Chapter 21

Alternating Current Circuits and

Electromagnetic Waves
Quick Quizzes
1.

(a), (c). The average power is proportional to the rms current which is non-zero even
though the average current is zero. (a) is only valid for an open circuit, for which R .
(b) and (d) can never be true because iav = 0 for AC currents.

2.

(b). Choices (a) and (c) are incorrect because the unaligned sine curves in Figure 21.9 mean
the voltages are out of phase, and so we cannot simply add the maximum (or rms)
voltages across the elements. (In other words, V VR + VL + VC even though
v = vR + vL + vC .)

3.

(b). Note that this is a DC circuit. However, changing the amount of iron inside the
solenoid changes the magnetic field strength in that region and results in a changing
magnetic flux through the loops of the solenoid. This changing flux will generate a back
emf that opposes the current in the circuit and decreases the brightness of the bulb. The
effect will be present only while the rod is in motion. If the rod is held stationary at any
position, the back emf will disappear, and the bulb will return to its original brightness.

4.

(b), (c). The radiation pressure (a) does not change because pressure is force per unit area.
In (b), the smaller disk absorbs less radiation, resulting in a smaller force. For the same
reason, the momentum in (c) is reduced.

5.

(b), (d). The frequency and wavelength of light waves are related by the equation f = c
or f = c , where c is the speed of light is a constant within a given medium. Thus, the
frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional to each other, when one increases
the other must decrease.

201

202

CHAPTER 21

Answers to Even Numbered Conceptual Questions

2.

At resonance, X L = XC . This means that the impedance Z = R 2 + ( X L XC ) reduces to

2

Z = R.
4.

The purpose of the iron core is to increase the flux and to provide a pathway in which
nearly all the flux through one coil is led through the other.

6.

The fundamental source of an electromagnetic wave is a moving charge. For example, in a

transmitting antenna of a radio station, charges are caused to move up and down at the
frequency of the radio station. These moving charges set up electric and magnetic fields,
the electromagnetic wave, in the space around the antenna.

8.

Energy moves. No matter moves. You could say that electric and magnetic fields move,
but it is nicer to say that the fields stay at that point and oscillate. The fields vary in time,
like sports fans in the grandstand when the crowd does the wave. The fields constitute the
medium for the wave, and energy moves.

10.

The average value of an alternating current is zero because its direction is positive as often
as it is negative, and its time average is zero. The average value of the square of the
current is not zero, however, since the square of positive and negative values are always
positive and cannot cancel.

12.

The brightest portion of your face shows where you radiate the most. Your nostrils and
the openings of your ear canals are particularly bright. Brighter still are the pupils of your
eyes.

14.

No, the only element that dissipates energy in an AC circuit is a resistor. Inductors and
capacitors store energy during one half of a cycle and release that energy during the other
half of the cycle, so they dissipate no net energy.

16.

The changing magnetic field of the solenoid induces eddy currents in the conducting core.
This is accompanied by I 2 R conversion of electrically-transmitted energy into internal
energy in the conductor.

18.

The voltages are not added in a scalar form, but in a vector form, as shown in the phasor
diagrams throughout the chapter. Kirchhoffs loop rule is true at any instant, but the
voltages across different circuit elements are not simultaneously at their maximum values.
Do not forget that an inductor can induce an emf in itself and that the voltage across it is
90 ahead of the current in the circuit in phase.

20.

Insulation and safety limit the voltage of a transmission line. For an underground cable,
the thickness and dielectric strength of the insulation between the conductors determines
the maximum voltage that can be applied, just as with a capacitor. For an overhead line on
towers, the designer must consider electrical breakdown of the surrounding air, possible
accidents, sparking across the insulating supports, ozone production, and inducing
voltages in cars, fences, and the roof gutters of nearby houses. Nuisance effects include
noise, electrical noise, and a prankster lighting a hand-held fluorescent tube under the
line.

Alternating Current Circuits and Electromagnetic Waves

Answers to Even Numbered Problems

(b)

145

(a)

4.

I1, rms = I 2, rms = 1.25 A , R1 = R2 = 96.0 , I 3, rms = 0.833 A, R3 = 144

6.

(a)

106 V

(b)

60.0 Hz

8.

(a)

141 mA

(b)

235 mA

10.

100 mA

12.

224 mA

14.

2.63 A

16.

L > 7.03 H

18.

(a)

194 V

(b)

current leads by 49.9

20.

(a) 138 V
(c) 729 V

(b)
(d)

104 V
641 V

22.

(a) 0.11 A
(b) VR , max = 130 V, VC , max = 110 V
(c) vR = 0, vC = vsource = 110 V, qC = 280 C
(d) vR = vsource = 130 V, vC = 0, qC = 0

24.

(a) 0.11 A
(b) VR , max = 130 V, VL , max = 110 V
(c) vR = vsource = 130 V, vL = 0
(d) vR = 0, vL = vsource = 110 V

26.

(a)

123 nF or 124 nF

(b)

51.5 kV

28.

(a)

0.492, 48.5 W

(b)

0.404, 32.7 W

30.

(a)

100 W, 0.633

(b)

156 W, 0.790

32.

(a)

(c)

(e)

DVL = 104 V

(d)

|DVL DVC| = 625 V

193

2.

3.00 A

DVR = 138 V
77.6

DV = 641 V
DVC = 729 V

VR , rms + VL , rms + VC , rms = 21 V 10 V , but accounting for phases and adding the

voltages vectorially does yield 10 V. (b) The power loss delivered to the resistor. No
power losses occur in an ideal capacitor or inductor. (c) 3.3 W
34.

(a) Z = R = 15
(c) At resonance

36.

(a) 480 W
(b) 0.192 W
(c) 30.7 mW
(d) 0.192 W
Maximum power is delivered at resonance frequency.

(b)
(d)

41 Hz
2.5 A
(e)

30.7 mW

203

204

CHAPTER 21

38.

(a)

18 turns

(b)

3.6 W

40.

(a)

Fewer turns

(b)

25 mA

42.

(a) 29.0 kW
(b) 0.580%
(c) The maximum power that can be input to the line at 4.50 kV is far less than 5.00 MW,
and it is all lost in the transmission line.

44.

2.998 108 m s

46.

80%

48.

3.74 10 26 W

50.

11.0 m

52.

Radio listeners hear the news 8.4 ms before the studio audience because radio waves
travel much faster than sound waves.

54.

6.003 6 1014 Hz, the frequency increases by 3.6 1011 Hz

56.

1.1 107 m s

58.

~106 J

60.

2.5 mH, 26 F

62.

(a)

0.63 pF

(b)

8.5 mm

64.

(a)

6.0

(b)

12 mH

66.

32

68.

X c = 3R

(c)

(c)

20 turns

25

Alternating Current Circuits and Electromagnetic Waves

Problem Solutions
21.1

(a)

Vmax = 2 ( Vrms ) = 2 ( 100 V ) = 141 V

(b) I rms =
(c)

I max =

Vrms 100 V
=
= 20.0 A
R
5.00
Vmax 141 V
=
= 28.3 A or I max = 2 I rms = 2 ( 20.0 A ) = 28.3 A
R
5.00

2
R = ( 20.0 A ) ( 5.00 ) = 2.00 10 3 W = 2.00 kW
(d) Pav = I rms
2

( Vmax )
( Vmax )
1 V
I
, so R =
R = max R = max R =
2 R
2R
2 Pav
2
2

21.2

Pav = I

2
rms

( 170 V )
= 193
(a) If Pav = 75.0 W , then R =
2 ( 75.0 W )
2

( 170 V )
= 145
(b) If Pav = 100 W , then R =
2 ( 100 W )
2

21.3

The meters measure the rms values of potential difference and current. These are
Vrms =

21.4

Vrms 70.7 V
Vmax 100 V
=
= 70.7 V , and I rms =
=
= 2.95 A
24.0
R
2
2

All lamps are connected in parallel with the voltage source, so Vrms = 120 V for each
lamp. Also, the current is I rms = av Vrms and the resistance is R = Vrms I rms .
I1, rms = I 2, rms =
I 3, rms =

150 W
120 V
= 96.0
= 1.25 A and R1 = R2 =
120 V
1.25 A

100 W
120 V
= 144
= 0.833 A and R3 =
120 V
0.833 A

205

206

CHAPTER 21

21.5

The total resistance (series connection) is Req = R1 + R2 = 8.20 + 10.4 = 18.6 , so the
current in the circuit is
I rms =

Vrms 15.0 V
=
= 0.806 A
Req
18.6

2
The power to the speaker is then Pav = I rm
s Rspeaker = ( 0.806 A ) ( 10.4 ) = 6.76 W
2

21.6

(a)

Vmax = 150 V , so Vrms =

(b)

f=

Vmax 150 V
=
= 106 V
2
2

377 rad s
=
= 60.0 Hz
2
2

(c) At t = ( 1 120 ) s , v = ( 150 V ) sin ( 377 rad s )( 1 120 s ) = ( 150 V ) sin ( rad ) = 0

(d) I max =

21.7

Vmax 150 V
=
= 3.00 A
50.0
R

1
, so its units are
2 fC

XC =

1
1
Volt
Volt
=
=
=
= Ohm
(1 Sec ) Farad (1 Sec )( Coulomb Volt ) Coulomb Sec Amp

21.8

I max = 2 I rms =
(a)

2 ( Vrms )

XC

= 2 ( Vrms ) 2 f C

I max = 2 ( 120 V ) 2 ( 60.0 Hz ) ( 2.20 10 6 C/V ) =0.141 A = 141 mA

(b) I max = 2 ( 240 V ) 2 ( 50.0 Hz ) ( 2.20 10 6 C/V ) =0.235 A = 235 mA

21.9

I rms =

f=

Vrms
=2 f C ( Vrms ) , so
XC

I rms
0.30 A
=
= 4.0 10 2 Hz
2 C ( Vrms ) 2 ( 4.0 10 6 F ) ( 30 V )

Alternating Current Circuits and Electromagnetic Waves

21.10

I max =

207

Vmax
=2 f C ( Vmax )
XC

= 2 ( 90.0 Hz ) ( 3.70 10 6 C/V ) ( 48.0 V ) =0.100 A= 100 mA

21.11

I rms =

so

21.12

I rms =

or

21.13

Vrms
V
=2 f C max
XC
2

C=

= f C ( Vmax ) 2

I
0.75 A
=
= 1.7 10 5 F = 17 F
f ( Vmax ) 2 ( 60 Hz )( 170 V ) 2

Vrms Vmax
=
XC
2

140 V
6
I rms =
( 120 rad s ) ( 6.00 10 F ) = 0.224 A = 224 mA
2

( t )
I
. The units of self inductance are
= L , we have L =
I
t
[ ][ t ] = Volt sec . The units of inductive reactance are given by
then [ L] =
Amp
[ I ]
X L = 2 f L , and from

1 Volt sec Volt

= Ohm
=

sec Amp Amp

[ XL ] = [ f ][ L] =
21.14

The maximum current in the purely inductive circuit is

so

I max =

Vmax Vmax
140 V
=
=
= 3.71 A
XL
L
(120 rad s ) ( 0.100 H )

I rms =

I max 3.71 A
=
= 2.63 A
2
2

208

CHAPTER 21

21.15

The ratio of inductive reactance at f 2 = 50.0 Hz to that at f1 = 60.0 Hz is

( X L )2
( XL )1

2 f 2 L f 2
f
50.0 Hz
= , so ( X L )2 = 2 ( X L )1 =
( 54.0 ) = 45.0
2 f1 L f1
f1
60.0 Hz

The maximum current at f 2 = 50.0 Hz is then

I max =

21.16

2 ( Vrms )
2 ( 100 V )
Vmax
=
=
= 3.14 A
XL
XL
45.0

The maximum current in this inductive circuit will be

I max =

( 2 )I

rms

2 ( Vrms )

XL

2 ( Vrms )
2 fL

Thus, if I max < 80.0 mA , it is necessary that

L>

21.17

2 ( Vrms )

2 f ( 80.0 mA )

2 ( 50.0 V )

2 ( 20.0 Hz ) ( 8.00 10 2 A )

or

L > 7.03 H

N B
, the total flux through the coil is B , total = N B = L I where B is the
I
flux through a single turn on the coil. Thus,

From L =

B , total

max

V
= L I max = L max
XL
= L

21.18

(a)

2 ( Vrms )
2 f L

2 ( 120 V )
= 0.450 T m 2
2 ( 60.0 Hz )

X L = 2 f L = 2 ( 50.0 Hz )( 400 10 3 H ) = 126

1
1
XC =
=
= 719
2 f C 2 ( 50.0 Hz )( 4.43 10 6 F )
Z = R2 + ( X L XC ) =
2

2
2
( 500 ) + ( 126 719 ) = 776

Vmax = I max Z = ( 0.250 A )( 776 ) = 194 V

400 mH
50.0
Hz

4.43
mF
500 W

Alternating Current Circuits and Electromagnetic Waves

X XC
(b) = tan 1 L
R

209

1 126 719
= 49.9
= tan
500

Thus, the current leads the voltage by 49.9

21.19

XC =

1
1
=
= 66.3
2 f C 2 ( 60.0 Hz ) ( 40.0 10 6 F )

Z = R 2 + ( X L XC ) =
2

I rms =

(a)

2
2
( 50.0 ) + ( 0 66.3 ) = 83.1

Vrms 30.0 V
=
= 0.361 A
83.1
Z

(b) VR , rms = I rms R = ( 0.361 A )( 50.0 ) = 18.1 V

VC , rms = I rms XC = ( 0.361 A )( 66.3 ) = 23.9 V

(c)

X XC
(d) = tan 1 L
R

1 0 66.3
= 53.0
= tan
50.0

so, the voltage lags behind the current by 53.0

X L = 2 f L = 2 ( 60.0 Hz )( 0.100 H ) = 37.7
XC =

1
1
=
= 265
2 f C 2 ( 60.0 Hz )( 10.0 10 6 F )

Z = R 2 + ( X L XC ) =
2

(a)

2
2
( 50.0 ) + ( 37.7 265 ) = 233

VR , rms = I rms R = ( 2.75 A )( 50.0 ) = 138 V

(b) VL , rms = I rms X L = ( 2.75 A )( 37.7 ) = 104 V

(c)

VC , rms = I rms XC = ( 2.75 A )( 265 ) = 729 V

(d) Vrms = I rms Z = ( 2.75 A )( 233 ) = 641 V

(e)

DVL = 104 V

|DVL DVC| = 625 V

21.20

DVR = 138 V
77.6

DV = 641 V
DVC = 729 V

210

CHAPTER 21

21.21

(a)

X L = 2 f L = 2 ( 240 Hz )( 2.5 H ) = 3.8 10 3

XC =

1
1
=
= 2.7 10 3
2 f C 2 ( 240 Hz )( 0.25 10 6 F )

Z = R2 + ( X L XC ) =
2

(b) I max =

(c)

2
( 900 ) + ( 3.8 2.7 ) 10 3 = 1.4 k
2

Vmax
140 V
=
= 0.10 A
Z
1.4 10 3

X L XC
R

= tan 1

3.8 2.7 ) 10 3

1 (
=
tan

= 51

900

(d) > 0 , so the voltage leads the current

21.22

XC =

1
1
=
= 1.1 10 3
6
2 fC 2 ( 60 Hz ) ( 2.5 10 F )

Z = R2 + ( X L XC ) =
2

(a)

I max =

(1.2 10

) + ( 0 1.1 10 3 ) = 1.6 10 3
2

Vmax
170 V
=
= 0.11 A
Z
1.6 10 3

(b) VR , max = I max R = ( 0.11 A ) ( 1.2 10 3 ) = 1.3 10 2 V

VC , max = I max XC = ( 0.11 A ) ( 1.1 10 3 ) = 1.1 10 2 V

(c) When the instantaneous current i is zero, the instantaneous voltage across the
resistor is vR = iR = 0 . The instantaneous voltage across a capacitor is always 90
or a quarter cycle out of phase with the instantaneous current. Thus, when i = 0 ,
vC = VC , max = 1.1 10 2 V
and

qC = C ( vC ) = ( 2.5 10 6 F )( 1.1 10 2 V ) = 2.8 10 -4 C = 280 C

Kirchhoffs loop rule always applies to the instantaneous voltages around a closed
path. Thus, for this series circuit, vsource = vR + vC and at this instant when i = 0 ,
we have vsource = 0 + VC , max = 110 V

Alternating Current Circuits and Electromagnetic Waves

211

(d) When the instantaneous current is a maximum ( i = I max ) , the instantaneous voltage
across the resistor is vR = iR = I max R = VR , max = 1.3 10 2 V . Again, the
instantaneous voltage across a capacitor is a quarter cycle out of phase with the
current. Thus, when i = I max , we must have vC = 0 and qC = C ( vC ) = 0 . Then,
applying Kirchhoffs loop rule to the instantaneous voltages around the series
circuit at the instant when i = I max gives
vsource = vR + vC = VR , max + 0 = 1.3 10 2 V
X L = 2 f L = 2 ( 60.0 Hz )( 0.400 H ) = 151

21.23

XC =

1
1
=
= 884
2 f C 2 ( 60.0 Hz )( 3.00 10 6 F )

ZRLC = R2 + ( X L XC ) =
2

and

(a)

I rms =

Vrms
ZRLC

ZLC = 0 + ( X L XC ) = X L XC = 733
2

V
VLC , rms = I rms ZLC = rms
ZRLC
(b) ZRC = R 2 + ( 0 XC ) =
2

90.0 V
ZLC =
( 733 ) = 89.6 V
736

2
2
( 60.0 ) + ( 884 ) = 886

V
VRC , rms = I rms ZRC = rms
ZRLC

21.24

2
2
( 60.0 ) + ( 151 884 ) = 736

90.0 V
ZRC =
( 886 ) = 108 V
736

X L = 2 fL = 2 ( 60 Hz )( 2.8 H ) = 1.1 10 3
Z = R 2 + ( X L XC ) =
2

(a)

I max =

(1.2 10

) + ( 1.1 10 3 0 ) = 1.6 10 3
2

Vmax
170 V
=
= 0.11 A
Z
1.6 10 3

212

CHAPTER 21

(b) VR , max = I max R = ( 0.11 A ) ( 1.2 10 3 ) = 1.3 10 2 V

VL , max = I max X L = ( 0.11 A ) ( 1.1 10 3 ) = 1.1 10 2 V
(c) When the instantaneous current is a maximum ( i = I max ) , the instantaneous voltage
across the resistor is vR = iR = I max R = VR , max = 1.3 10 2 V . The instantaneous
voltage across an inductor is always 90 or a quarter cycle out of phase with the
instantaneous current. Thus, when i = I max ,
vL = 0 .
Kirchhoffs loop rule always applies to the instantaneous voltages around a closed
path. Thus, for this series circuit, vsource = vR + vL and at this instant when i = I max
we have vsource = I max R + 0 = 1.3 10 2 V
(d) When the instantaneous current i is zero, the instantaneous voltage across the
resistor is vR = iR = 0 . Again, the instantaneous voltage across an inductor is a
quarter cycle out of phase with the current. Thus, when i = 0 , we must have
vL = VL , max = 1.1 10 2 V . Then, applying Kirchhoffs loop rule to the
instantaneous voltages around the series circuit at the instant when i = 0 gives
vsource = vR + vL = 0 + VL , max = 1.1 10 2 V

XC =

21.25

1
1
=
= 1.33 108
2 f C 2 ( 60.0 Hz )( 20.0 10 12 F )

ZRC = R2 + XC2 =

and

I rms =

Therefore,

( V

sec ondary

ZRC

rms

( 50.0 10
=

) + ( 1.33 10 8 ) = 1.33 10 8
2

5 000 V
= 3.76 10 5 A
1.33 108

Vb , rms = I rms Rb = ( 3.76 10 5 A )( 50.0 10 3 ) = 1.88 V

213

Alternating Current Circuits and Electromagnetic Waves

21.26

(a)

X L = 2 f L = 2 ( 100 Hz )( 20.5 H ) = 1.29 10 4

Z=

Vrms 200 V
=
= 50.0
I rms
4.00 A

20.5 H
200 V
100 Hz
35.0 W

Thus,
2
2
( 50.0 ) ( 35.0 ) = 35.7

X L XC = Z 2 R 2 =
and XC = X L 35.7 or

1
= 1.29 10 4 35.7
2 f C

This yields
C=

(b)

1
= 123 nF or 124 nF
2 ( 100 Hz ) ( 1.29 10 4 35.7 )

( Vrms )coil = I rms Zcoil = I

R2 + X L2 = ( 4.00 A )

2
( 50.0 ) + ( 1.29 10 4 )

= 5.15 10 4 V = 51.5 kV
Notice that this is a very large voltage!
X L = 2 f L = 2 ( 50.0 Hz )( 0.185 H ) = 58.1

21.27

XC =

1
1
=
= 49.0
2 f C 2 ( 50.0 Hz )( 65.0 10 6 F )

Zad = R 2 + ( X L XC ) =

2
2
( 40.0 ) + ( 58.1 49.0 ) = 41.0

and

(a)

I rms =

Vmax 2
Vrms
150 V
=
=
= 2.585 A
Zad
Zad
( 41.0 ) 2

Zab = R = 40.0 , so ( Vrms ) ab = I rms Zab = ( 2.585 A )( 40.0 ) = 103 V

(b) Zbc = X L = 58.1 , and ( Vrms )bc = I rms Zbc = ( 2.585 A )( 58.1 ) = 150 V
(c)

Zcd = XC = 49.0 , and ( Vrms )cd = I rms Zcd = ( 2.585 A )( 49.0 ) = 127 V

214

CHAPTER 21

(d) Zbd = X L XC = 9.15 , so ( Vrms )bd = I rms Zbd = ( 2.585 A )( 9.15 ) = 23.6 V

21.28

(a)

XC =

1
1
=
= 88.4
2 f C 2 ( 60.0 Hz )( 30.0 10 6 F )
2
2
( 50.0 ) + ( 88.4 ) = 102

Z = R2 + XC2 =
I rms =

Vrms 100 V
=
= 0.984 A
Z
102
0 XC
R

= tan 1

1 88.4
= 60.5
= tan
50.0

power factor = cos = cos ( 60.5 ) = 0.492

and

Pav = ( Vrms ) I rms cos = ( 100 V )( 0.984 A )( 0.492 ) = 48.5 W

(b)

X L = 2 f L = 2 ( 60.0 Hz )( 0.300 H ) = 113

Z = R2 + X L2 =
I rms =

2
2
( 50.0 ) + ( 113 ) = 124

Vrms 100 V
=
= 0.809 A
Z
124
XC 0
1 113
= 66.1
= tan
R
50.0

= tan 1
and

power factor = cos = cos ( 66.1 ) = 0.404

Pav = ( Vrms ) I rms cos = ( 100 V )( 0.809 A )( 0.404 ) = 32.7 W

21.29

Vrms
104 V
=
= 208
I rms
0.500 A

(a)

Z=

(b)

2
Pav = I rms
R gives R =

Pav
10.0 W
=
= 40.0
2
I rms ( 0.500 A )2

Alternating Current Circuits and Electromagnetic Waves

(c)

Z = R2 + X L2 , so X L = Z 2 R 2 =
and

21.30

(a)

L=

2
2
( 208 ) ( 40.0 ) = 204

XL
204
=
= 0.541 H
2 f 2 ( 60.0 Hz )

X L = 2 fL = 2 ( 60.0 Hz )( 0.100 H ) = 37.7

XC =

1
1
=
= 13.3
2 fC 2 ( 60.0 Hz ) ( 200 10 -6 F )

Z = R 2 + ( X L XC ) =

2
2
( 20.0 ) + ( 37.7 13.3 ) = 31.6

I
2
R = max R =
Pav = I rms
2

1 Vmax

R=
2 Z
2

and power factor = cos =

1 100 V

( 20.0 ) = 100 W
2 31.6

2
I

Pav
I rms
R
R 20.0
=
= rms R = =
= 0.633
Vrms I rms Vrms I rms Vrms
Z 31.6

(b) The same calculations as shown in Part (a) above, with f = 50.0 Hz , give
X L = 31.4 , XC = 15.9 , Z = 25.3 , Pav = 156 W and power factor = 0.790

21.31

(a)

2
av = I rms
R = I rms ( I rms R ) = I rms VR , rms , so I rms =

Thus,

R=

VR , rms
I rms

av
14 W
=
= 0.28 A
VR , rms 50 V

50 V
= 1.8 10 2
0.28 A

(b) Z = R2 + X L2 , which yields

2

2
V
2
90 V
2
2
X L = Z R = rms R2 =
( 1.8 10 ) = 2.7 10
0.28
A
I

rms
2

and

L=

XL
2.7 10 2
=
= 0.71 H
2 f 2 ( 60 Hz )

215

216

21.32

CHAPTER 21

X L = 2 fL = 2 ( 600 Hz ) ( 6.0 10 3 H ) = 23
XC =

1
1
=
= 11
2 fC 2 ( 600 Hz ) ( 25 10 -6 F )

Z = R2 + ( X L XC ) =

2
2
( 25 ) + ( 23 11 ) = 28

(a)

V
VR , rms = I rms R = rms
Z

10 V
( 25 ) = 9.0 V
R =
28

V
VL , rms = I rms X L = rms
Z

10 V
( 23 ) = 8.2 V
XL =
28

V
VC , rms = I rms XC = rms
Z

10 V
( 11 ) = 3.8 V
XC =
28

No , VR , rms + VL , rms + VC , rms = 9.0 V + 8.2 V + 3.8 V = 21 V 10 V

However, observe that if we take phases into account and add these voltages
vectorially, we find

( V

) + ( V
2

R , rms

L , rms

VC , rms

2
2
( 9.0 V ) + ( 8.2 V 3.8 V ) = 10 V = Vrms

(b) The power delivered to the resistor is the greatest. No power losses occur in an
ideal capacitor or inductor.
V
10 V
2
R = rms R =
P= I rms
( 25 ) = 3.3 W
28
Z
2

(c)

21.33

The resonance frequency of the circuit should match the broadcast frequency of the
station.
f0 =

or

L=

1
2 LC

gives L =

( 88.9 10

1
,
4 f 02 C
2

Hz ) ( 1.40 10
2

12

F)

= 2.29 10 6 H = 2.29 H

Alternating Current Circuits and Electromagnetic Waves

21.34

217

(a) At resonance, X L = XC so the impedance will be

Z = R2 + ( X L XC ) = R 2 + 0 = R = 15
2

1
which yields
2 fC

(b) When X L = XC , we have 2 fL =

f=

1
2 LC

( 0.20 H ) ( 75 10 6 F )

= 41 Hz

(c) The current is a maximum at resonance where the impedance has its minimum
value of Z = R .
(d) At f = 60 Hz , X L = 2 ( 60 Hz )( 0.20 H ) = 75 , XC =

and Z =

2
2
( 15 ) + ( 75 35 ) = 43

Thus, I rms =

21.35

f0 =

1
= 35 ,
2 ( 60 Hz ) ( 75 10 6 F )

Vmax
Vrms
=
Z
Z

1
2 LC

, so C =

)=

150 V
= 2.5 A
2 ( 43 )

1
4 f02 L
2

For f 0 = ( f0 )min = 500 kHz = 5.00 10 5 Hz

C = Cmax =

( 5.00 10

Hz ) ( 2.0 10
2

H)

= 5.1 10 8 F = 51 nF

For f 0 = ( f0 )max = 1600 kHz = 1.60 106 Hz

C = Cmin =

21.36

(1.60 10

Hz ) ( 2.0 10
2

The resonance frequency is 0 = 2 f 0 =

Also, X L = L and XC =

1
C

1
LC

H)

= 4.9 10 9 F = 4.9 nF

218

CHAPTER 21

L
3.00 H
1
(a) At resonance, XC = X L = 0 L =
L = C = 3.00 10 -6 F = 1 000
LC
Thus, Z = R2 + 0 2 = R , I rms =
and

Vrms 120 V
=
= 4.00 A
Z
30.0

2
Pav = I rms
R = ( 4.00 A ) ( 30.0 ) = 480 W
2

1
1
(b) At = 0 ; X L = X L = 500 , XC = 2 XC = 2 000
0
0
2
2
2
( 30.0 ) + ( 500 2 000 ) = 1 500

Z = R 2 + ( X L XC ) =

and I rms =

120 V
= 0.080 0 A
1 500

2
R = ( 0.080 0 A ) ( 30.0 ) = 0.192 W
so Pav = I rms
2

1
1
(c) At = 0 ; X L = X L = 250 , XC = 4 XC = 4 000
0
0
4
4
Z = 3 750 , and I rms =

120 V
= 0.032 0 A
3 750

2
R = ( 0.032 0 A ) ( 30.0 ) = 3.07 10 2 W = 30.7 mW
so Pav = I rms
2

(d) At = 2 0 ; X L = 2 X L

) = 2 000 , X

Z = 1 500 , and I rms =

1
XC
2

120 V
= 0.080 0 A
1 500

2
R = ( 0.080 0 A ) ( 30.0 ) = 0.192 W
so Pav = I rms
2

) = 500

Alternating Current Circuits and Electromagnetic Waves

(e) At = 4 0 ; X L = 4 X L

) = 4 000 , X

Z = 3 750 , and I rms =

1
XC = 250
0
4

120 V
= 0.032 0 A
3 750

2
so Pav = I rms
R = ( 0.032 0 A ) ( 30.0 ) = 3.07 10 2 W = 30.7 mW
2

The power delivered to the circuit is a maximum when the rms current is a
maximum. This occurs when the frequency of the source is equal to the resonance
frequency of the circuit.
1
=
LC

0 = 2 f 0 =

21.37

(10.0 10

H )( 100 10 6 F )

= 1 000 rad s

Thus, = 20 = 2 000 rad s

X L = L = ( 2 000 rad s ) ( 10.0 10 3 H ) = 20.0
XC =

1
1
=
= 5.00
C ( 2 000 rad s ) ( 100 10 6 F )

Z = R2 + ( X L XC ) =
2

I rms =

2
2
( 10.0 ) + ( 20.0 5.00 ) = 18.0

Vrms 50.0 V
=
= 2.77 A
Z
18.0

2
R = ( 2.77 A ) ( 10.0 ) = 76.9 W
The average power is Pav = I rms
2

and the energy converted in one period is

2
E = Pav T = Pav

21.38

(a)

V2, rms =

N2
V1, rms
N1

V2, rms
so N 2 = N1
V1, rms

J
2

= 76.9
s 2 000 rad

= 0.242 J
s

9.0 V
= ( 240 turns )
= 18 turns

120
V

219

220

CHAPTER 21

(b) For an ideal transformer, ( Pav )input = ( Pav )ouput = V2, rms I 2, rms
Thus,

21.39

( Pav )input = ( 9.0 V )( 0.400 A ) =

3.6 W

The power input to the transformer is

Pinput = V1, rms I1, rms = ( 3 600 V ) ( 50 A ) = 1.8 10 5 W

For an ideal transformer, ( Pav )ouput = V2, rms I 2, rms = ( Pav )input so the current in the longdistance power line is

I 2, rms =

( Pav )input

( V

2, rms

1.8 10 5 W
= 1.8 A
100 000 V

The power dissipated as heat in the line is then

Plost = I 2,2 rms Rline = ( 1.8 A ) ( 100 ) = 3.2 10 2 W
2

The percentage of the power delivered by the generator that is lost in the line is
% Lost =
21.40

3.2 10 2 W
Plost
100% =
100% = 0.18%
5
Pinput
1.8 10 W

(a) Since the transformer is to step the voltage down from 120 volts to 6.0 volts, the
secondary must have fewer turns than the primary.

(b) For an ideal transformer, ( Pav )input = ( Pav )ouput or V1, rms I1, rms = V2, rms I 2, rms so the
current in the primary will be
I1, rms =

( V

2, rms

)I

2, rms

V1, rms

( 6.0 V )( 500 mA )
120 V

= 25 mA

(c) The ratio of the secondary to primary voltages is the same as the ratio of the number
of turns on the secondary and primary coils, V2 V1 = N 2 N1 . Thus, the number of
turns needed on the secondary coil of this step down transformer is
V
N 2 = N1 2
V1

6.0 V
= ( 400 )
= 20 turns
120 V

Alternating Current Circuits and Electromagnetic Waves

21.41

(a) At 90% efficiency, ( Pav )output = 0.90 ( Pav )input

Thus, if ( Pav )output = 1 000 kW
the input power to the primary is ( Pav )input =

(b) I1, rms =

(c)

21.42

I 2, rms =

( Pav )input
V1, rms

( Pav )output
V2, rms

( Pav )output
0.90

1 000 kW
= 1.1 10 3 kW
0.90

1.1 10 3 kW 1.1 10 6 W
=
= 3.1 10 2 A
V1, rms
3 600 V

1 000 kW 1.0 106 W

=
= 8.3 10 3 A
V1, rms
120 V

Rline = ( 4.50 10 4 m )( 6.44 10 5 m ) = 290

(a) The power transmitted is ( Pav )transmitted = ( Vrms ) I rms
so I rms =

( Pav )transmitted
Vrms

5.00 106 W
= 10.0 A
500 10 3 V

2
Rline = ( 10.0 A ) ( 290 ) = 2.90 10 4 W = 29.0 kW
Thus, ( Pav )loss = I rms
2

(b) The power input to the line is

( Pav )input = ( Pav )transmitted + ( Pav )loss = 5.00 106

W+2.90 10 4 W=5.03 10 6 W

and the fraction of input power lost during transmission is

( Pav )loss 2.90 10 4 W
fraction =
=
= 0.005 80 or 0.580%
( Pav )input 5.03 106 W

221

222

CHAPTER 21

(c) It is impossible to deliver the needed power with an input voltage of 4.50 kV. The
maximum line current with an input voltage of 4.50 kV occurs when the line is
shorted out at the customers end, and this current is

( I rms )max =

Vrms 4 500 V
=
= 15.5 A
290
Rline

The maximum input power is then

(P )
input

max

= ( Vrms )( I rms )max

= ( 4.50 10 3 V ) ( 15.5 A ) = 6.98 10 4 W = 6.98 kW

This is far short of meeting the customers request, and all of this power is lost in the
transmission line.
21.43

From v = f , the wavelength is

v 3.00 108 m s
=
= 4.00 106 m = 4 000 km
f
75 Hz

The required length of the antenna is then,

L = 4 = 1 000 km , or about 621 miles. Not very practical at all.

21.44

c=

or

21.45

0 0

( 4 10

Ns C
2

)( 8.854 10

12

C2 N m 2 )

c = 2.998 108 m s

(a) The frequency of an electromagnetic wave is f = c , where c is the speed of light,

and is the wavelength of the wave. The frequencies of the two light sources are
then
3.00 108 m s
c
f red =
=
= 4.55 1014 Hz
Red:
660 10 -9 m
red
and
3.00 108 m s
c
=
= 3.19 1014 Hz
Infrared: f IR =
-9
940 10 m
IR

223

Alternating Current Circuits and Electromagnetic Waves

(b) The intensity of an electromagnetic wave is proportional to the square of its

amplitude. If 67% of the incident intensity of the red light is absorbed, then the
intensity of the emerging wave is ( 100% 67% ) = 33% of the incident intensity, or
I f = 0.33I i . Hence, we must have
Emax, f
Emax, i
21.46

If
Ii

= 0.33 = 0.57

If I 0 is the incident intensity of a light beam, and I is the intensity of the beam after
passing through length L of a fluid having concentration C of absorbing molecules, the
Beer-Lambert law states that log 10 ( I I 0 ) = CL where is a constant.
For 660-nm light, the absorbing molecules are oxygenated hemoglobin. Thus, if 33% of
this wavelength light is transmitted through blood, the concentration of oxygenated
hemoglobin in the blood is
CHBO 2 =

log 10 ( 0.33 )
L

[1]

The absorbing molecules for 940-nm light are deoxygenated hemoglobin, so if 76% of
this light is transmitted through the blood, the concentration of these molecules in the
blood is
CHB =

log 10 ( 0.76 )
L

[2]

Dividing equation [2] by equation [1] gives the ratio of deoxygenated hemoglobin to
oxygenated hemoglobin in the blood as
log 10 ( 0.76 )
CHB
=
= 0.25
CHBO 2 log 10 ( 0.33 )

or

CHB = 0.25CHBO 2

Since all the hemoglobin in the blood is either oxygenated or deoxygenated, it is

necessary that CHB + CHBO 2 = 1.00 , and we now have 0.25CHBO 2 + CHBO 2 = 1.0 . The
fraction of hemoglobin that is oxygenated in this blood is then
CHBO 2 =

1.0
= 0.80
1.0 + 0.25

or

80%

Someone with only 80% oxygenated hemoglobin in the blood is probably in serious
trouble needing supplemental oxygen immediately.

224

CHAPTER 21

21.47

The distance between adjacent antinodes in a standing wave is 2

Thus, = 2 ( 6.00 cm ) = 12.0 cm = 0.120 m , and
c = f = ( 0.120 m ) ( 2.45 10 9 Hz ) = 2.94 108 m s

21.48

At Earths location, the wave fronts of the solar radiation are spheres whose radius is the

Sun-Earth distance. Thus, from Intensity = av = av2 , the total power is

A
4 r
2
W

Pav = ( Intensity ) ( 4 r 2 ) = 1 340 2 4 ( 1.49 1011 m ) = 3.74 10 26 W

21.49

From Intensity =

c B2
Emax Bmax
E
and max = c , we find Intensity = max
2 0
Bmax
2 0

Thus,

Bmax

and

2 ( 4 10 7 T m A )
2 0
=
( Intensity ) =
(1 340 W m2 ) = 3.35 106 T
c
3.00 108 m s

Emax = Bmax c = ( 3.35 10 6 T ) ( 3.00 108 m s ) = 1.01 10 3 V m

c 3.00 10 8 m s
=
= 11.0 m
f 27.33 106 Hz

21.50

21.51

(a) For the AM band,

min =

max =

c
fmax
c
f min

3.00 10 8 m s
= 188 m
1 600 10 3 Hz

3.00 10 8 m s
= 556 m
540 10 3 Hz

Alternating Current Circuits and Electromagnetic Waves

225

(b) For the FM band,

min =

max =

21.52

c
fmax
c
f min

3.00 10 8 m s
= 2.78 m
108 106 Hz

3.00 10 8 m s
= 3.4 m
88 10 6 Hz

The transit time for the radio wave is

tR =

dR
100 10 3 m
=
= 3.33 10 4 s = 0.333 ms
c 3.00 108 m s

and that for the sound wave is

ts =

ds
3.0 m
=
= 8.7 10 3 s = 8.7 ms
vsound 343 m s

Thus, the radio listeners hear the news 8.4 ms before the studio audience because
radio waves travel so much faster than sound waves.
21.53

If an object of mass m is attached to a spring of spring constant k, the natural frequency

of vibration of that system is f = k m 2 . Thus, the resonance frequency of the C=O
double bond will be
f=

1
2

k
moxygen

1
2

2 800 N m
= 5.2 1013 Hz
26
2.66 10 kg

atom

and the light with this frequency has wavelength

c 3.00 10 8 m s
=
= 5.8 10 6 m = 5.8 m
f
5.2 1013 Hz

The infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum ranges from max 1 mm down to

min = 700 nm = 0.7 m . Thus, the required wavelength falls within the infrared region .

226

CHAPTER 21

21.54

Since the space station and the ship are moving toward one another, the frequency after
being Doppler shifted is fO = fS ( 1 + u c ) , so the change in frequency is
1.8 10 5 m s
u
11
f = fO fS = fS = ( 6.0 1014 Hz )
= 3.6 10 Hz
8
c
3.0
10
m
s

and the frequency observed on the spaceship is

fO = fS + f = 6.0 1014 Hz + 3.6 1011 Hz = 6.003 6 1014 Hz

21.55

Since you and the car ahead of you are moving away from each other (getting farther
apart) at a rate of u = 120 km h 80 km h = 40 km h , the Doppler shifted frequency
you will detect is fO = fS ( 1 u c ) , and the change in frequency is
40 km h
u
f = fO fS = fS = ( 4.3 1014 Hz )
8
c
3.0 10 m

0.278 m s
7

= 1.6 10 Hz
s 1 km h

The frequency you will detect will be

fO = fS + f = 4.3 1014 Hz 1.6 107 Hz = 4.299 999 84 1014 Hz
21.56

The driver was driving toward the warning lights, so the correct form of the Doppler
shift equation is fO = fS ( 1 + u c ) . The frequency emitted by the yellow warning light is
fS =

3.00 10 8 m s
= 5.17 1014 Hz
9
580 10 m

and the frequency the driver claims that she observed is

fO =

3.00 108 m s
= 5.36 1014 Hz
9
560 10 m

The speed with which she would have to approach the light for the Doppler effect to
yield this claimed shift is
f

5.36 1014 Hz

u = c O 1 = ( 3.00 108 m s )
1 = 1.1 107 m s
14
5.17 10 Hz

fS

Alternating Current Circuits and Electromagnetic Waves

R=

21.57

( V )DC
I DC

12.0 V
= 19.0
0.630 A

Z = R2 + ( 2 f L ) =
2

21.58

Vrms
24.0 V
=
= 42.1
I rms
0.570 A

( 42.1 ) ( 19.0 )
= 9.96 102 H = 99.6 mH
2 ( 60.0 Hz )
2

Z 2 R2
=
2 f

Thus, L =

227

Suppose you cover a 1.7 m-by-0.3 m section of beach blanket. Suppose the elevation
angle of the Sun is 60. Then the target area you fill in the Suns field of view is
( 1.7 m )( 0.3 m ) cos 30 = 0.4 m 2 .
The intensity the radiation at Earths surface is I surface = 0.6 I incoming and only 50% of this is
absorbed. Since I =

Pav ( E t )
, the absorbed energy is
=
A
A

E = ( 0.5 I surface ) A ( t ) = 0.5 0.6 I incoming A ( t )

= ( 0.5 )( 0.6 ) ( 1 340 W m 2 )( 0.4 m 2 ) ( 3 600 s ) = 6 10 5 J ~ 106 J

Z = R2 + ( XC ) = R2 + ( 2 f C )
2

21.59

2
( 200 ) + 2 ( 60 Hz ) ( 5.0 10 6 F ) = 5.7 10 2
2

V
120 V
3
2
R = rms R =
Thus, Pav = I rms
( 200 ) = 8.9 W = 8.9 10 kW
2
Z
5.7

10

and

cost = E ( rate ) = Pav t ( rate )

= ( 8.9 10 3 kW ) ( 24 h ) ( 8.0 cents kWh ) = 1.7 cents

228

CHAPTER 21

X L = L , so = X L L

21.60

Then, XC =

1
1
=
which gives
C C ( XL L )

L = ( X L XC ) C = ( 12 )( 8.0 ) C or L = ( 96 2 ) C
1
1
, we obtain LC =
2
LC
( 2 f0 )

From 0 = 2 f 0 =

Substituting from Equation (1), this becomes ( 96 2 ) C 2 =

or

C=

( 2 f0 )

(1)

96

1
2 ( 2 000 Hz ) 96

( 2 f0 )

= 2.6 10 5 F = 26 F

Then, from Equation (1),

L = ( 96 2 )( 2.6 10 5 F ) = 2.5 10 3 H = 2.5 mH

21.61

(a) The box cannot contain a capacitor since a steady DC current cannot flow in a series
circuit containing a capacitor. Since the AC and DC currents are different, even
when a 3.0 V potential difference is used in both cases, the box must contain a
reactive element. The conclusion is that the box must contain a
resistor and inductor connected in series.
(b)

R=

VDC
3.00 V
=
= 10
I DC
0.300 A

Z=

Vrms
3.00 V
=
= 15
I rms
0.200 A

Since Z = R2 + X L2 = R 2 + ( 2 f L ) , we find
2

Z 2 R2
L=
=
2 f

( 15 ) ( 10 )
= 30 mH
2 ( 60 Hz )
2

Alternating Current Circuits and Electromagnetic Waves

21.62

3.00 10 8 m s
= 1.0 1010 Hz . Therefore, the
3.00 10 2 m
1
resonance frequency of the circuit is f 0 =
= 1.0 1010 Hz , giving
2 LC

(a) The required frequency is f =

C=

( 2 f0 )

( 2 10

10

Hz ) ( 400 10
2

12

H)

= 6.3 10 13 F = 0.63 pF

0 A 0 A 2
=
, so
(b) C =
d
d
Cd
A=
=
0

21.63

( 6.3 10

13

F )( 1.0 10 3 m )

8.85 10 12 C 2 N m

= 8.5 10 3 m = 8.5 mm

(c)

XC = X L = ( 2 f 0 ) L = 2 ( 1.0 1010 Hz )( 400 10 12 H ) = 25

(a)

Emax
= c , so
Bmax
Bmax =

Emax 0.20 10 6 V m
=
= 6.7 10 16 T
8
c
3.00 10 m s

(b) Intensity =

Emax Bmax
20

( 0.20 10 V m )( 6.7 10
2 ( 4 10 T m A )
6

(c)

16

T)

= 5.3 10 17 W m 2

d2
Pav = ( Intensity ) A = ( Intensity )

4
( 20.0 m )2
14
= ( 5.3 10 17 W m 2 )
= 1.7 10 W
4

21.64

(a)

Z=

Vrms 12 V
=
= 6.0
I rms
2.0 A

229

230

CHAPTER 21

R=

(b)

VDC 12 V
=
= 4.0
I DC
3.0 A

From Z = R2 + X L2 = R 2 + ( 2 f L ) , we find
2

( 6.0 ) ( 4.0 )
= 1.2 10 2 H = 12 mH
2 ( 60 Hz )
2

Z 2 R2
L=
=
2 f

21.65

(a) The radiation pressure on the perfectly reflecting sail is

p=

2 ( Intensity )
c

2 ( 1 340 W m 2 )
3.00 10 m s
8

= 8.93 10 6 N m 2

so the total force on the sail is

F = p A = ( 8.93 10 6 N m 2 )( 6.00 10 4 m 2 ) = 0.536 N
(b) a =

F 0.536 N
=
= 8.93 10 5 m s 2
m 6 000 kg

(c) From x = v0 t +

1 2
at , with v0 = 0 , the time is
2

2 ( 3.84 10 8 m )
2 ( x )
1d

=
= ( 2.93 10 6 s )
t=
= 33.9 d
2
4
5
a
8.93 10 m s
8.64 10 s

21.66

We know that

(
(

)
)

I1, rms Z1
I1, rms
N1 V1, rms
=
=
=
I 2, rms
N 2 V2, rms
I 2, rms Z2

Z1

Z2

Also, for an ideal transformer,

( V ) I
1, rms

1, rms

= V2, rms I 2, rms which gives

Z1
N V1, rms
, or 1

N 2 V2, rms
Z2

I1, rms
I 2, rms

Therefore,

N1 V2, rms
=
N 2 V1, rms

Z1
=
Z2

This gives

8 000
N
Z1
N1 N1 Z1
, or 1 =
=
= 32

=
N2
Z2
8.0
N 2 N 2 Z2

V2, rms
V1, rms

231

Alternating Current Circuits and Electromagnetic Waves

21.67

Consider a cylindrical volume with

V = 1.00 Liter = 1.00 10 3 m 3
A = 1.00 m 2

and cross-sectional area

The length of this one liter cylinder is

d=

V 1.00 10 3 m 3
=
= 1.00 10 3 m
2
A
1.00 m

Imagine this cylinder placed at the top of Earths atmosphere, with its length
perpendicular to the incident wave fronts. Then, all the energy in the one liter volume of
sunlight will strike the atmosphere in the time required for sunlight to travel the length
of the cylinder. This time is
t =

d 1.00 10 3 m
=
= 3.33 10 12 s
c 3.00 108 m s

The energy passing through the 1.00 m 2 area of the end of the cylinder in this time is
E = Pav t = ( Intensity ) A t
= ( 1 340 W m 2 )( 1.00 m 2 )( 3.33 10 12 s ) = 4.47 10 9 J

21.68

The capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor is C = e0 A d , and its reactance in an AC

circuit is XC = 1 2 fC . Observe that reducing the plate separation to one-half of its
original value will double the capacitance and reduce the capacitive reactance to onehalf the original value.
The impedance of an RLC series circuit in which X L = R is Z = R 2 + ( R XC ) . When
2

the applied voltage is V , the current in the circuit is I = V Z = V

R 2 + ( R XC ) . If
2

now the plate separation, and hence the capacitive reactance, is cut to one-half the
original value, the new impedance is Z = R 2 + ( R XC 2 ) and the new current will be
2

I = V Z = V

R 2 + ( R XC 2 ) .
2

If it is observed that I = 2I , then we must have

V
R 2 + ( R XC 2 )

2V
R 2 + ( R XC )

2
2
or R2 + ( R XC ) = 4 R 2 + ( R XC 2 )

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CHAPTER 21

Expanding the last result yields

R2 + R2 2RXC + XC2 = 4 R 2 + 4 R2 4 RXC + XC2
which reduces to 0 = 6 R 2 2RXC and yields XC = 3R