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(a), (c). The average power is proportional to the rms current which is non-zero even
though the average current is zero. (a) is only valid for an open circuit, for which R .
(b) and (d) can never be true because iav = 0 for AC currents.
2.
(b). Choices (a) and (c) are incorrect because the unaligned sine curves in Figure 21.9 mean
the voltages are out of phase, and so we cannot simply add the maximum (or rms)
voltages across the elements. (In other words, V VR + VL + VC even though
v = vR + vL + vC .)
3.
(b). Note that this is a DC circuit. However, changing the amount of iron inside the
solenoid changes the magnetic field strength in that region and results in a changing
magnetic flux through the loops of the solenoid. This changing flux will generate a back
emf that opposes the current in the circuit and decreases the brightness of the bulb. The
effect will be present only while the rod is in motion. If the rod is held stationary at any
position, the back emf will disappear, and the bulb will return to its original brightness.
4.
(b), (c). The radiation pressure (a) does not change because pressure is force per unit area.
In (b), the smaller disk absorbs less radiation, resulting in a smaller force. For the same
reason, the momentum in (c) is reduced.
5.
(b), (d). The frequency and wavelength of light waves are related by the equation f = c
or f = c , where c is the speed of light is a constant within a given medium. Thus, the
frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional to each other, when one increases
the other must decrease.
201
202
CHAPTER 21
Z = R.
4.
The purpose of the iron core is to increase the flux and to provide a pathway in which
nearly all the flux through one coil is led through the other.
6.
8.
Energy moves. No matter moves. You could say that electric and magnetic fields move,
but it is nicer to say that the fields stay at that point and oscillate. The fields vary in time,
like sports fans in the grandstand when the crowd does the wave. The fields constitute the
medium for the wave, and energy moves.
10.
The average value of an alternating current is zero because its direction is positive as often
as it is negative, and its time average is zero. The average value of the square of the
current is not zero, however, since the square of positive and negative values are always
positive and cannot cancel.
12.
The brightest portion of your face shows where you radiate the most. Your nostrils and
the openings of your ear canals are particularly bright. Brighter still are the pupils of your
eyes.
14.
No, the only element that dissipates energy in an AC circuit is a resistor. Inductors and
capacitors store energy during one half of a cycle and release that energy during the other
half of the cycle, so they dissipate no net energy.
16.
The changing magnetic field of the solenoid induces eddy currents in the conducting core.
This is accompanied by I 2 R conversion of electrically-transmitted energy into internal
energy in the conductor.
18.
The voltages are not added in a scalar form, but in a vector form, as shown in the phasor
diagrams throughout the chapter. Kirchhoffs loop rule is true at any instant, but the
voltages across different circuit elements are not simultaneously at their maximum values.
Do not forget that an inductor can induce an emf in itself and that the voltage across it is
90 ahead of the current in the circuit in phase.
20.
Insulation and safety limit the voltage of a transmission line. For an underground cable,
the thickness and dielectric strength of the insulation between the conductors determines
the maximum voltage that can be applied, just as with a capacitor. For an overhead line on
towers, the designer must consider electrical breakdown of the surrounding air, possible
accidents, sparking across the insulating supports, ozone production, and inducing
voltages in cars, fences, and the roof gutters of nearby houses. Nuisance effects include
noise, electrical noise, and a prankster lighting a hand-held fluorescent tube under the
line.
145
(a)
4.
6.
(a)
106 V
(b)
60.0 Hz
8.
(a)
141 mA
(b)
235 mA
10.
100 mA
12.
224 mA
14.
2.63 A
16.
L > 7.03 H
18.
(a)
194 V
(b)
20.
(a) 138 V
(c) 729 V
(b)
(d)
104 V
641 V
22.
(a) 0.11 A
(b) VR , max = 130 V, VC , max = 110 V
(c) vR = 0, vC = vsource = 110 V, qC = 280 C
(d) vR = vsource = 130 V, vC = 0, qC = 0
24.
(a) 0.11 A
(b) VR , max = 130 V, VL , max = 110 V
(c) vR = vsource = 130 V, vL = 0
(d) vR = 0, vL = vsource = 110 V
26.
(a)
123 nF or 124 nF
(b)
51.5 kV
28.
(a)
0.492, 48.5 W
(b)
0.404, 32.7 W
30.
(a)
100 W, 0.633
(b)
156 W, 0.790
32.
(a)
(c)
(e)
DVL = 104 V
(d)
193
2.
3.00 A
DVR = 138 V
77.6
DV = 641 V
DVC = 729 V
VR , rms + VL , rms + VC , rms = 21 V 10 V , but accounting for phases and adding the
voltages vectorially does yield 10 V. (b) The power loss delivered to the resistor. No
power losses occur in an ideal capacitor or inductor. (c) 3.3 W
34.
(a) Z = R = 15
(c) At resonance
36.
(a) 480 W
(b) 0.192 W
(c) 30.7 mW
(d) 0.192 W
Maximum power is delivered at resonance frequency.
(b)
(d)
41 Hz
2.5 A
(e)
30.7 mW
203
204
CHAPTER 21
38.
(a)
18 turns
(b)
3.6 W
40.
(a)
Fewer turns
(b)
25 mA
42.
(a) 29.0 kW
(b) 0.580%
(c) The maximum power that can be input to the line at 4.50 kV is far less than 5.00 MW,
and it is all lost in the transmission line.
44.
2.998 108 m s
46.
80%
48.
3.74 10 26 W
50.
11.0 m
52.
Radio listeners hear the news 8.4 ms before the studio audience because radio waves
travel much faster than sound waves.
54.
56.
1.1 107 m s
58.
~106 J
60.
2.5 mH, 26 F
62.
(a)
0.63 pF
(b)
8.5 mm
64.
(a)
6.0
(b)
12 mH
66.
32
68.
X c = 3R
(c)
(c)
20 turns
25
Problem Solutions
21.1
(a)
(b) I rms =
(c)
I max =
Vrms 100 V
=
= 20.0 A
R
5.00
Vmax 141 V
=
= 28.3 A or I max = 2 I rms = 2 ( 20.0 A ) = 28.3 A
R
5.00
2
R = ( 20.0 A ) ( 5.00 ) = 2.00 10 3 W = 2.00 kW
(d) Pav = I rms
2
( Vmax )
( Vmax )
1 V
I
, so R =
R = max R = max R =
2 R
2R
2 Pav
2
2
21.2
Pav = I
2
rms
( 170 V )
= 193
(a) If Pav = 75.0 W , then R =
2 ( 75.0 W )
2
( 170 V )
= 145
(b) If Pav = 100 W , then R =
2 ( 100 W )
2
21.3
The meters measure the rms values of potential difference and current. These are
Vrms =
21.4
Vrms 70.7 V
Vmax 100 V
=
= 70.7 V , and I rms =
=
= 2.95 A
24.0
R
2
2
All lamps are connected in parallel with the voltage source, so Vrms = 120 V for each
lamp. Also, the current is I rms = av Vrms and the resistance is R = Vrms I rms .
I1, rms = I 2, rms =
I 3, rms =
150 W
120 V
= 96.0
= 1.25 A and R1 = R2 =
120 V
1.25 A
100 W
120 V
= 144
= 0.833 A and R3 =
120 V
0.833 A
205
206
CHAPTER 21
21.5
The total resistance (series connection) is Req = R1 + R2 = 8.20 + 10.4 = 18.6 , so the
current in the circuit is
I rms =
Vrms 15.0 V
=
= 0.806 A
Req
18.6
2
The power to the speaker is then Pav = I rm
s Rspeaker = ( 0.806 A ) ( 10.4 ) = 6.76 W
2
21.6
(a)
(b)
f=
Vmax 150 V
=
= 106 V
2
2
377 rad s
=
= 60.0 Hz
2
2
(c) At t = ( 1 120 ) s , v = ( 150 V ) sin ( 377 rad s )( 1 120 s ) = ( 150 V ) sin ( rad ) = 0
(d) I max =
21.7
Vmax 150 V
=
= 3.00 A
50.0
R
1
, so its units are
2 fC
XC =
1
1
Volt
Volt
=
=
=
= Ohm
(1 Sec ) Farad (1 Sec )( Coulomb Volt ) Coulomb Sec Amp
21.8
I max = 2 I rms =
(a)
2 ( Vrms )
XC
= 2 ( Vrms ) 2 f C
21.9
I rms =
f=
Vrms
=2 f C ( Vrms ) , so
XC
I rms
0.30 A
=
= 4.0 10 2 Hz
2 C ( Vrms ) 2 ( 4.0 10 6 F ) ( 30 V )
21.10
I max =
207
Vmax
=2 f C ( Vmax )
XC
21.11
I rms =
so
21.12
I rms =
or
21.13
Vrms
V
=2 f C max
XC
2
C=
= f C ( Vmax ) 2
I
0.75 A
=
= 1.7 10 5 F = 17 F
f ( Vmax ) 2 ( 60 Hz )( 170 V ) 2
Vrms Vmax
=
XC
2
140 V
6
I rms =
( 120 rad s ) ( 6.00 10 F ) = 0.224 A = 224 mA
2
( t )
I
. The units of self inductance are
= L , we have L =
I
t
[ ][ t ] = Volt sec . The units of inductive reactance are given by
then [ L] =
Amp
[ I ]
X L = 2 f L , and from
[ XL ] = [ f ][ L] =
21.14
so
I max =
Vmax Vmax
140 V
=
=
= 3.71 A
XL
L
(120 rad s ) ( 0.100 H )
I rms =
I max 3.71 A
=
= 2.63 A
2
2
208
CHAPTER 21
21.15
( X L )2
( XL )1
2 f 2 L f 2
f
50.0 Hz
= , so ( X L )2 = 2 ( X L )1 =
( 54.0 ) = 45.0
2 f1 L f1
f1
60.0 Hz
21.16
2 ( Vrms )
2 ( 100 V )
Vmax
=
=
= 3.14 A
XL
XL
45.0
( 2 )I
rms
2 ( Vrms )
XL
2 ( Vrms )
2 fL
21.17
2 ( Vrms )
2 f ( 80.0 mA )
2 ( 50.0 V )
2 ( 20.0 Hz ) ( 8.00 10 2 A )
or
L > 7.03 H
N B
, the total flux through the coil is B , total = N B = L I where B is the
I
flux through a single turn on the coil. Thus,
From L =
B , total
max
V
= L I max = L max
XL
= L
21.18
(a)
2 ( Vrms )
2 f L
2 ( 120 V )
= 0.450 T m 2
2 ( 60.0 Hz )
2
2
( 500 ) + ( 126 719 ) = 776
400 mH
50.0
Hz
4.43
mF
500 W
X XC
(b) = tan 1 L
R
209
1 126 719
= 49.9
= tan
500
21.19
XC =
1
1
=
= 66.3
2 f C 2 ( 60.0 Hz ) ( 40.0 10 6 F )
Z = R 2 + ( X L XC ) =
2
I rms =
(a)
2
2
( 50.0 ) + ( 0 66.3 ) = 83.1
Vrms 30.0 V
=
= 0.361 A
83.1
Z
(c)
X XC
(d) = tan 1 L
R
1 0 66.3
= 53.0
= tan
50.0
1
1
=
= 265
2 f C 2 ( 60.0 Hz )( 10.0 10 6 F )
Z = R 2 + ( X L XC ) =
2
(a)
2
2
( 50.0 ) + ( 37.7 265 ) = 233
(e)
DVL = 104 V
21.20
DVR = 138 V
77.6
DV = 641 V
DVC = 729 V
210
CHAPTER 21
21.21
(a)
1
1
=
= 2.7 10 3
2 f C 2 ( 240 Hz )( 0.25 10 6 F )
Z = R2 + ( X L XC ) =
2
(b) I max =
(c)
2
( 900 ) + ( 3.8 2.7 ) 10 3 = 1.4 k
2
Vmax
140 V
=
= 0.10 A
Z
1.4 10 3
X L XC
R
= tan 1
3.8 2.7 ) 10 3
1 (
=
tan
= 51
900
21.22
XC =
1
1
=
= 1.1 10 3
6
2 fC 2 ( 60 Hz ) ( 2.5 10 F )
Z = R2 + ( X L XC ) =
2
(a)
I max =
(1.2 10
) + ( 0 1.1 10 3 ) = 1.6 10 3
2
Vmax
170 V
=
= 0.11 A
Z
1.6 10 3
Kirchhoffs loop rule always applies to the instantaneous voltages around a closed
path. Thus, for this series circuit, vsource = vR + vC and at this instant when i = 0 ,
we have vsource = 0 + VC , max = 110 V
211
(d) When the instantaneous current is a maximum ( i = I max ) , the instantaneous voltage
across the resistor is vR = iR = I max R = VR , max = 1.3 10 2 V . Again, the
instantaneous voltage across a capacitor is a quarter cycle out of phase with the
current. Thus, when i = I max , we must have vC = 0 and qC = C ( vC ) = 0 . Then,
applying Kirchhoffs loop rule to the instantaneous voltages around the series
circuit at the instant when i = I max gives
vsource = vR + vC = VR , max + 0 = 1.3 10 2 V
X L = 2 f L = 2 ( 60.0 Hz )( 0.400 H ) = 151
21.23
XC =
1
1
=
= 884
2 f C 2 ( 60.0 Hz )( 3.00 10 6 F )
ZRLC = R2 + ( X L XC ) =
2
and
(a)
I rms =
Vrms
ZRLC
ZLC = 0 + ( X L XC ) = X L XC = 733
2
V
VLC , rms = I rms ZLC = rms
ZRLC
(b) ZRC = R 2 + ( 0 XC ) =
2
90.0 V
ZLC =
( 733 ) = 89.6 V
736
2
2
( 60.0 ) + ( 884 ) = 886
V
VRC , rms = I rms ZRC = rms
ZRLC
21.24
2
2
( 60.0 ) + ( 151 884 ) = 736
90.0 V
ZRC =
( 886 ) = 108 V
736
X L = 2 fL = 2 ( 60 Hz )( 2.8 H ) = 1.1 10 3
Z = R 2 + ( X L XC ) =
2
(a)
I max =
(1.2 10
) + ( 1.1 10 3 0 ) = 1.6 10 3
2
Vmax
170 V
=
= 0.11 A
Z
1.6 10 3
212
CHAPTER 21
XC =
21.25
1
1
=
= 1.33 108
2 f C 2 ( 60.0 Hz )( 20.0 10 12 F )
ZRC = R2 + XC2 =
and
I rms =
Therefore,
( V
sec ondary
ZRC
rms
( 50.0 10
=
) + ( 1.33 10 8 ) = 1.33 10 8
2
5 000 V
= 3.76 10 5 A
1.33 108
213
21.26
(a)
Vrms 200 V
=
= 50.0
I rms
4.00 A
20.5 H
200 V
100 Hz
35.0 W
Thus,
2
2
( 50.0 ) ( 35.0 ) = 35.7
X L XC = Z 2 R 2 =
and XC = X L 35.7 or
1
= 1.29 10 4 35.7
2 f C
This yields
C=
(b)
1
= 123 nF or 124 nF
2 ( 100 Hz ) ( 1.29 10 4 35.7 )
R2 + X L2 = ( 4.00 A )
2
( 50.0 ) + ( 1.29 10 4 )
= 5.15 10 4 V = 51.5 kV
Notice that this is a very large voltage!
X L = 2 f L = 2 ( 50.0 Hz )( 0.185 H ) = 58.1
21.27
XC =
1
1
=
= 49.0
2 f C 2 ( 50.0 Hz )( 65.0 10 6 F )
Zad = R 2 + ( X L XC ) =
2
2
( 40.0 ) + ( 58.1 49.0 ) = 41.0
and
(a)
I rms =
Vmax 2
Vrms
150 V
=
=
= 2.585 A
Zad
Zad
( 41.0 ) 2
(b) Zbc = X L = 58.1 , and ( Vrms )bc = I rms Zbc = ( 2.585 A )( 58.1 ) = 150 V
(c)
Zcd = XC = 49.0 , and ( Vrms )cd = I rms Zcd = ( 2.585 A )( 49.0 ) = 127 V
214
CHAPTER 21
(d) Zbd = X L XC = 9.15 , so ( Vrms )bd = I rms Zbd = ( 2.585 A )( 9.15 ) = 23.6 V
21.28
(a)
XC =
1
1
=
= 88.4
2 f C 2 ( 60.0 Hz )( 30.0 10 6 F )
2
2
( 50.0 ) + ( 88.4 ) = 102
Z = R2 + XC2 =
I rms =
Vrms 100 V
=
= 0.984 A
Z
102
0 XC
R
= tan 1
1 88.4
= 60.5
= tan
50.0
and
(b)
2
2
( 50.0 ) + ( 113 ) = 124
Vrms 100 V
=
= 0.809 A
Z
124
XC 0
1 113
= 66.1
= tan
R
50.0
= tan 1
and
21.29
Vrms
104 V
=
= 208
I rms
0.500 A
(a)
Z=
(b)
2
Pav = I rms
R gives R =
Pav
10.0 W
=
= 40.0
2
I rms ( 0.500 A )2
(c)
Z = R2 + X L2 , so X L = Z 2 R 2 =
and
21.30
(a)
L=
2
2
( 208 ) ( 40.0 ) = 204
XL
204
=
= 0.541 H
2 f 2 ( 60.0 Hz )
1
1
=
= 13.3
2 fC 2 ( 60.0 Hz ) ( 200 10 -6 F )
Z = R 2 + ( X L XC ) =
2
2
( 20.0 ) + ( 37.7 13.3 ) = 31.6
I
2
R = max R =
Pav = I rms
2
1 Vmax
R=
2 Z
2
1 100 V
( 20.0 ) = 100 W
2 31.6
2
I
Pav
I rms
R
R 20.0
=
= rms R = =
= 0.633
Vrms I rms Vrms I rms Vrms
Z 31.6
(b) The same calculations as shown in Part (a) above, with f = 50.0 Hz , give
X L = 31.4 , XC = 15.9 , Z = 25.3 , Pav = 156 W and power factor = 0.790
21.31
(a)
2
av = I rms
R = I rms ( I rms R ) = I rms VR , rms , so I rms =
Thus,
R=
VR , rms
I rms
av
14 W
=
= 0.28 A
VR , rms 50 V
50 V
= 1.8 10 2
0.28 A
2
V
2
90 V
2
2
X L = Z R = rms R2 =
( 1.8 10 ) = 2.7 10
0.28
A
I
rms
2
and
L=
XL
2.7 10 2
=
= 0.71 H
2 f 2 ( 60 Hz )
215
216
21.32
CHAPTER 21
X L = 2 fL = 2 ( 600 Hz ) ( 6.0 10 3 H ) = 23
XC =
1
1
=
= 11
2 fC 2 ( 600 Hz ) ( 25 10 -6 F )
Z = R2 + ( X L XC ) =
2
2
( 25 ) + ( 23 11 ) = 28
(a)
V
VR , rms = I rms R = rms
Z
10 V
( 25 ) = 9.0 V
R =
28
V
VL , rms = I rms X L = rms
Z
10 V
( 23 ) = 8.2 V
XL =
28
V
VC , rms = I rms XC = rms
Z
10 V
( 11 ) = 3.8 V
XC =
28
( V
) + ( V
2
R , rms
L , rms
VC , rms
2
2
( 9.0 V ) + ( 8.2 V 3.8 V ) = 10 V = Vrms
(b) The power delivered to the resistor is the greatest. No power losses occur in an
ideal capacitor or inductor.
V
10 V
2
R = rms R =
P= I rms
( 25 ) = 3.3 W
28
Z
2
(c)
21.33
The resonance frequency of the circuit should match the broadcast frequency of the
station.
f0 =
or
L=
1
2 LC
gives L =
( 88.9 10
1
,
4 f 02 C
2
Hz ) ( 1.40 10
2
12
F)
= 2.29 10 6 H = 2.29 H
21.34
217
1
which yields
2 fC
f=
1
2 LC
( 0.20 H ) ( 75 10 6 F )
= 41 Hz
(c) The current is a maximum at resonance where the impedance has its minimum
value of Z = R .
(d) At f = 60 Hz , X L = 2 ( 60 Hz )( 0.20 H ) = 75 , XC =
and Z =
2
2
( 15 ) + ( 75 35 ) = 43
Thus, I rms =
21.35
f0 =
1
= 35 ,
2 ( 60 Hz ) ( 75 10 6 F )
Vmax
Vrms
=
Z
Z
1
2 LC
, so C =
)=
150 V
= 2.5 A
2 ( 43 )
1
4 f02 L
2
( 5.00 10
Hz ) ( 2.0 10
2
H)
= 5.1 10 8 F = 51 nF
21.36
(1.60 10
Hz ) ( 2.0 10
2
1
C
1
LC
H)
= 4.9 10 9 F = 4.9 nF
218
CHAPTER 21
L
3.00 H
1
(a) At resonance, XC = X L = 0 L =
L = C = 3.00 10 -6 F = 1 000
LC
Thus, Z = R2 + 0 2 = R , I rms =
and
Vrms 120 V
=
= 4.00 A
Z
30.0
2
Pav = I rms
R = ( 4.00 A ) ( 30.0 ) = 480 W
2
1
1
(b) At = 0 ; X L = X L = 500 , XC = 2 XC = 2 000
0
0
2
2
2
( 30.0 ) + ( 500 2 000 ) = 1 500
Z = R 2 + ( X L XC ) =
and I rms =
120 V
= 0.080 0 A
1 500
2
R = ( 0.080 0 A ) ( 30.0 ) = 0.192 W
so Pav = I rms
2
1
1
(c) At = 0 ; X L = X L = 250 , XC = 4 XC = 4 000
0
0
4
4
Z = 3 750 , and I rms =
120 V
= 0.032 0 A
3 750
2
R = ( 0.032 0 A ) ( 30.0 ) = 3.07 10 2 W = 30.7 mW
so Pav = I rms
2
(d) At = 2 0 ; X L = 2 X L
) = 2 000 , X
1
XC
2
120 V
= 0.080 0 A
1 500
2
R = ( 0.080 0 A ) ( 30.0 ) = 0.192 W
so Pav = I rms
2
) = 500
(e) At = 4 0 ; X L = 4 X L
) = 4 000 , X
1
XC = 250
0
4
120 V
= 0.032 0 A
3 750
2
so Pav = I rms
R = ( 0.032 0 A ) ( 30.0 ) = 3.07 10 2 W = 30.7 mW
2
The power delivered to the circuit is a maximum when the rms current is a
maximum. This occurs when the frequency of the source is equal to the resonance
frequency of the circuit.
1
=
LC
0 = 2 f 0 =
21.37
(10.0 10
H )( 100 10 6 F )
= 1 000 rad s
1
1
=
= 5.00
C ( 2 000 rad s ) ( 100 10 6 F )
Z = R2 + ( X L XC ) =
2
I rms =
2
2
( 10.0 ) + ( 20.0 5.00 ) = 18.0
Vrms 50.0 V
=
= 2.77 A
Z
18.0
2
R = ( 2.77 A ) ( 10.0 ) = 76.9 W
The average power is Pav = I rms
2
21.38
(a)
V2, rms =
N2
V1, rms
N1
V2, rms
so N 2 = N1
V1, rms
J
2
= 76.9
s 2 000 rad
= 0.242 J
s
9.0 V
= ( 240 turns )
= 18 turns
120
V
219
220
CHAPTER 21
(b) For an ideal transformer, ( Pav )input = ( Pav )ouput = V2, rms I 2, rms
Thus,
21.39
3.6 W
For an ideal transformer, ( Pav )ouput = V2, rms I 2, rms = ( Pav )input so the current in the longdistance power line is
I 2, rms =
( Pav )input
( V
2, rms
1.8 10 5 W
= 1.8 A
100 000 V
The percentage of the power delivered by the generator that is lost in the line is
% Lost =
21.40
3.2 10 2 W
Plost
100% =
100% = 0.18%
5
Pinput
1.8 10 W
(a) Since the transformer is to step the voltage down from 120 volts to 6.0 volts, the
secondary must have fewer turns than the primary.
(b) For an ideal transformer, ( Pav )input = ( Pav )ouput or V1, rms I1, rms = V2, rms I 2, rms so the
current in the primary will be
I1, rms =
( V
2, rms
)I
2, rms
V1, rms
( 6.0 V )( 500 mA )
120 V
= 25 mA
(c) The ratio of the secondary to primary voltages is the same as the ratio of the number
of turns on the secondary and primary coils, V2 V1 = N 2 N1 . Thus, the number of
turns needed on the secondary coil of this step down transformer is
V
N 2 = N1 2
V1
6.0 V
= ( 400 )
= 20 turns
120 V
21.41
(c)
21.42
I 2, rms =
( Pav )input
V1, rms
( Pav )output
V2, rms
( Pav )output
0.90
1 000 kW
= 1.1 10 3 kW
0.90
1.1 10 3 kW 1.1 10 6 W
=
= 3.1 10 2 A
V1, rms
3 600 V
( Pav )transmitted
Vrms
5.00 106 W
= 10.0 A
500 10 3 V
2
Rline = ( 10.0 A ) ( 290 ) = 2.90 10 4 W = 29.0 kW
Thus, ( Pav )loss = I rms
2
W+2.90 10 4 W=5.03 10 6 W
221
222
CHAPTER 21
(c) It is impossible to deliver the needed power with an input voltage of 4.50 kV. The
maximum line current with an input voltage of 4.50 kV occurs when the line is
shorted out at the customers end, and this current is
( I rms )max =
Vrms 4 500 V
=
= 15.5 A
290
Rline
(P )
input
max
This is far short of meeting the customers request, and all of this power is lost in the
transmission line.
21.43
v 3.00 108 m s
=
= 4.00 106 m = 4 000 km
f
75 Hz
21.44
c=
or
21.45
0 0
( 4 10
Ns C
2
)( 8.854 10
12
C2 N m 2 )
c = 2.998 108 m s
223
If
Ii
= 0.33 = 0.57
If I 0 is the incident intensity of a light beam, and I is the intensity of the beam after
passing through length L of a fluid having concentration C of absorbing molecules, the
Beer-Lambert law states that log 10 ( I I 0 ) = CL where is a constant.
For 660-nm light, the absorbing molecules are oxygenated hemoglobin. Thus, if 33% of
this wavelength light is transmitted through blood, the concentration of oxygenated
hemoglobin in the blood is
CHBO 2 =
log 10 ( 0.33 )
L
[1]
The absorbing molecules for 940-nm light are deoxygenated hemoglobin, so if 76% of
this light is transmitted through the blood, the concentration of these molecules in the
blood is
CHB =
log 10 ( 0.76 )
L
[2]
Dividing equation [2] by equation [1] gives the ratio of deoxygenated hemoglobin to
oxygenated hemoglobin in the blood as
log 10 ( 0.76 )
CHB
=
= 0.25
CHBO 2 log 10 ( 0.33 )
or
CHB = 0.25CHBO 2
1.0
= 0.80
1.0 + 0.25
or
80%
Someone with only 80% oxygenated hemoglobin in the blood is probably in serious
trouble needing supplemental oxygen immediately.
224
CHAPTER 21
21.47
21.48
At Earths location, the wave fronts of the solar radiation are spheres whose radius is the
21.49
From Intensity =
c B2
Emax Bmax
E
and max = c , we find Intensity = max
2 0
Bmax
2 0
Thus,
Bmax
and
2 ( 4 10 7 T m A )
2 0
=
( Intensity ) =
(1 340 W m2 ) = 3.35 106 T
c
3.00 108 m s
21.50
21.51
min =
max =
c
fmax
c
f min
3.00 10 8 m s
= 188 m
1 600 10 3 Hz
3.00 10 8 m s
= 556 m
540 10 3 Hz
225
min =
max =
21.52
c
fmax
c
f min
3.00 10 8 m s
= 2.78 m
108 106 Hz
3.00 10 8 m s
= 3.4 m
88 10 6 Hz
dR
100 10 3 m
=
= 3.33 10 4 s = 0.333 ms
c 3.00 108 m s
ds
3.0 m
=
= 8.7 10 3 s = 8.7 ms
vsound 343 m s
Thus, the radio listeners hear the news 8.4 ms before the studio audience because
radio waves travel so much faster than sound waves.
21.53
1
2
k
moxygen
1
2
2 800 N m
= 5.2 1013 Hz
26
2.66 10 kg
atom
c 3.00 10 8 m s
=
= 5.8 10 6 m = 5.8 m
f
5.2 1013 Hz
The infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum ranges from max 1 mm down to
min = 700 nm = 0.7 m . Thus, the required wavelength falls within the infrared region .
226
CHAPTER 21
21.54
Since the space station and the ship are moving toward one another, the frequency after
being Doppler shifted is fO = fS ( 1 + u c ) , so the change in frequency is
1.8 10 5 m s
u
11
f = fO fS = fS = ( 6.0 1014 Hz )
= 3.6 10 Hz
8
c
3.0
10
m
s
21.55
Since you and the car ahead of you are moving away from each other (getting farther
apart) at a rate of u = 120 km h 80 km h = 40 km h , the Doppler shifted frequency
you will detect is fO = fS ( 1 u c ) , and the change in frequency is
40 km h
u
f = fO fS = fS = ( 4.3 1014 Hz )
8
c
3.0 10 m
0.278 m s
7
= 1.6 10 Hz
s 1 km h
The driver was driving toward the warning lights, so the correct form of the Doppler
shift equation is fO = fS ( 1 + u c ) . The frequency emitted by the yellow warning light is
fS =
3.00 10 8 m s
= 5.17 1014 Hz
9
580 10 m
3.00 108 m s
= 5.36 1014 Hz
9
560 10 m
The speed with which she would have to approach the light for the Doppler effect to
yield this claimed shift is
f
5.36 1014 Hz
u = c O 1 = ( 3.00 108 m s )
1 = 1.1 107 m s
14
5.17 10 Hz
fS
R=
21.57
( V )DC
I DC
12.0 V
= 19.0
0.630 A
Z = R2 + ( 2 f L ) =
2
21.58
Vrms
24.0 V
=
= 42.1
I rms
0.570 A
( 42.1 ) ( 19.0 )
= 9.96 102 H = 99.6 mH
2 ( 60.0 Hz )
2
Z 2 R2
=
2 f
Thus, L =
227
Suppose you cover a 1.7 m-by-0.3 m section of beach blanket. Suppose the elevation
angle of the Sun is 60. Then the target area you fill in the Suns field of view is
( 1.7 m )( 0.3 m ) cos 30 = 0.4 m 2 .
The intensity the radiation at Earths surface is I surface = 0.6 I incoming and only 50% of this is
absorbed. Since I =
Pav ( E t )
, the absorbed energy is
=
A
A
Z = R2 + ( XC ) = R2 + ( 2 f C )
2
21.59
2
( 200 ) + 2 ( 60 Hz ) ( 5.0 10 6 F ) = 5.7 10 2
2
V
120 V
3
2
R = rms R =
Thus, Pav = I rms
( 200 ) = 8.9 W = 8.9 10 kW
2
Z
5.7
10
and
228
CHAPTER 21
X L = L , so = X L L
21.60
Then, XC =
1
1
=
which gives
C C ( XL L )
L = ( X L XC ) C = ( 12 )( 8.0 ) C or L = ( 96 2 ) C
1
1
, we obtain LC =
2
LC
( 2 f0 )
From 0 = 2 f 0 =
or
C=
( 2 f0 )
(1)
96
1
2 ( 2 000 Hz ) 96
( 2 f0 )
= 2.6 10 5 F = 26 F
21.61
(a) The box cannot contain a capacitor since a steady DC current cannot flow in a series
circuit containing a capacitor. Since the AC and DC currents are different, even
when a 3.0 V potential difference is used in both cases, the box must contain a
reactive element. The conclusion is that the box must contain a
resistor and inductor connected in series.
(b)
R=
VDC
3.00 V
=
= 10
I DC
0.300 A
Z=
Vrms
3.00 V
=
= 15
I rms
0.200 A
Since Z = R2 + X L2 = R 2 + ( 2 f L ) , we find
2
Z 2 R2
L=
=
2 f
( 15 ) ( 10 )
= 30 mH
2 ( 60 Hz )
2
21.62
3.00 10 8 m s
= 1.0 1010 Hz . Therefore, the
3.00 10 2 m
1
resonance frequency of the circuit is f 0 =
= 1.0 1010 Hz , giving
2 LC
C=
( 2 f0 )
( 2 10
10
Hz ) ( 400 10
2
12
H)
= 6.3 10 13 F = 0.63 pF
0 A 0 A 2
=
, so
(b) C =
d
d
Cd
A=
=
0
21.63
( 6.3 10
13
F )( 1.0 10 3 m )
8.85 10 12 C 2 N m
= 8.5 10 3 m = 8.5 mm
(c)
(a)
Emax
= c , so
Bmax
Bmax =
Emax 0.20 10 6 V m
=
= 6.7 10 16 T
8
c
3.00 10 m s
(b) Intensity =
Emax Bmax
20
( 0.20 10 V m )( 6.7 10
2 ( 4 10 T m A )
6
(c)
16
T)
= 5.3 10 17 W m 2
d2
Pav = ( Intensity ) A = ( Intensity )
4
( 20.0 m )2
14
= ( 5.3 10 17 W m 2 )
= 1.7 10 W
4
21.64
(a)
Z=
Vrms 12 V
=
= 6.0
I rms
2.0 A
229
230
CHAPTER 21
R=
(b)
VDC 12 V
=
= 4.0
I DC
3.0 A
From Z = R2 + X L2 = R 2 + ( 2 f L ) , we find
2
( 6.0 ) ( 4.0 )
= 1.2 10 2 H = 12 mH
2 ( 60 Hz )
2
Z 2 R2
L=
=
2 f
21.65
2 ( Intensity )
c
2 ( 1 340 W m 2 )
3.00 10 m s
8
= 8.93 10 6 N m 2
F 0.536 N
=
= 8.93 10 5 m s 2
m 6 000 kg
(c) From x = v0 t +
1 2
at , with v0 = 0 , the time is
2
2 ( 3.84 10 8 m )
2 ( x )
1d
=
= ( 2.93 10 6 s )
t=
= 33.9 d
2
4
5
a
8.93 10 m s
8.64 10 s
21.66
We know that
(
(
)
)
I1, rms Z1
I1, rms
N1 V1, rms
=
=
=
I 2, rms
N 2 V2, rms
I 2, rms Z2
Z1
Z2
( V ) I
1, rms
1, rms
N 2 V2, rms
Z2
I1, rms
I 2, rms
Therefore,
N1 V2, rms
=
N 2 V1, rms
Z1
=
Z2
This gives
8 000
N
Z1
N1 N1 Z1
, or 1 =
=
= 32
=
N2
Z2
8.0
N 2 N 2 Z2
V2, rms
V1, rms
231
21.67
V 1.00 10 3 m 3
=
= 1.00 10 3 m
2
A
1.00 m
Imagine this cylinder placed at the top of Earths atmosphere, with its length
perpendicular to the incident wave fronts. Then, all the energy in the one liter volume of
sunlight will strike the atmosphere in the time required for sunlight to travel the length
of the cylinder. This time is
t =
d 1.00 10 3 m
=
= 3.33 10 12 s
c 3.00 108 m s
The energy passing through the 1.00 m 2 area of the end of the cylinder in this time is
E = Pav t = ( Intensity ) A t
= ( 1 340 W m 2 )( 1.00 m 2 )( 3.33 10 12 s ) = 4.47 10 9 J
21.68
R 2 + ( R XC ) . If
2
now the plate separation, and hence the capacitive reactance, is cut to one-half the
original value, the new impedance is Z = R 2 + ( R XC 2 ) and the new current will be
2
I = V Z = V
R 2 + ( R XC 2 ) .
2
2V
R 2 + ( R XC )
2
2
or R2 + ( R XC ) = 4 R 2 + ( R XC 2 )
232
CHAPTER 21