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HYDRAULICS

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CALCULATIONS
Useful formulas
Pressure:
P = F/A
Where P is pressure, psi
F is force, lb
A is area, in.2
Velocity through pipe, hose or tube:
v = 0.320833 Q/A
Where v is the linear velocity of
fluid, ft/sec
Q is flow of fluid, gpm
A is the internal area of the conduit,
in.2
Recommended maximum linear
velocities through hydraulic lines:
Suction lines: 2 to 4 ft/sec
Return lines: 10 to 15 ft/sec

Pressure lines to 3,000 psig: 15 to

20 ft/sec
Pressure lines greater than 3,000
psig: 25 to 30 ft/sec
Tube burst (Barlow formula):
PB = 2 S T/D
Where PB is burst pressure, psi
S is ultimate strength of the tube
material, psi
T is nominal wall thickness of tube,
in.
d is nominal OD of tube, in.
Boyles law:
P1 V1 = P2 V2
Where P1 is initial absolute pressure
of gas
V1 is initial volume of gas

P2 is final absolute pressure of gas

V2 is final volume of gas
Charles law:
T1 V2 = T2 V1
Where T1 is absolute temperature of
gas at initial volume
V2 is final volume of gas
T2 is absolute temperature of gas at
final volume
V1 is initial volume of gas
General gas law:
P1 V1/T1 = P2 V2/T2
Where P1 is initial absolute pressure of gas
V1 is initial volume of gas
T1 is initial absolute temperature
of gas

P2 is final absolute pressure

V2 is final volume of gas
T2 is final absolute temperature
of gas
Specific gravity:
GS = Wf/WH2O
Where GS is the fluids specific
gravity (nominally, 0.88 for oil)
Wf is weight of a volume of fluid
WH2O is weight of the same volume
of water
Flow through an orifice:
P = (Q GS)2/(29.81 d2 P)
Where P is the pressure drop
across orifice, psi

PRESSURE DROP THROUGH SHARP-EDGED ORIFICES

Orifice diameter, in.
Flow, gpm
3
5
10
15
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
100

3/64
5,440

1/16
1,730
4,800

5/64
710
1,970

3/32
333
925
3,700

7/64
184
512
2,050
4,600

1/8
108
300
1,200
2,700
4,800

9/64
68
188
750
1,690
3,000
6,750

5/32
44
123
490
1,100
1,968
4,430

Hydraulic fluid flow through orifices

The table shows approximate pressure drops that may be expected at various
flows rates through sharp-edged orifices for petroleum-based hydraulic fluid.
Values from the table may be used for sizing flow-limiting orifices in hydraulic
systems. Values in the table are approximate because factors such as specific
gravity, orifice efficiency, and flow dynamics upstream and downstream of the
orifice may cause variations from the values shown.
A knife-edge orifice is used because it is relatively insensitive to changes in
fluid temperature and viscosity. This makes flow and pressure drop for a given
fluid fairly constant over a reasonable range of oil temperatures. On the other
hand, specific gravity of the fluid significantly affects the pressure drop through
a given orifice. The pressure drop increases approximately as the square of the
increase in specific gravity.

11/64
30
84
336
757
1,345
3,025
5,380

3/16
21
59
238
534
950
2,135
3,800

13/64
16
43
172
388
690
1,550
2,760
4,310

7/32
12
32
128
288
513
1,155
2,050
3,205
4,615

15/64
9
24
97
219
390
875
1,555
2,430
3,500
4,765

1/4
7
19
75
169
300
675
1,205
1,880
2,705
3,685
4,810

5/16
3
8
31
69
123
275
495
770
1,110
1,510
1,970
3,080

3/8
1
4
15
33
59
135
235
370
535
725
950
1,480

7/16

2
8
18
32
72
128
200
288
390
510
800

1/2

1
5
11
19
42
75
118
170
230
300
470

The table was derived using a fluid with a specific gravity of 0.90, a close
approximation for hydraulic oils. Apply a multiplying factor to values in the table
for a fluid with a higher specific gravity. For example, to find the pressure drop
of water (which has a specific gravity of 1.00):
1.002/0.902 = 1.00/0.81 = 1.23
This means all values in the table should be multiplied by 1.23 if the fluid
is water.
The table was developed using a constant of 23.5 for average orifices. For
values that are not shown in the chart, use this equation for petroleum-based
hydraulic oil:
P = Q/(23.5A)2
Where P is pressure drop, psi
Q is flow, gpm
A is orifice area, in.2

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