5/3/2011

Lecture1

LECTURE1TOPICS
y I.ProductofInertiaforAnArea
y
y
y
y
y

Definition
ParallelAxisTheoremonProductofInertia
MomentsofInertiaAboutanInclinedAxes
PrincipalMomentsofInertia
MohrsCircleforSecondMomentofAreas

y II.UnsymmetricalBending
II UnsymmetricalBending
y

UnsymmetricalBendingabouttheHorizontalandVertical
AxesoftheCrossSection
UnsymmetricalBendingaboutthePrincipalAxes

5/3/2011

Lecture1,Part1

ProductofInertiaforanArea
y Considerthefigureshownbelow
y

ProductofInertiaofElementdA:
x
A
dA

ProductofInertiaofAwrt xandyaxis:
y
x

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ProductofInertiaforanArea
y Considerthefigureshownbelow
ProductofInertiaofAwrt xandyaxis:

y
x
A
dA

Unit:length
g 4 m4,mm4,ft4,in4
y
x

NOTE:
1.Ixy canbepositive,negativeorzero.
2.Theproductofinertiaofanareawrt
anytwoorthogonalaxesiszerowhen
eitheroftheaxesisanaxisofsymmetry.

ProductofInertiaforanArea
AxisTheorem
y Parallel
ParallelAxisTheorem
y
y

ProductofInertiaofElementdA:

x
ProductofInertiaofAwrt xandyaxis:
dA

y
x

C
dy
x
dx

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ProductofInertiaforanArea
y Parallel
ParallelAxisTheorem
AxisTheorem
y
y

dA

y
x

C
dy
x

The product of inertia of an area wrt

any two perpendicular axes x and y is
equal to the product of inertia of the
area wrt a pair of centroidal axes
parallel to the x and y axes added to the
product of the area and the two
centroidal distances from the x and y
axes.

dx

ProductofInertiaforanArea
y Example1
y

Determine the following:

a) Product of Inertia, Ixy

h

b)) Product of Inertia,, Ixxy

y , with
respect to a pair of centroidal
axes x and y parallel to the
given axes x and y

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ProductofInertiaforanArea
y Example1
y

b
x
dy

dA
h
y

Solution:
a) Product of Inertia, Ixy
Consider the strip
x
dI xy = ydA
2
The area, dA, is equal
q
to
dA = x dy
Substituting gives
x2
x
dI xy = y ( x dy ) = ydy
2
2

ProductofInertiaforanArea
y Example1
y

b
x
dy

dA
h
y

Solution:
a) Product of Inertia, Ixy
But x is a function of y, and
using similar triangles
b
x b
x= y
=
h
y h
Substitute x to dIxy gives
b2 3
x2
=
y dy
dI xy = ydy
2h 2
2

5/3/2011

ProductofInertiaforanArea
y Example1
y

Solution:
a) Product of Inertia, Ixy
Integrating

b
x
dy

dA
h
y

I xy =

b2 3
y dy
2h 2

I xy =

b2 h 3
y dy
d
2h 2 0

I xy =

b2h2
8

ProductofInertiaforanArea
y Example1

Solution:
b) Product of Inertia, Ixy
Parallel Axes Theorem

y
y

b/3

I xy = I x ' y ' + Ad x d y
x

C
2h/3
x

I x ' y ' = I xy Ad x d y
I x'y ' =

b2h2
8

I x'y' =

b2h2
72

1 b 2h
bh
2 3 3

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MomentsofInertiaaboutInclinedAxes
TransformationEquations:
y
y

dA

ycos

MomentsandProductofInertia
ofdA wrt xandyaxes:

x
xsin

xcos

ysin

MomentsofInertiaaboutInclinedAxes
Expandingandintegratingeachexpressionandrealizingthat

Gives

Theseequationsmaybesimplifiedusingthetrigonometricidentities

5/3/2011

MomentsofInertiaaboutInclinedAxes
Whichthengives
y
y

x
MomentsofInertiaofAnAreaAbout
anInclinedAxesxandyintermsof
Ix,Iy,Ixy and

MomentsofInertiaaboutInclinedAxes
Addingthefirstandsecondequations
y
y

x
x

Thesum(alsocalledthepolarmomentof
inertia)Ix +Iy isaconstant.
Sincesumisconstant,Ix willbemaximum
andthecorrespondingIy willbeminimum
foroneparticularvalueof.

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PrincipalMomentsofInertia
y FirstObjective:Determinetheorientationofthe

axesorangle whichthemomentsIx andIy are

maximumorminimum.
y

DEFINITION:

1) PrincipalAxesofInertia theset
ofaxesforwhichthesecond
momentofareasaremaximumor
minimum
2) PrincipalMomentsofInertia
thesecondmomentsofthearea
withrespecttotheprincipalaxesof
theareadesignatesasImax andImin.

PrincipalMomentsofInertia
Co
ConsiderthefollowingderivedequationofmomentsofinertiaI
s de t e o o
g de ved equat o o o e ts o e t a xx

Differentiatewithrespectto,thensettozerogives

Wherep representstwovalues
of thatare90degreesapartthat
locatethetwoprincipalaxes.

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PrincipalMomentsofInertia
y SecondObjective:Determinetheequationsforthe
j
q

principalmomentsofinertiaImax andImin.

SubstitutetheabovesineandcosineequationsinIx

PrincipalMomentsofInertia
Givestheequationsfortheprincipalmomentsofinertiaofanarea
q
p
p

PrincipalMomentsofInertiaintermsofIx,Iy andIxy

10

5/3/2011

PrincipalMomentsofInertia
Now,considerthefollowingderivedequationofmomentsofinertiaI
o , co s de t e o o
g de ved equat o o o e ts o e t a xxyy

Substituteintheabovethederivedequationsforsineandcosinegives,
Theproductofinertiawithrespectto
theprincipalaxesiszero.
Sincetheproductofinertiaiszerowith
respecttoanyaxisofsymmetry,itfollows
thatanyaxisofsymmetrymustbea
principalaxis foranypointontheaxisof
symmetry.

MohrsCircleforMomentsofInertia
y Involvestheconstructionofacircleinarectangularcoordinatesystemsuch
thattheabscissa representsthemomentofinertiaI,andtheordinate
representstheproductofinertiaIxy.

(ordinate)

R
C
(abscissa)

Eachpointonthecircle
represents(Ix orIy,Ixy)

11

5/3/2011

MohrsCircleforMomentsofInertia
y Consideragainthederivedequationsforthe momentsofinertia

y Squaringthefirstandthirdequationsandadding,itisfoundthat

EquationofaCircle

CenterCat

Radius=

MohrsCircleforMomentsofInertia
y PROCEDURE FORANALYSIS

p
p
g
y
1.ComputeI
x,Iy andIxy withrespecttothegivenxandyaxesofthearea.
2. ConstructtheCircle.
A(Ix,Ixy)
R
Imin

C
Imax

A. Establishtherectangular
coordinatesystem.
B. Determinethecenterof
circle
C. PlotthereferencepointA
havingcoordinates(Ix,Ixy)
D. ConnectAandCand
d
determinethedistance
i h di

bytrigonometry.This
distancerepresentsthe
radius.
E. Drawthecircle.

3.Determine theprincipalmomentsofinertia,Imax andImin.

12

5/3/2011

MohrsCircleforMomentsofInertia
y Example 2

10mm

80m
mm

y
16.54
mm

Determine thePrincipal
Moments ofInertiausing
MohrsCircle.

x
C
10mm

26.54
mm

60mm

MohrsCircleforMomentsofInertia
y Example 2

Solution:

10mm

80m
mm

y
16.54
mm

STEP 1: Compute
C
t for
f Ix, Iy, Ixy
1
(10)(80)3 + (10)(80)(13.46)2
12
1
3
2
+ (50)(10) + (50 )(10)(21.54 )
12
I x = 80.8 x 10 4 mm 4
Ix =

x
C
10mm

26.54
mm

Iy =

1
(80)(10)3 + (80)(10)(11.54)2
12
1
3
2
+ (10)(50) + (10 )(50)(18.46)
12

I y = 38.8 x 10 4 mm 4

60mm

13

5/3/2011

MohrsCircleforMomentsofInertia
y Example 2

Solution:

10mm

80m
mm

y
16.54
mm

STEP 1: Compute
C
t for
f Ix, Iy, Ixy

I xy = (I x ' y ' + Axc yc )

x
C
10mm

26.54
mm

But I x ' y ' = 0

Becausethecentroidal
axisofarectangleisan
axisofsymmetry
i f
t
I xy = (10)(80)( 11.54 )(13.46)

+ (50)(10)(18.46)( 21.54)
I xy = 32.3 x 10 4 mm 4

60mm

MohrsCircleforMomentsofInertia
y Example 2

Solution:
STEP2:Construct
MohrsCircle

A( I x , I xy ) = A(80.8, 32.3)
B( I y , I xy ) = B(38.8, 32.3)

38.8

32.3

32.3
80.8

14

5/3/2011

MohrsCircleforMomentsofInertia
y Example 2

Solution:
STEP2:Construct
MohrsCircle

38.8

A( I x , I xy ) = A(80.8, 32.3)
B( I y , I xy ) = B(38.8, 32.3)

32.3
C

ConnectAandBtoestablish
d
bl h
thelocationofC
1
C = (80.8 + 38.8) = 59.8
2
2
2
R = (32.3) + (80.8 59.8) = 38.44

32.3
A

80.8

MohrsCircleforMomentsofInertia
y Example 2

Solution:
STEP3:ComputeImax
andImin

38.8

I max, min = C R
I max, min = 59.8 38.44

32.3
Imin
C

I max = 98.24 x 10 mm

I min = 21.36 x 10 mm

80.8

Imax

32.3
A

15

5/3/2011

MohrsCircleforMomentsofInertia
y Example 2

Solution:
STEP3:ComputeImax
andImin
32.3
tan 2 =
80.8 59.8

38.8

32.3
Imin

2 = 56.97

Imax

R
80.8

32.3
A

MohrsCircleforMomentsofInertia
y
16.54
mm

min

Solution:

2 = 56.97
= 28.485
Counterclockwise
fromxaxis

max
80
0mm

STEP3:ComputeImax
andImin
32.3
tan 2 =
80.8 59.8

10mm
m

y Example 2

C
10mm

x
26.54
mm

60mm

16

5/3/2011

Lecture1,Part2

UnsymmetricalBending
y RECALL:ThediscussioninES13werelimitedto

beamswithatleastonelongitudinalplaneof
symmetry andwiththeloadappliedintheplaneof
symmetry.

Planexyistheplaneofsymmetryinthefiguresshown.

17

5/3/2011

UnsymmetricalBending
y NEWTOPIC:In CE14,purebending(bentwith

couplesonly;notransverseforces)of
2)Beamswithnoplaneofsymmetry.

1)Beamswithaplaneofsymmetrybut
withtheload(couple)appliednotinor
paralleltotheplaneofsymmetry.

UnsymmetricalBending
y COMPARISON

ES13

CE14

NeutralAxisisthe
Centroidal Axis.

Whereisthelocationof
neutralaxis?

18

5/3/2011

UnsymmetricalBending
y Considerabeamwithunsymmetricalcross

sectionloadedwithacouple
p Minaplane
p
makinganangle withthexy plane,

M
Planeof
loading

Assumptions
1)Beamisstraightandof
uniformcrosssection.

Neutral
Surface
n.a.

2)Aplanecrosssection
remainsaplaneafter
bending.

n.a.

3)Actionislinearlyelastic.

x
y

UnsymmetricalBending
y Note:Sincetheorientationoftheneutral

axisisnotknown,theflexuralstress
distributionfunctioncannotbeexpressedin
termsofonevariableasbeforeinES13.

M
Planeof
loading

NotApplicable!
Neutral
Surface
n.a.

y However,sincetheplanesection

remainsplane, thestressvariation
remainsplane
thestress ariation
canbewrittenas

(equation1)

n.a.

x
y

19

5/3/2011

UnsymmetricalBending
y Then,theresistingmoments
M
Planeof
loading

Neutral
Surface

(equation2)
n.a.

n.a.

y
z

x
(equation3)

UnsymmetricalBending
y Theresistingmomentsare
(equation2)
(equation3)
whereIy andIz arethemomentsofinertiaofthecrosssectional
areawrt theyandzaxes,andIyz istheproductofinertia.
n.a.

y But,theappliedmomentisequaltothe

resistingmoment
g
C

n.a.

20

5/3/2011

UnsymmetricalBending
y Solvingfork1 andk2 ,

y Substitutetheaboveequationstoequation1,givestheflexural

loadingsstresses forunsymmetricalbendingofbeams

y SignConvention
g
or

+ =TENSILE
=COMPRESSIVE

UnsymmetricalBending
y Todeterminetheorientationoftheneutralaxis,equatetheflexural

g
stressformulatozero,whichthengives

y SIGNCONVENTION

1)MispositivewhenMcos =Mz producestensioninthebottomof

thebeam.
2)Sinceyistakenaspositivedownwards, and (measuredfromz)
arepositiveclockwise.

21

5/3/2011

UnsymmetricalBending
y Ifweselecty andz axestobeprincipalaxesYandZ,IYZ =0,the

formulasreducesto
y NOTE:Thelastequation

indicatesthattheneutral axis
N.A.isnotperpendiculartothe
planeofloadingunless,
1)theangle iszero,inwhichcase
theplaneofloadingis(orisparallel)
aprincipalplane.
2)IZ =IY whichisaspecialcasethat
istrueforcircles,squares,etc.

UnsymmetricalBending
a

y Example 3

Given:M=+10,000
inlbappliedinaa
Determine:
a)Themagnitudeof
themaximum
fl
flexuralstress
l t
b)Theorientationof
the neutralaxis

3
6

z
11
1

a
y

22

5/3/2011

UnsymmetricalBending
a

y Example 3

S l ti
Solution:

IMPORTANT!
Notethatyandzare
axesofsymmetry,
thereforetheyare
PRINCIPAL AXES.

3
6

Wecan use

11
1

M ZY M Y Z
+
IZ
IY

a
y

UnsymmetricalBending
4

y Example 3

Solution:
S
l ti
ComputeIY andIZ
1
3
I y = I Y = (6)(4)
12

3
2
1
2 (4 )(1.5) + (4)(1.5)(1.25)
12

I y = I Y = 11 in

11
4

1
1
3
3
I z = I Z = (4)(6) (3)(4)
12
12
4
I z = I Z = 56 in

23

5/3/2011

UnsymmetricalBending
a

y Example 3

Solution:
S
l ti
ComputeMY andMZ
3
= tan 1 = 36.87
4
M y = M Y = M sin
= 10,000 sin ( 36.87)
= 6,000 in lb
M z = M Z = M cos
= 10,000 cos( 36.87)
= 8,000 in lb

4
1

MY

a
y

y Example 3

Solution:
S
l ti
ComputeMaximum
Flexural Stress

YA = +3"
Z A = +2"

11

UnsymmetricalBending

Thiswilloccur atthe
farthestpointfromNA,
saypointA

MZ

NA
(assumed
orientation)

4
1
4

M
3

11

A
y

24

5/3/2011

UnsymmetricalBending
a

y Example 3

Solution:
S
l ti
ComputeMaximum
Flexural StressatA
M Y M Z
A = Z + Y
IZ
IY

max = A =

NA
(assumed
orientation)

4
1
4

M
3

8,000(3) 6,000(2 )
+
56
11

11

= 1,519.5 psi (T & C )

A
y

UnsymmetricalBending
NA
a

y Example 3

Solution:
S
l ti
Orientation ofNA

IZ
tan
IY
56
= tan ( 36.87)
11
tan = 3.818

4
1

Counterclockwise
fromZ(orz):

M
3

tan =

= 75.32

11

A
y

25

5/3/2011

UnsymmetricalBending
NA
a

y Example 3

NOTE:
NOTE
Inthisexample,itis
bettertosolvefirstforthe
orientation,,oftheNA
ratherthanassumingits
orientation.
Afterwards,determine
Af
d d
i
thefarthestpointfrom
NA,thensolveforthe
fiber stress,,atthis
point.

4
1

M
3

11

A
y

UnsymmetricalBending
y Example 3

FiberStressDistribution :
FiberStressDistribution,
1519.5
psi(C)

1519.5
psi(T)

A
NA
y

26

5/3/2011

UnsymmetricalBending
y Example 4
Given: L8x8x1in
M=+7,500ftlbappliedin
xyplane
Iy =Iz =89in4 and Imin =36.5in4
Determine:
A)TheflexuralstressatA
B)Th
B)Themaximumflexuralstress
i
fl
l t

andits locationonthecross
section
C)Theorientationoftheneutral
axis

A
2.37
y

UnsymmetricalBending
y Example 4
Solution:
Notethatyand/orzareNOTaxesof
symmetry,sowe willuse

I z I yz y
= z
2 M y
I y I z I yz
I y I yz z
+ y
2 M z
I y I z I yz

8
z

A
2.37
y

27

5/3/2011

UnsymmetricalBending
y Example 4
Solution:
ComputeIyz (SinceIy andIz

arealreadygiven)

A (89,Iyz)

MohrsCircleGivenPoints

A( I y , I yz ) = A(89, I yz )
B( I z , I yz ) = B(89, I yz )
P( I min ,0) = P(36.5,0)
LineSegmentABisa

Imin
C
36.5

diameterofMohrsCircle.
TheintersectionwithIaxis
locatestheCenter C.
Therefore, C = 89

89
B (89,Iyz)

UnsymmetricalBending
y Example 4
Solution:
ComputeIyz (SinceIy andIz

arealreadygiven)

A (89,Iyz)

Since

I min = C R
R = C I min
= 89 36.5
R = 52.5
Fromthefigure,

R = I yz = 52.5 in 4

Iyz

Imin
C
36.5
89
B (89,Iyz)

28

5/3/2011

UnsymmetricalBending
y Example 4
Solution:
ComputeMy andMz
SinceMisappliedatxyplane

My = 0
M z = +7,500 ft lb

8
z

Thissimplifies thefiber stress

equationto
A

I y I yz z
= y
2 M z
I y I z I yz

2.37
y

UnsymmetricalBending
y Example 4
Solution:
A)FlexuralStress atA
Coordinates ofAare

y A = +2.37 in
z A = 2.37 in

8
z

Solving,

(89)(+ 2.37 ) (52.5)( 2.37 )

A =

(89)(89) (52.5)2

x (7,500 *12)
A = +5,843.83 psi
A = 5,843.83 psi (T )

A
2.37
y

29

5/3/2011

UnsymmetricalBending
y Example 4
Solution:
B)MaximumFlexuralStress andits

Location
Solvefirstfortheorientationof
NA(tobeabletolocate farthest
point)

M I M z I yz
tan = y z

M z I y M y I yz

SinceMy iszero,theequation

becomes

tan =

NA

2.37

I yz
Iy

52.5
= 0.589
89
= +30.535

tan =

UnsymmetricalBending
y Example 4
Solution:
B)MaximumFlexuralStress andits

Location
Farthest couldbeAorBfromNA.
Solvingforthefiber stressatB

8
y B = 5.63 in
z

z B = 1.37 in
(89)( 5.63) (52.5)( 1.37 )
B =
A
(89)(89) (52.5)2

NA
2.37
x (7,500 *12)
y
B = 7,478.2 psi
max = B = 7,478.2 psi (C )
B = 7,478.2 psi (C )

30

5/3/2011

UnsymmetricalBending
y Example 4
Solution:
C)TheOrientation oftheNAand

ShowitsLocation
FromB)

= +30.535

Clockwisefromzaxis
A

NA

2.37
y

31