August 1988

Prime Minister Muhammad Khan Junejo

Preceded by Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry

Succeeded by Ghulam Ishaq Khan

Prime Minister of Pakistan

In office
9 June 1988 – 17 August 1988

Preceded by Muhammad Khan Junejo

Succeeded by Benazir Bhutto

In office
5 July 1977 – 24 March 1985

President Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry

Preceded by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

Succeeded by Muhammad Khan Junejo

Chief of Army Staff

In office
11 October 1976 – 17 August 1988

Preceded by Tikka Khan

Succeeded by Mirza Aslam Beg

12 August 1924(1924-08-12)
Born
Jalandhar, British Raj (now India)

17 August 1988 (aged 64)

Died
Bahawalpur, Pakistan

United States Army Command and

Alma mater
General Staff College

Religion Sunni Islam

Military service

Allegiance Pakistan

Service/branch Pakistan Army (PA – 1810)

Years of service 1943–1988

Rank General

Unit Armoured Corps (Guides Cavalry FF)

2nd Independent Armoured Brigade,

Jordan
Commands 1st Armoured Division, Multan
II Corps, Multan
Chief of Army Staff

World War II
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
Battles/wars
Black September in Jordan
Soviet war in Afghanistan
General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (Punjabi, Urdu: 12 ; ‫ محمد ضياء الحق‬August 1924 – 17
August 1988) was the sixth President of Pakistan from July 1977 to his death in August 1988.
Distinguished by his role in the Black September in Jordan military operation in 1970, he was
appointed Chief of Army Staff in 1976. After widespread civil disorder, he overthrew ruling
Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in a bloodless coup d'état on 5 July 1977 and became the
state's third ruler to impose martial law. He initially ruled as Chief Martial Law Administrator,
but later installed himself as the President of Pakistan in September 1978.
Zia's major domestic initiatives included the consolidation of the fledgling nuclear program,
which was initiated by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, denationalization and deregulation and the state's
Islamization. His tenure saw the disbanding of the Baloch insurgency. His endorsement of the
Pakistan Muslim League (the founding party of Pakistan) initiated its mainstream revival[citation
needed]
. However, he is most remembered for his foreign policy; the subsidizing of the Mujahideen
movement during the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan which led to the Soviet Russian
withdrawal from Afghanistan. He was described by some as a "fundamentalist Sunni dictator"[1].
Zia died along with several of his top generals and then-United States Ambassador to Pakistan
Arnold Lewis Raphel in a suspicious aircraft crash near Bahawalpur (Punjab) on 17 August
1988.

Contents
• 1 Early life
• 2 Army career
• 3 Coup and martial law
○ 3.1 Postponement of elections and call for accountability
• 4 Reign as Chief Martial Law Administrator
○ 4.1 The Doctrine of Necessity
○ 4.2 Assumption of the post of President of Pakistan
○ 4.3 The trial of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
• 5 Appointment of Martial Law Governors
• 6 Reign as President of Pakistan
○ 6.1 Formation of Majlis-e-Shoora
○ 6.2 Referendum of 1984
○ 6.3 The Eighth Amendment and elections of 1985
• 7 Involvement in the Soviet-Afghan War
○ 7.1 The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
• 8 Economic reform
○ 8.1 Consolidation of Pakistan's nuclear programme
○ 8.2 International standing enhancement and resumption of aid
○ 8.3 Fighting the war by proxy
 ○ 8.4 The war legacy
• 9 General Zia-ul-Haq's 'Islamisation'
○ 9.1 Laws against Ahmadiyya community of 1984
• 10 Dismissal of the Junejo government and call for new elections
• 11 Movement for Restoration of Democracy (MRD)
• 12 Death
• 13 Funeral and burial
• 14 Books about Haq's time period
• 15 Portrayals in popular culture
• 16 See also
• 17 References
• 18 External links

Early life
Zia was born in Jalandhar, British India, in 1924 as the second child of an Arain,[2] Muhammad
Akbar, who worked as a senior clerk in the Army GHQ in Delhi and Simla pre-partition.
After graduation from St Stephen's College in Delhi, Zia joined the British Indian Army in 1943.
He married Shafiq Jahan in 1951. One of his sons went into politics (Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq)
becoming a cabinet minister in the government of Nawaz Sharif. He completed his initial
education in Simla and then at St. Stephen's College, Delhi.
Army career
He was commissioned in the British Indian Army in a cavalry regiment on 12 May 1943 and
served against Nazi Germany and its allies in World War II. After Pakistan gained its
independence, Zia joined the newly formed Pakistan Army as a major. His regiment was now the
Guides Cavalry Frontier Force Regiment. He trained in the United States in 1962–1964 at the US
Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. After that, he returned to
take over as Directing Staff (DS) at Command and Staff College, Quetta.[3] During the Indo-
Pakistani War of 1965, Zia was a tank commander.[4]
Zia was stationed in Jordan from 1967 to 1970 as a Brigadier, helping in the training of
Jordanian soldiers, as well as leading the training mission into battle during the Black September
operations as commander of Jordanian 2nd Division, a strategy that proved crucial to King
Hussein's remaining in power. By 1973, then Maj Gen Zia was commanding the 1st Armoured
Division at Multan.[3]
He was then promoted as Lt Gen and was appointed commander of the II Strike Corps at Multan
in 1975. It was during this time when General Zia invited Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as
the Colonel-in-Chief of the Armoured Corps at Multan, using his tailor to stitch the Blue Patrols
of his size. The next day, Bhutto was requested to climb a tank and engage a target, where the
target was quite obviously hit. After the function, General Zia met Bhutto, placed his hand on the
Quran and said, "You are the saviour of Pakistan and we owe it to you to be totally loyal to
you."[5]
On 1 March 1976, Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto approved Zia-ul-Haq as Chief of Army,
ahead of a number of more senior officers[citation needed]. At the time of his nominating the successor
to the outgoing chief General Tikka Khan, the Lieutenant Generals in order of seniority were,
Muhammad Shariff, Muhammad Akbar Khan, Aftab Ahmed Khan, Azmat Baksh Awan, Agha
Ibrahim Akram, Abdul Majeed Malik, Ghulam Jilani Khan, and Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. But,
Bhutto chose the most junior, superseding seven more senior generals.[6] However, the senior
most at that time, Lt Gen Mohammad Shariff, though promoted to General, was made the
Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, a constitutional post akin to President Fazal Ilahi
Chaudhry.[7]
Coup and martial law
Prime Minister Bhutto began facing considerable criticism and increasing unpopularity as his
term progressed.[8] Initially targeting leader of the opposition Khan Abdul Wali Khan and his
opposition National Awami Party (NAP). Despite the ideological similarity of the two parties,
the clash of egos both inside and outside the National Assembly became increasingly fierce,
starting with the Federal governments decision to oust the NAP provincial government in
Balochistan for alleged secessionist activities[9] and culminating in the banning of the party and
arrest of much of its leadership after the death of a close lieutenant of Bhutto's, Hayat Sherpao, in
a bomb blast in the frontier town of Peshawar.
Dissidence also increased within the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), and the murder of a leading
dissident Ahmed Raza Kasuri's father led to public outrage and intra-party hostility as Bhutto
was accused of masterminding the crime. Powerful PPP leaders such as Ghulam Mustafa Khar
openly condemned Bhutto and called for protests against his regime. The political crisis in the
North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) and Balochistan intensified as civil liberties remained
suspended, and an estimated 100,000 troops deployed there were accused of abusing human
rights and killing large numbers of civilians.[10]
On 8 January 1977 a large number of opposition political parties grouped to form the Pakistan
National Alliance[10] (PNA). Bhutto called fresh elections, and PNA participated in those
elections in full force. They managed to contest the elections jointly even though there were
grave splits on opinions and views within the party. The PNA faced defeat but did not accept the
results, alleging that the election was rigged. First, they claimed rigging for 14 seats and, finally,
for 40 seats in the National Assembly. They proceeded to boycott the provincial elections.
Despite this, there was high voter turn out in national elections; however, as provincial elections
were held amidst low voter turnout and an opposition boycott, the PNA declared the newly-
elected Bhutto government as illegitimate. Firebrand Islamic leaders such as Abul Ala Maududi
called for the overthrow of Bhutto's regime. [8] Political and civil disorder intensified, which led to
more unrest.[11] Nevertheless, a compromise agreement between Bhutto and opposition was
ultimately reported. Yet on 5 July 1977, Bhutto and members of his cabinet were arrested by
troops under the order of General Zia.[10]
Postponement of elections and call for accountability
After assuming power as Chief Martial Law Administrator, General Zia promised to hold
National and Provincial Assembly elections in the next 90 days[citation needed] and to hand over power
to the representatives of the nation[citation needed]. He also stated that the Constitution of Pakistan had
not been abrogated whatsoever, but had been temporarily suspended[citation needed]. However, in
October 1977, he announced the postponement of the electoral plan and decided to start an
accountability process for the politicians. Zia said that he changed his decision due to the strong
public demand for the scrutiny of political leaders who had engaged in malpractice in the past (a
large number of both PNA and PPP members had asked General Zia to postpone the elections).
Thus the "retribution first, elections later" PNA policy was adopted. This severely tainted his
credibility as many saw the broken promise as malacious.[citation needed]
A Disqualification Tribunal was formed, and several individuals who had been Members of
Parliament were charged with malpractice and disqualified from participating in politics at any
level for the next seven years. A white paper document was issued, incriminating the deposed
Bhutto government on several counts.
Reign as Chief Martial Law Administrator
This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources
remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by
introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (October 2008)
The Doctrine of Necessity
Main article: Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization
Nusrat Bhutto, the wife of the deposed Prime Minister, filed a suit against General Zia's military
regime, challenging the validity of the July 1977 military coup. The Supreme Court of Pakistan
ruled, in what would later be known as the Doctrine of Necessity (not to be confused with the
1954 Doctrine of necessity) that, given the dangerously unstable political situation of the time,
General Zia's overthrowing of the Bhutto government was legal on the grounds of necessity. The
judgement tightened the general's hold on the government.
Assumption of the post of President of Pakistan
Despite the dismissal of most of the Bhutto government, President Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry was
persuaded to continue in office as a figurehead. After completing his term, and despite General
Zia's insistence to accept an extension as President, Mr Chaudhry resigned, and General Zia also
assumed the office of President of Pakistan on 16 September 1978. Thus his position was
cemented as the undisputed ruler of the country.
Over the next six years, Zia issued several decrees which amended the constitution and greatly
expanded his power. Most significantly, the Revival of Constitution of 1973 Order granted Zia
the power to dissolve the National Assembly virtually at will.
The trial of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
On 4 April 1979, the former Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was hanged, after the Supreme
Court upheld the death sentence as passed by the Lahore High Court. The Supreme Court ruled
four to three in favour of execution. The High Court had given him the death sentence on charges
of the murder of the father of Ahmed Raza Kasuri, a dissident PPP politician. Despite many
clemency appeals from foreign leaders requesting Zia to commute Bhutto's death sentence, Zia
dismissed the appeals as "trade union activity"[citation needed] and upheld the death sentence. The
hanging of an elected prime minister by a military man was condemned by the international
community and by lawyers and jurists across Pakistan[citation needed]. Today it is widely accepted as a
politically motivated judicial murder[citation needed]. Despite the case whereby Bhutto was held
behind the murder of Ahmed Raza Kasuri, the trial is considered to have been biased against
Bhutto who it is generally believed to have been framed in the case.[citation needed]
Appointment of Martial Law Governors
The Zia regime largely made use of installing high-profile military generals to carte blanche
provincial administration under martial law. Zia's Guides Cavalry comrade Lieutenant General
Fazle Haq was appointed Governor of North West Frontier Province. Haq's tenure saw the influx
of heroin[citation needed], sophisticated weaponry, and countless refugees in from neighbouring
Afghanistan. Lieutenant General S.M. Abbasi was appointed Governor of Sindh; his tenure too
saw civil disorder amid student riots[citation needed]. By contrast, martial law governor General Jilani
of Punjab made much headway in beautifying Lahore[citation needed], extending infrastructure, and
muting political opposition[citation needed]. The ascent of Nawaz Sharif to Chief Minister of Punjab
was largely due to General Jilani's sponsorship[12]. Perhaps most crucially, General Rahimuddin
Khan's appointment to the post of martial law Governor of Balochistan saw the disbanding of the
Baloch insurgency, the containment of Afghan mujahideen, as well as the construction of nuclear
test sites in the Chagai District.
Reign as President of Pakistan
Formation of Majlis-e-Shoora
Main article: Majlis-e-Shoora
In the absence of a parliament, General Zia decided to set up an alternative system, Majlis-e-
Shoora, in 1980. Most of the members of the Shoora were intellectuals, scholars, ulema,
journalists, economists, and professionals belonging to different fields of life. The Shoora was to
act as a board of advisors to the President. All 284 members of the Shoora were to be nominated
by the President, also known as a technocracy or government of technocrats.
Referendum of 1984
General Zia eventually decided to hold elections in the country. But before handing over the
power to the public representatives, he decided to secure his position as the head of state. A
referendum was held on 1 December 1984, and the option was to elect or reject the General as
the future President. The question asked in the referendum was whether the people of Pakistan
wanted Islamic Sharia law enforced in the country[citation needed]. According to the official result,
more than 95% of the votes were cast in favour of Zia-ul-Haq, thus he was elected as President
for the next five years. However, they were marred by allegations of widespread irregularities
and technical violations of the laws and ethics of democratic elections[citation needed]. Also, despite
pressure from the government to vote, only 10% of those eligible to vote did so[citation needed]. Zia
had the overwhelming majority of the votes cast, but in reality the referendum was an
embarrassing failure.[13]
The Eighth Amendment and elections of 1985
After being elected President, Zia-ul-Haq decided to hold elections in the country in February
1985 on a non-party basis. Most of the opposing political parties decided to boycott the elections
but election results showed that many victors belonged to one party or the other. To make things
easier for himself, the General nominated the Prime Minister from amongst the Members of the
Assembly. To many, his nomination of Muhammad Khan Junejo as the Prime Minister was
because he wanted a simple person at the post who would act as a puppet in his hands[citation needed].
Before handing over the power to the new Government and lifting martial law, Zia got the new
legislature to retroactively accept all of Zia's actions of the past eight years, including his coup of
1977[citation needed]. He also managed to get several amendments passed, most notably the Eighth
Amendment, which granted "reserve powers" to the president to dissolve the National Assembly.
However, this amendment considerably reduced the power he'd previously granted himself to
dissolve the legislature, at least on paper. The text of the amendment permitted Zia to dissolve
the Assembly only if 1 the Cabinet had been toppled by a vote of no confidence and it was
obvious that no one could form a government or 2) the government could not function in a
constitutional manner.
Involvement in the Soviet-Afghan War
The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
Main article: Soviet war in Afghanistan
Further information: Establishment(Pakistan)
File:ReaganandZia.jpg
President Muhammed Zia-ul_Haq with Ronald Reagan.
On 25 December 1979, the Soviet Union (USSR) invaded Afghanistan. General Zia, as President
of neighbouring Pakistan, was asked by several cabinet members to refrain from interfering in
the war, owing to the vastly superior military power of the USSR. General Zia, however, was
ideologically opposed to the idea of communism taking over a neighbouring country, and made
no secret about his intentions of monetarily and militarily aiding the Afghan resistance (the
Mujahideen) with major assistance from the United States.
Economic reform
Under Zia, the previous ruler Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's nationalisation policies were slowly
reversed[citation needed], and gradual privatisation took place[citation needed]. General Zia greatly favoured
egalitarianism and industrialisation. Between 1977 and 1986, the country experienced an average
annual growth in the GNP of 6.8%, one of the highest in the world at that time.
Consolidation of Pakistan's nuclear programme
Zia contributed to attaining nuclear capability for Pakistan, a program started by Zulfiqar Ali
Bhutto. The country was made a subject of attack by international organisations for not signing
the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). Zia deftly neutralised international pressure by
tagging Pakistan's nuclear programme to the nuclear designs of neighbouring India. He then
drew a five-point proposal as a practical rejoinder to world pressure on Pakistan to sign the NPT;
the points including the renouncing of the use of nuclear weapons. He also funded a uranium
enrichment plant based at the Kahuta Research Laboratories in Kahuta under Dr. Abdul Qadeer
Khan. During General Zia's rule the nuclear plan was considered an important national issue and
international pressure was difficult to counter unless several other pro-Pakistan nations were also
groomed to become nuclear capable. Dr. Khan was assigned this task and given free hand to
work with some like minded nations like North Korea, Iran and Libya who also wanted to pursue
their nuclear ambitions for a variety of reasons. It was envisaged that this would deflect
international pressure on these countries and Pakistan would be spared the international
community's wrath.[14] Dr. Khan's dismissal from the nuclear programme in 2004 was considered
a face saving exercise by the Pakistani military and political establishment under the then
President Pervez Musharraf.[15]
Zia also supported the nuclear program being run in PAEC by Munir Ahmad Khan and
sanctioned the launch of the 50 MW heavy water plutonium production reactor at Khushab in
1985. PAEC also carried out the first cold test of a nuclear device on 11 March 1983 which was
followed by several cold tests throughout the 1980s.
International standing enhancement and resumption of aid
Zia's international standing greatly rose after his declaration to fight the Soviet invaders, as he
went from being portrayed as just another military dictator to a champion of the free world by
the Western media[citation needed]. Pakistan–United States relations took a much more positive turn.
U.S. President Jimmy Carter and his Secretary of State, Cyrus Vance, cut off U.S. aid to Pakistan
on the grounds that Pakistan had not made sufficient progress on the nuclear issue. Then, on 25
December 1979, the Soviets invaded Afghanistan, and Carter offered Pakistan $325 million in
aid over three years. Zia rejected this as "peanuts."[citation needed] Carter also signed the finding in
1980 that allowed less than $50 million a year to go to the Mujahideen. After Ronald Reagan
came to office, defeating Carter for the US Presidency in 1980, all this changed, due to President
Reagan's new priorities and the unlikely and remarkably effective effort by Congressman
Charles Wilson (D-TX), aided by Joanne Herring, and CIA Afghan Desk Chief Gust Avrakotos
to increase the funding for Operation Cyclone. Aid to the Afghan resistance, and to Pakistan,
increased substantially, finally reaching $1 billion. The United States, faced with a rival
superpower looking as if it were to create another Communist bloc, now engaged Zia to fight a
US-aided war by proxy in Afghanistan against the Soviets.
Fighting the war by proxy
Zia now found himself in a position to demand billions of dollars in aid for the Mujahideen from
the Western states, famously dismissing a United States proposed $325 million aid package as
"peanuts". Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence and Special Service Group now became actively
involved in the conflict, and in cooperation with the Central Intelligence Agency and the United
States Army Special Forces supported the armed struggle against the Soviets.
In 1981, Ronald Reagan succeeded Jimmy Carter as President of the United States. Reagan was
completely against the Soviet Union and its Communist satellites, dubbing it "the evil empire".
Reagan now increased financial aid heading for Pakistan. In 1981, the Reagan Administration
sent the first of 40 F-16 jet fighters to the Pakistanis. But the Soviets kept control of the Afghan
skies until the Mujahideen received Stinger missiles in 1986. From that moment on, the
Mujahideen's strategic position steadily improved.
The Soviets declared a policy of national reconciliation. In January they announced that a Soviet
withdrawal was no longer linked to the makeup of the Afghan government remaining behind.
Pakistan, with the massive extra-governmental and covert backing from the largest operation
ever mounted by the CIA and financial support of Saudi Arabia, therefore, played a large part in
the eventual withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan in 1988.
The war legacy
The war left deep scars to the Pakistani society with the menace of Kalashnikov (AK-47 assault
rifle) culture spreading all over the country.[16] It is estimated that there are currently 20 million
firearms in Pakistan, which has a population of 160 million i.e., every eighth person has a
firearm, most likely an automatic one.[17] The rise of the illicit drug trade and its spread through
Pakistan to the rest of the world increased tremendously during the Soviet-Afghan war.
Afghanistan's drug industry began to take off after the Soviet invasion in 1979. Desperate for
cash with which to buy weapons, various elements in the anti-Communist resistance turned to
the drug trade. This was tolerated if not condoned by their American sponsors such as the CIA.
[18]

Two Afghan Mujahideen groups later morphed into Jihadist outfits in the shape of Taliban and
Al-Qaeda in the early 1990s. The Pakistan and US trained Arab and Afghan fighters later in
2001 initiated a 'Jihad' against US. The links of the spectacular and deadly events of September
11 were deeply rooted in the Soviet-Afghan war. Osama bin Laden invested his inherited money
into the Soviet-Afghan war to fight the 'infidel communist power' and was abetted by CIA, ISI,
US and Pakistani military establishments for over 10 years.[19]

Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization
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Islamism

Basic topicsPolitical aspects of Islam

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MovementsWahhabism · Salafism · Qutbism

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GoalsCaliphate · Islamic state · Shari'a law

ManifestationsIslamization · Talibanization
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ConceptsJihad · Fasad · Kafir · Takfiri

 Mujahedeen · Ummah
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Key textsMilestones (Qutb)

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Islam Portal
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On December 2, 1978, General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq delivered a nationwide address on the

occasion of the first day of the Hijra calendar. He did this in order to usher in an Islamic system
to Pakistan. In the speech, he accused politicians of exploiting the name of Islam, saying that
"many a ruler did what they pleased in the name of Islam."
After assuming power the task that the government set to was its public commitment to enforce
Nizam-e-Mustafa (Islamic System) a 180 degree turn from Pakistan's predominantly Common
Law. As a preliminary measure to establish an Islamic society in Pakistan, General Zia
announced the establishment of Sharia Benches. Speaking about the jurisdiction of the Sharia
Benches, he remarked, "Every citizen will have the right to present any law enforced by the
government before the 'Sharia Bench' and obtain its verdict whether the law is wholly or partly
Islamic or un-Islamic."
But General Zia did not mention that the Sharia Benches' jurisdiction was curtailed by the
following overriding clause: "(Any) law does not include the constitution, Muslim personal law,
any law relating to the procedure of any court or tribunal or, until the expiration of three years,
any fiscal law, or any law relating to the collection of taxes and fees or insurance practice and
procedure." It meant that all important laws which affect each and every individual directly
remained outside the purview of the Sharia Benches. However, he did not have a smooth sailing
even with the clipped Sharia Benches. The Federal Sharia Bench declared rajm, or stoning, to be
un-Islamic; Ziaul Haq reconstituted the court, which then declared rajm as Islamic.

Contents
• 1 Hudood Ordinance
○ 1.1 Prohibition Order
○ 1.2 Adultery (Zina) Ordinance
○ 1.3 Blasphemy Laws
 1.3.1 Religious Offences and Punishments
• 2 Prayer timings
 • 3 Reverence for fasting Ordinance
• 4 Definition of Muslim
• 5 Zia's Islamization of Economy
○ 5.1 Zakat and Ushr Ordinance
○ 5.2 Riba
○ 5.3 Land Reforms
• 6 Qisas and Diyat Ordinance 1990
• 7 Conclusion
• 8 See also
• 9 References
• 10 External links

Hudood Ordinance

General Zia-ul-Haq
Under Offenses Against Property (Enforcement of Hudood Ordinance 1979), the punishment of
imprisonment or fine, or both, as provided in the existing Pakistan Penal Code for theft, was
substituted by the amputation of the right hand of the offender from the joint of the wrist by a
surgeon. For robbery, the right hand of the offender from the wrist and his left foot from the
ankle should be amputated by a surgeon. Hudood (Arabic ‫حدود‬, also transliterated Hadud,
Hudud; plural for Hadh, ‫حد‬, limit, or restriction) is the word often used in Islamic social and
legal literature for the bounds of acceptable behaviour.
In legal terms (Islamic law being usually referred to as Sharia, ‫ )شريعة‬the term is used to
describe laws that define a level of crime classification. Crimes classified under Hudud are the
most severe of crimes, such as murder, theft, and adultery. There are minor differences in views
between the four major Sunni madhhabs about sentencing and specifications for these laws. It is
often argued that, since Sharia is God's law and states certain punishments for each crime, they
are immutable. However, with liberal movements in Islam expressing concerns about hadith
validity, a major component of how Islamic law is created, questions have arisen about
administering certain punishments. Incompatibilities with human rights in the way Islamic law is
practised in many countries has led many to call for an international moratorium on the
punishments of Hudud laws until greater scholarly consensus can be reached.
Prohibition Order
Drinking of wine (i.e. all alcoholic drinks) was not a crime at all under the Pakistan Penal Code.
In 1977, however, the drinking and selling of wine by Muslims was banned in Pakistan and a
sentence of imprisonment of six months or a fine of Rs. 5000/-, or both, was provided in that
law. Under the Prohibition Order, these provisions of law were replaced by the punishment of
eighty stripes, for which an ijma of the companions of Muhammad ever since the period of the
Second Caliph Umar, was cited. However, the law does not apply to non-Muslims, who can
possess a license to drink and/or manufacture alcoholic beverages from the government. The
most famous of these is the Murree Brewery.
Adultery (Zina) Ordinance
Under the Zina Ordinance the provisions relating to adultery were replaced as that the women
and the man guilty will be flogged, each of them, with a hundred stripes, if unmarried. And if
they are married they shall be stoned to death. It was argued that the section 497 of the Pakistan
Penal Code dealing with the offence of adultery provided certain safeguards to the offender in as
much as if the adultery is with the consent or connivance of the husband, no offence of adultery
was deemed to have been committed in the eye of law. The wife, under the prevailing law, was
also not to be punished as abettor. Islamic law knows no such exception.
Women bore much of the burden of Zia's Islamization and its inconsistencies. The Zina
Ordinance prompted bitter international criticism about the perceived injustices and miseries
brought about by the Zina Ordinance. Women's rights groups helped in the production of a film
titled "Who will cast the first stone?" to highlight the oppression and sufferings of women under
the Hudood Ordinances. In September 1981, the first conviction and sentence under the Zina
Ordinance, of stoning to death for Fehmida and Allah Bakhsh were set aside under national and
international pressure.
In many cases, under the Zina Ordinance, a woman who made an allegation of rape was
convicted for adultery whilst the rapist was acquitted. This led to a growing demand by jurists
and women activists for repealing the Ordinance. In 1983, Safia Bibi, a 13-year-old blind girl,
who alleged rape by her employer and his son was convicted for adultery under the Zina
Ordinance whilst, the rapists were acquitted. The decision attracted so much publicity and
condemnation from the public and the press that the Federal Sharia Court of its own motion,
called for the records of the case and ordered that she should be released from prison on her own
bond. Subsequently, on appeal, the finding of the trial court was reversed and the conviction was
set aside.
In early 1988, another conviction for stoning to death of Shahida Parveen and Muhammad
Sarwar sparked bitter public criticism that led to their retrial and acquittal by the Federal Sharia
Court. In this case the trial court took the view that notice of divorce by Shahida's former
husband, Khushi Muhammad should have been given to the Chairman of the local council, as
stipulated under Section-7(3) of the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance, 1961. This section states
that any man who divorces his wife must register it with the Union Council. Otherwise, the court
concluded that the divorce stood invalidated and the couple became liable to conviction under
the Zina ordinance.
The International Commission of Jurists mission to Pakistan in December 1986 alled for
repealing of certain sections of the Hudood Ordinances relating to crimes and "Islamic"
punishments which discriminate against women and non-Muslims. The commission cited an
example that a Muslim woman can be convicted on the evidence of a man, and a non-Muslim
can be convicted on the evidence of a Muslim, but not vice versa.
Blasphemy Laws
The Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) and the Criminal Procedure Code were amended, through
ordinances in 1980, 1982 and 1986 to declare anything implying disrespect to Muhammad, Ahle
Bait (family of the prophet), Sahaba (companions of the prophet) and Sha'ar-i-Islam (Islamic
symbols), a cognizable offence. Blaspheming Muhammaad is punishable with "death, or
imprisonment for life, and shall also be liable to fine." (Act III of 1986, Criminal Law
(Amendment) Act, Section 2) while disrespecting the Holy Quran is punishable by life
imprisonment, and disrespecting the family of the Prophet or the Companions of the Prophet is
punishable by prison up to three years, or a fine, or both.[1]
Religious Offences and Punishments
PPC Description Penalty
3 years imprisonment, or
298A Use of derogatory remarks etc., in respect of holy personages
with fine, or with both
Misuse of epithets, descriptions and titles etc., reserved for 3 years imprisonment and
298B
certain holy personages or places, by Ahmadis fine
Aka Ordinance XX: An Ahmadi, calling himself a Muslim, or
3 years imprisonment and
298C preaching or propagating his faith, or outraging the religious
fine
feelings of Muslims, or posing himself as a Muslim
Up to 2 years
Injuring or defiling places of worship, with intent to insult the
295 imprisonment or with fine,
religion of any class
or with both
Up to 10 years
Deliberate and malicious acts intended to outrage religious
295A imprisonment, or with fine,
feelings of any class by insulting its religion or religious beliefs
or with both
295B Defiling, etc., of Quran Imprisonment for life
295C Use of derogatory remarks, etc; in respect of Muhammad Death and fine
These laws to this day are controversial and under fire by human rights organizations all over the
world and have been questioned by Liberals and Moderates in Pakistan as well. The US
Assistant Secretary of state, Robin Raphel, testifying before the Senate Foreign Relations sub-
committee, on March 7, 1996, said that the United States recognize that the religious parties in
Pakistan have "street power" and not "ballot power" and this is a major constraint for the Benazir
Bhutto's government to repeal blasphemy laws. She revealed that more than 150 blasphemy
cases have been lodged in Pakistan since 1986. Most of these have been brought against
members of the Ahmadi community. None of the cases against Ahmadis have resulted in
convictions. During the same period, at least nine cases have been brought against Christians and
nine against Muslims. There have been convictions in some of these cases, but no one has been
executed under the law's mandatory death penalty. Some convictions have been overturned and
several individuals are currently appealing their convictions.
The Lahore High Court, on February 22, 1995, acquitted Salamat Masih and Rehmat Masih of
blasphemy charges. They were sentenced to death by a Sessions Judge on February 9, 1995, for
allegedly writing blasphemous words on the wall of a mosque in 1993. The death sentence was
quickly overturned following an international uproar. During the appeal hearings there were
almost daily demonstrations by small religious groups demanding that the sentence should be
carried out. After the judgment, all religious groups observed a protest day throughout Pakistan
to protest against the acquittal.
The year 1995 also witnessed a ghastly incident of religious frenzy, when Dr. Sajjad Farooq was
beaten to death by people outside a police station in Gujranwala. He was declared an apostate
and accused of having desecrated the Qur'an. Dr. Farooq, who was later reported by the press to
be a staunch Muslim, was dragged out from the police station where he was lodged and stoned to
death by frenzied mobs. On the basis of a rumor, apparently circulated by someone out of
personal enmity, he was proclaimed to be a Christian through the loud-speakers of the mosques
in his locality.
Prayer timings
Instructions were issued for regular observance of prayers and arrangements were made for
performing noon prayer (Salat Al Zuhur) in government and quasi-government offices and
educational institutions, during office hours, and official functions, and at airports, railway
stations and bus stops.
Reverence for fasting Ordinance
An "Ehtram-e-Ramazan" (reverence for fasting) Ordinance was issued providing that complete
sanctity be observed during the Islamic month of Ramazan, including the closure of cinema
houses three hours after the Maghrib (post-sunset) prayers.
Definition of Muslim
By amending the constitution, General Zia also provided the following definition of a Muslim
and a non-Muslim:[citation needed]
• (a) "Muslim" means a person who believes in the unity and oneness of Almighty Allah,
in the absolute and unqualified finality of the Prophet hood of Muhammad, the last of the
prophets, and does not believe in, or recognize as a prophet or religious reformer, any
person who claimed to be a prophet in any sense of the word or of any description,
whatsoever, after Muhammad.
• (b) "Non-Muslim" means a person who is not a Muslim and includes a person belonging
to the Christian, Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, or Parsi community, a person of the Qadiani
Group or the Lahori Group [i.e. Ahmadis] ... or a Bahá'í, or a person belonging to any of
the scheduled castes.
Zia's Islamization of Economy
Within the framework of Islamization of economy, the National Investment Trust and the
Investment Corporation of Pakistan were asked to operate on equity basis instead of interest as of
July 1, 1979. Interest-free counters were opened at all the 7,000 branches of the nationalized
commercial banks on January 1, 1980. But interest-bearing National Savings Schemes were
allowed to operate in parallel.
Zakat and Ushr Ordinance
The Zakat and Ushr Ordinance was promulgated on June 20, 1980 to empower the government
to deduct 2.5% Zakat annually from mainly interest-bearing savings and shares held in the
National Investment Trust, the Investment Corporation of Pakistan and other companies of
which the majority of shares are owned by the Muslims. Foreign Exchange Bearer Certificate
scheme that offered fixed interest was exempted from the compulsory Zakat deduction. This
ordinance drew sharp criticism from the Shia sect which was later exempted from the
compulsory deduction of Zakat. Even Sunnis were critical of the compulsory deduction and the
way Zakat was distributed.
Riba
Interest on loans or riba in Western-style banks was banned under Islamization. At least one
critic has complained that at least at first Islamists wasted much effort on "learned discussions on
riba" and " ... doubtful distinctions between `interest` and `guaranteed profits,` etc." "while
turning a blind eye" to a far more serious problem outside of the formal banking system:
usury perpetrated on the illiterate and the poor by soodkhuris (lit. `devourers of
usury`). These officially registered moneylenders under the Moneylenders Act are
permitted to lend at not more than 1% below the State Bank rate. In fact they are
Mafia-like individuals who charge interest as high as 60% per annum collected
ruthlessly in monthly installments and refuse to accept repayment of the principal
sum indefinitely. Their tactics include intimidation and force. [2]
Land Reforms
On December 13, 1980, to the surprise of General Zia, the Federal Sharia Court declared the land
reforms of 1972 and 1977 as eminently in consonance with Islamic injunctions. Then the Ulema
were brought in who traditionally supported the landlord class. Three Ulema were inducted into
the Federal Sharia Court and two into the Sharia Appellate Bench of the Supreme Court which
reversed the FSC judgment in 1990. After the imposition of martial law, many landlords were
reported to have told their tenants to seek the protection of their benefactor, namely, Bhutto.
Thousands of tenants were forcibly evicted from the land in various districts. The martial law
regime made it clear that it was not committed to redistributive agrarian policies and described
the land reforms as ordinary politics to reward supporters and punish enemies.
General Zia's advice to the deprived was that "It is not for the employers to provide roti (bread),
kapda (clothes) aur (and)makaan (homes) (referring to a well-known PPP slogan used by
Bhutto). It was for God Almighty who is the provider of livelihood to his people. Trust in God
and He will bestow upon you an abundance of good things in life."
Demands for higher wages, better working conditions, social security, old age benefits and
compensation for accidents, were no justification for protests and strikes. Industrialists were
assured that any kind of industrial unrest resulting from strikes or any other trade union activity
would be suppressed. Maximum punishment to the offenders was three years rigorous
imprisonment and/or whipping. On January 2, 1986 police mercilessly killed 19 workers as the
management of the Colony Textile Mill in Multan sought assistance from the police in its dispute
with the striking workers.
Qisas and Diyat Ordinance 1990
With the passing of the Qisas and Diyat Ordinance in 1990, the victim (or heirs of the victim) of
a crime now have the right to inflict injuries on the offender identical to the ones sustained by the
victim. The law also allows offenders to absolve themselves of the crime by paying
compensation to the victim or their heirs if, and only if, the family of the victim is willing to
accept it.
Conclusion
Islamization was sometimes used as a political process. Zia's interpretation of Islam may have
contributed to the rise of fundamentalism, obscurantism and retrogression. Since the death of
General Zia in 1988, inconsistency and instability has prevailed in Pakistani laws.
Instability means that the law is frequently changing or is under threat of change because of
differences of opinion among the ruling factions. Three of the most obvious inconsistencies in
Zia's Islamic law are:
• Those between legal norms and socially observed norms;
• Those between statutory legal norms and the norms applied in practice in the courts (e.g.
Hadd is difficult to implement as confession, retraction of confession and strict standards
of proof make it difficult to execute);
• Those between different formal legal norms (e.g. non-compliance with the Muslim
Family Laws Ordinance is compromised by the courts but is strictly punished under the
Zina Ordinance). Another example of this contradiction is that the constitution assures
women equal status on the one hand but, on the other hand, they are greatly discriminated
in criminal law.
See also
• Islamization
References
1. ^ Blasphemy Laws in Pakistan
2. ^ "The Islamic Resurgence: Prospects and Implications" by Kemal A. Faruki, from Voices of
Resurgent Islam, ed. by John L. Esposito, 1983, p.289

External links
• "Pakistan: Change in blasphemy laws - welcome, but inadequate". 21 November 2004.
http://www.rationalistinternational.net/archive/en/rationalist_2004/135.html.
General Zia-ul-Haq's 'Islamisation'
Main article: Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization
This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources
remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing
more precise citations where appropriate. (October 2008)
On 2 December 1978, on the occasion of the first day of the Hijra to enforce the Islamic system
in Pakistan in a nationwide address, Zia accused politicians of exploiting the name of Islam:
"Many a ruler did what they pleased in the name of Islam."[citation needed]
After assuming power, the government began a program of public commitment to enforce
Nizam-e-Mustafa (Islamic System), a significant turn from Pakistan's predominantly Anglo-
Saxon law, inherited from the British. As a preliminary measure to establish an Islamic society in
Pakistan, General Zia announced the establishment of Sharia Benches.
Under the Offences Against Property (Hudood Ordinance) Ordinance, 1979; the punishment of
imprisonment or fine, or both, as provided in the existing Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) for theft,
was substituted by the amputation of the right hand of the offender from the joint of the wrist by
a surgeon. For robbery, the right hand of the offender from the wrist and his left foot from the
ankle should be amputated by a surgeon. Hudood (‫حدود‬, also transliterated Hadud, Hudud; plural
for Hadh, ‫حد‬, limit, or restriction) is the word often used in Islamic social and legal literature for
the bounds of acceptable behaviour. Although the punishments were imposed, the due process,
witnesses and prosecution system remained un-Islamic Anglo-Saxon. As in Islamic law Hudud
can only be given if four witnesses saw the crime happen, in reality hardly anyone can be
punished by Islamic Hud laws as very rarely can the conditions for punishment be met.
In legal terms, (Islamic law being usually referred to as Sharia, ‫ )شريعة‬the term is used to
describe laws that define a certain level of crime classification[citation needed]. Crimes classified under
Hudud are the most severe of crimes, such as murder, theft, and adultery. There are minor
differences in views between the four major Sunni madh'habs about sentencing and
specifications for these laws. It is often argued that, since Sharia is God's law and states certain
punishments for each crime, they are immutable. It has been argued by some, that the Hudud
portion of Sharia is incompatible with humanism or human rights. Although the Hud punishment
were imposed but the Islamic law of evidence was not implemented and remained British in
origin.
Drinking of wine (i.e. all alcoholic drinks) was not a crime under the PPC. In 1977, however, the
drinking and selling of wine by Muslims was banned in Pakistan and the sentence of
imprisonment of six months or a fine of Rs. 5000/-, or both, was provided in that law.
Under the Zina Ordinance, the provisions relating to adultery were replaced so that the women
and the man guilty will be flogged, each of them, with one hundred lashes, if unmarried. And if
they are married they shall be stoned to death provided 4 impeccable witnesses can witness the
act of penetration.
The Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) and the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) were amended,
through ordinances in 1980, 1982 and 1986 to declare anything implying disrespect to the
Islamic prophet Muhammad, Ahl al-Bayt (family members of Muhammad), Sahaba (companions
of Muhammad) and Sha'ar-i-Islam (Islamic symbols), a cognizable offence, punishable with
imprisonment or fine, or with both.
Laws against Ahmadiyya community of 1984
Another addition to the laws was Ordinance XX of 1984. Under this, the Ahmadiyya were barred
from calling themselves Muslims, or using Islamic terminology or practising Islamic rituals. This
effectively resulted in classifying the Ahmadiyya community of Pakistan into a minority group
in law. Zia was also considered anti-Shia[citation needed] because during his reign many Shi'a Muslims
personalities and politicians were killed, most prominently the judicial killing of Prime Minister
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.
General Zia-ul-Haq promulgated Ordinance XX on 26 April 1984, banning members of the
Ahmadiyya community from performing some of their religious ceremonies and prayers.[20] He
declared "This Ordinance may be called the Anti-Islamic Activities of the Ahmadis (Prohibition
and Punishment) Ordinance, 1984". Although before Zia's rule, in 1974 Pakistan's National
Assembly under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto it was declared that Ahmadis are classified as non-Muslims
for the definition of the law.[21] But it was not sufficient in stopping the missionary activities of
the Ahmadiyya community. Article 298-C of the new law states "Any person of the Quadiani
group or the Lahori group (who call themselves ‘Ahmadis’ or by any other name), who, directly
or indirectly, poses himself as Muslim, or calls, or refers to his faith as Islam, or preaches or
propagates his faith, or invites others to accept his faith, by words, either spoken or written, or by
visible representations, or in any manner whatsoever outrages the religious feelings of Muslims,
shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to three
years and shall also be liable to fine."
Dismissal of the Junejo government and call for new
elections
As time passed, the legislature wanted to have more freedom and power and by the beginning of
1988, rumors about the differences between Prime Minister Muhammad Khan Junejo and Zia
were rife.
On 29 May 1988, General Zia dissolved the Senate and the National Assembly and removed the
Prime Minister under article 58(2)b of the amended Constitution. Apart from many other
reasons, Prime Minister Junejo's decision to sign the Geneva Accord against the wishes of
General Zia, and his open declarations of removing any military personnel found responsible for
an explosion at a munitions dump at Ojhri Camp, on the outskirts of army headquarters in
Rawalpindi, earlier in the year, proved to be some of the major factors responsible for his
removal.
Zia played the Islam card to defend himself and the generals against any accusations of misrule
and corruption[citation needed]. Gen Zia-ul-Haq and his generals had made millions from the illicit
heroin trade[citation needed] and underhand weapons deals, besides huge embezzlement in funds
diverted towards the Afghan war. However since media in Pakistan was brutally gagged in his
days[citation needed], none of his corruption could be documented and brought to lime light by the print
media. When accused of trying to cover-up the Ojari camp incident, on 29 May 1988, he invoked
an amendment that he had recently added to the Pakistani Constitution that allowed him to
dismiss the Prime Minister, dissolve the National Assembly and all provincial assemblies -
basically, the entire legislative portions of the government outside of the Presidency. Zia's
loyalists in the military were called to form an interim government. Zia justified his actions and
diverted attention from his corruption[citation needed] by focusing on how the further Islamization of
Pakistan had been negligently delayed by Junejo and his government.
General Zia-ul-Haq promised to hold elections in 1988 after the dismissal of Junejo government.
He said that he would hold elections within the next 90 days. The late Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's
daughter Benazir Bhutto had returned from exile earlier in 1986, and had announced that she
would be contesting the elections. With Bhutto's popularity somewhat growing, and a decrease in
international aid following the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, Zia was in a repetitively
difficult political situation.
Movement for Restoration of Democracy (MRD)
Main article: Oppression under the regime of General Zia-ul-Haq
In 1983, as a reaction to Zia's policies, the populist Movement for the Restoration of Democracy
was born and soon gained popularity in Pakistan's smaller, poorer provinces, especially in
Bhutto's home province, Sindh. Zia's response to MRD was brutal with up to 45000 troops
deployed in Sindh alone to crush the movement[citation needed], besides thousands others sent to te
remaining provinces. Thousands of civilians were killed[citation needed]. Zia's attack on MRD was
perceived as a further assault, along with Bhutto's overthrow, on the Sindhi population[citation needed].
Mrs Gandhi, Indian PM raised concerns over this brutality and violation of human rights at the
hands of Pakistan's military dictatorship (Dawn 14 August 1983).[22]
Death
General Zia-ul-Haq died in a plane crash on 17 August 1988. After witnessing a US M1 Abrams
tank demonstration in Bahawalpur, Zia had left the small town in the Punjab province by C-130
Hercules aircraft. Shortly after a smooth take-off, the control tower lost contact with the aircraft.
Witnesses who saw the plane in the air afterward claim it was flying erratically, then nosedived
and exploded on impact. In addition to Zia, 31 others died in the plane crash, including Chairman
Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee General Akhtar Abdur Rehman, close associate of General Zia
Brigadier Siddique Salik, the American Ambassador to Pakistan Arnold Raphel and General
Herbert M. Wassom, the head of the U.S. Military aid mission to Pakistan. [22][23] Ghulam Ishaq
Khan, the Senate Chairman announced Zia's death on radio and TV. The manner of his death has
given rise to many conspiracy theories.[24] There is speculation that America, India, the Soviet
Union (as retaliation for US-Pakistani supported attacks in Afghanistan) or an alliance of them
and internal groups were behind the attack.[25][26]
A board of inquiry was set up to investigate the crash. It concluded the most probable cause of
the crash was a criminal act of sabotage perpetrated in the aircraft. It also suggested that
poisonous gases were released which incapacitated the passengers and crew, which would
explain why no Mayday signal was given.[27]
Funeral and burial
His funeral was held on 19 August 1988 in Islamabad. Also in attendance was his successor
President Ghulam Ishaq Khan, who had earlier officially announced Zia's death in a nationwide
address. Zia's body was buried in a small tomb outside the Faisal Mosque.
Books about Haq's time period
• Breaking the Curfew by Emma Duncan (1989) ISBN 0-7181-2989-X
• Working with Zia by General Khalid Mahmud Arif
• Khaki Shadows by General Khalid Mahmud Arif
• Desperately Seeking Paradise by Ziauddin Sardar
• Waiting for Allah by Christina Lamb
• Ayub, Bhutto, and Zia by Hassan Iftikhar
• Journey to Disillusionment by Sherbaz Khan Mazari
• Ghost Wars by Steven Coll
• General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq Shaheed: A Compilation by various authors
• Charlie Wilson's War by George Crile
• The Bear Trap: Afghanistan's Untold Story by Mohammed Yousaf, Mark Adkin (1992)
ISBN 0-85052-267-6
• A case of Exploding Mangos by Mohammed Hanif
Portrayals in popular culture
Zia has been portrayed in English language popular culture a number of times including:
• In the comic Shattered Visage, it is implied that Zia's death was orchestrated by the same
intelligence agency that ran The Village from the show The Prisoner.
• Zia was portrayed by Indian actor Om Puri in the 2007 film Charlie Wilson's War.
 • Zia is caricatured as one of the main protagonists in Mohammed Hanif's 2008 satirical
novel A Case of Exploding Mangoes which is loosely based around the events of his
death.[28]
• Zia is the basis for the character General Hyder in controversial Salman Rushdie's novel
Shame (1983), which describes Zia's long-lasting relationship with Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
(here known as Iskander Harrapa), the president whom he would later overthrow and "put
to death".
See also
• Establishment (Pakistan)
• Politics of Pakistan
• Line of succession to President of Pakistan
References
1. ^ Pakistan's abused Ahmadis, The Economist, 13 Jan 2010
2. ^ Ḥaqqānī, Husain (2005). Pakistan: between mosque and military. Washington: Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace. p. 112. ISBN 0-87003-214-3.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=1.
Retrieved 2010-05-23.
3. ^ a b A.H. Amin. "Interview with Brig (retd) Shamim Yasin Manto" Defence Journal, February
2002
4. ^ The Consequences of Nuclear Proliferation: Lessons from South Asia By Devin T. Hagerty
Published by MIT Press, 1998, ISBN 0-262-58161-2, pp 114
5. ^ A.H. Amin "Interview with Maj Gen (retd) Naseerullah Khan Babar" Defence Journal, April
2001 issue
6. ^ Ardeshir Cowasjee, "The general's generals" Daily Dawn, 29 June 1995
7. ^ A.H. Amin "Remembering Our Warriors: Maj Gen (Retd) Tajammal Hussain Malik" Defence
Journal, September 2001
8. ^ a b
Story of Pakistan. "Ouster of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto" (PHP).
http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A143. Retrieved 2006-11-07.
9. ^ Militarism and the State Pakistan: Military Intervention by Eqbal Ahmed (Le Monde
Diplomatique, October 1977)
10.^ a b c US Country Studies. "Zulfikar Ali Bhutto" (PHP). http://countrystudies.us/pakistan/20.htm.
Retrieved 2006-11-07.
11.^ Mazari, Sherbaz(2000) A Journey into disillusionment
12.^ Nawaz Sharif Profile on WikiMir source of original citation
13.^ The History and Culture of Pakistan, Nigel Kelly ISBN 1-901458-67-9
14.^ Proliferation Unbound: Nuclear Tales from Pakistan, Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan. by Gaurav
Kampani,23 February 2004
15.^ The Man Who Sold the Bomb, Time.com Sunday, 6 Feb 2005
16.^ Pakistan's Kalashnikov Culture and the CIA-ISI-Saudi Axis, By Alex Constantine
17.^ Guns in Pakistan
 18.^ The Afghanistan Drug Trade, Forbes.com by Richard McGill Murphy 16 October 1997
19.^ US lowers net worth of osama bin Laden, By Katherine Pfleger Shrader, Associated Press
writer, 2 September 2004
20.^ Pakistan Penal Code, Religious and Ahmadi-specific Laws
21.^ Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan, PART XII - Miscellaneous, Chapter 5.
Interpretation, Article 260(3)
22.^ Foreign affairs Pakistan by Pakistan. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, (MOFA, 1988)
23.^ "Plea in court to revive C-130 crash case" Business Recorder, 22 April 1996
24.^ Daily Times Online Edition 4 December 2005
25.^ Times Online, 16 August 2008
26.^ Hamilton, Dwight. "Terror Threat: International and Homegrown terrorists and their threat to
Canada", 2007
27.^ The History and Culture of Pakistan by Nigel Kelly. ISBN 1-901458-67-9
28.^ Mohammed Hanif (May 2008). A Case of Exploding Mangoes. Knopf. ISBN 0307268071.

External links
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq

• Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq Interview with the BBC---Video

• "Who Killed Zia?" by Edward Jay Epstein for Vanity Fair, September 1989
• Official profile at Pakistan Army website
• The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
• Chronicles Of Pakistan
• General Zia-ul-Haq’s plane crash due to mechanical problem (Times of London)
• Zia ul Haq Profile on WikiMir.com

Military offices

Preceded by Chief of Army Staff Succeeded by

Tikka Khan 1976–1988 Mirza Aslam Beg

Political offices

Preceded by Prime Minister of Pakistan Succeeded by

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 1977–1985 Muhammad Khan Junejo

Preceded by President of Pakistan Succeeded by

Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry 1978–1988 Ghulam Ishaq Khan

Preceded by Minister of Defence Succeeded by

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 1978 Ali Ahmad Talpur
Preceded by Minister of Defence Succeeded by
Ali Ahmad Talpur 1985 Muhammad Khan Junejo

Preceded by Prime Minister of Pakistan Succeeded by

Muhammad Khan Junejo 1988 Benazir Bhutto

v•d•e

The Regime of Zia-ul-Haq

D
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m
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Ascent by coup · Islamization · Trial of Bhutto · '80s economic boom · Rahimuddin's
i
governorship of Balochistan · Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan · Nuclear
n
program consolidation · Ojhri Camp disaster · Assassination of Zia · 1988 elections
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v
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s

A
d
m
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i
Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq · Muhammad Khan Junejo · Ghulam Ishaq Khan · Mirza Aslam
s
Beg · Akhtar Abdur Rahman · Hamid Gul · Sahabzada Yaqub Khan · Khalid Mahmud
t
Arif · Sharifuddin Pirzada · Nawaz Sharif · Mahbub ul Haq
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N Allies Pakistan Muslim League · Jamaat-e-Islami · Mohajir Qaumi Movement

a
t
i Pakistan Peoples Party · Al-Zulfiqar · Movement for Restoration of
o Opposition Democracy
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l Pakistan Muslim League (N) · Pakistan Muslim League (Q) · Pakistan
Platform
Muslim League (Z) ·
p successors Islami Jamhoori Ittehad now defunct
a
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F Soviet war in Afghanistan · Subsidization of mujahideen · Siachen

o Involvement conflict · Indian allegations of aiding Khalistan · Refusal to sign Non-
r in events Proliferation Treaty · Geneva Accords signing · Theories of external
e involvement in Zia crash
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g
n United States · Carter administration · Reagan Administration · Central Intelligence
Aligned Agency ·
entities United Kingdom · Thatcher government · Saudi Arabia · People's Republic
f of China · Afghan mujahideen
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o
n Republic of Afghanistan · People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan · KHAD ·
t Disputers India · Soviet Union · Amnesty International

Martial Law Administrators of Pakistan

C Gen Ayub Khan · Gen Yahya Khan · Zulfikar Ali Bhutto · Gen Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq ·
h Gen Pervez Musharraf (unstyled)
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Lt Gen Attiqur Rahman · Lt Gen Ghulam Jilani Khan
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h Lt Gen Rahimuddin Khan · Lt Gen F.S. Khan Lodhi · Lt Gen K.K. Afridi
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S
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n Lt Gen Rakhman Gul · Lt Gen S.M. Abbasi
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N Lt Gen Khwaja Mohammad Azhar Khan · Lt Gen Fazle Haq · Lt Gen Jahan Dad Khan
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Presidents of Pakistan

I.Mirza · A.Khan · Y.Khan · Z.A.Bhutto · F.I.Chaudhry · Z. ul-Haq · G.I.Khan · W.Sajjad

(Acting) · F.Leghari · W.Sajjad (Acting) · M.R.Tarar · P.Musharraf · M.M.Soomro (Acting) ·
Zardari

Italics indicate military rulers

Cold War

Participants ANZUS · NATO · Non-Aligned Movement · SEATO · Warsaw Pact

1 Yalta Conference · Operation Unthinkable · Potsdam Conference · Gouzenko Affair · War

9 in Vietnam (1945–1946) · Iran crisis of 1946 · Greek Civil War · Restatement of Policy on
4 Germany · First Indochina War · Truman Doctrine · Asian Relations Conference · Marshall
0 Plan · Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948 · Tito–Stalin split · Berlin Blockade · Western
s betrayal · Iron Curtain · Eastern Bloc · Chinese Civil War (Second round)

1 Korean War · 1953 Iranian coup d'état · Uprising of 1953 in East Germany · 1954
9 Guatemalan coup d'état · Partition of Vietnam · First Taiwan Strait Crisis · Geneva Summit
5 (1955) · Poznań 1956 protests · Hungarian Revolution of 1956 · Suez Crisis · Sputnik
0 crisis · Second Taiwan Strait Crisis · Cuban Revolution · Kitchen Debate · Asian–African
s Conference · Bricker Amendment · McCarthyism · Operation Gladio · Hallstein Doctrine

Congo Crisis · Sino-Soviet split · 1960 U-2 incident · Bay of Pigs Invasion · Cuban Missile
1
Crisis · Berlin Wall · Vietnam War · 1964 Brazilian coup d'état · 1965 United States
9
occupation of the Dominican Republic · South African Border War · Transition to the New
6
Order · Domino theory · ASEAN Declaration · Laotian Civil War · Greek military junta of
0
1967–1974 · Six Day War · Cultural Revolution · Sino-Indian War · Prague Spring ·
s
Goulash Communism · Sino-Soviet border conflict

Détente · Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty · Black September in Jordan · Cambodian Civil

1
War · Realpolitik · Ping Pong Diplomacy · Four Power Agreement on Berlin · 1972 Nixon
9
visit to China · 1973 Chilean coup d'état · Yom Kippur War · Strategic Arms Limitation
7
Talks · Angolan Civil War · Mozambican Civil War · Ogaden War · Cambodian–
0
Vietnamese War · Sino-Vietnamese War · Iranian Revolution · Operation Condor ·
s
Bangladesh Liberation War · Korean Air Lines Flight 902

1 Soviet war in Afghanistan · Olympic boycotts · Solidarity (Soviet reaction) · Contras · Central
9 American crisis · RYAN · Korean Air Lines Flight 007 · Able Archer 83 · Strategic
8 Defense Initiative · Invasion of Grenada · Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 · United
0 States invasion of Panama · Fall of the Berlin Wall · Revolutions of 1989 · Glasnost ·
s Perestroika

1
9
Democratic Revolution in Mongolia · Breakup of Yugoslavia · Dissolution of the USSR ·
9
Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
0
s

S
e
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Soviet and Russian espionage in U.S. · Soviet Union – United States relations · NATO–
a Russia relations
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O ASEAN · CIA · Comecon · EEC · KGB · MI6 · Stasi

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z
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o
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R
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c Arms race · Nuclear arms race · Space Race
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I
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l Capitalism · Communism (Castroism · Guevarism · Juche · Maoism · Stalinism · Titoism · Trotskyism) ·
o Liberal democracy
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P
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a Active measures · Izvestia · Pravda · Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty · Red Scare ·
g TASS · Voice of America · Voice of Russia
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F
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g Truman Doctrine · Marshall Plan · Containment · Eisenhower Doctrine · Domino theory ·
n Kennedy Doctrine · Peaceful coexistence · Ostpolitik · Johnson Doctrine · Brezhnev
Doctrine · Nixon Doctrine · Ulbricht Doctrine · Carter Doctrine · Reagan Doctrine ·
p Rollback
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Military of Pakistan