Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Topics Covered
Introduction
Basics of Broadband Wireless Communications
Wireless Local Loops (WLLs)
Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)
Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)
Conclusions and Future Directions
2
Wireless Technologies
WAN
(Wide Area Network)
MAN
(Metropolitan Area Network)
LAN
(Local Area Network)
PAN
(Personal Area
Network)
PAN
LAN
MAN
WAN
Standards
Bluetooth
802.11a,11b,11g
HiperLAN2
802.11
MMDS, LMDS
GSM, GPRS,
CDMA, 2.52.5-3G
Speed
< 1Mbps
2 to 54+ Mbps
22+ Mbps
10 to 384Kbps
Range
Short
Medium
MediumMedium-Long
Long
PDAs,
PDAs, Mobile
Phones, Cellular
Access
Applications
PeerPeer-toto-Peer
DeviceDevice-toto-Device
Enterprise
networks
Fixed
M obile
Broadband M ultiservice
IEEE
802.11
BLUE
TOOTH
M M DS
LMDS
Cisco/
Bosch
2G+
Cellular
3G
Cellular
Data
Services
Packet
Data/Voice
GPRS
M obile IP
UM TS
Introduction
Last Mile
Connectivity between local signal distributor
(provider) and home (or the end user)
The interconnection and interoperation of
Home appliances
Entertainment devices
PC hardware
Networking devices
Security, lighting and environmental control systems
Objective
High-speed distribution of information (Audio, Video, and
Data) requiring higher bandwidth
5
Residential
Gateway (RG)
Electrodomestic
Network Device
(END)
Broadband
Local Loop
10
dB (relative measure)
$ 100B
dB = 10 log (times)
1011
10,000 times
40 dB
Net
worth
40 dB + 30 dB
= 70dB
$ 10M
107
1,000 times
30 dB
$ 10K
104
Steve
Bill
Grad
11
Path loss in dB
10 W
P1
dB = 10 log (----)
P2
101
Power
Path loss from source to d2 = 70dB
1 mW
10-3
10-6
source
10,000 times
40 dB
1,000 times
30 dB
d1
1 W
d2
12
P1
dBm = 10 log (-------)
1mW
= 40 dBm
101
+ 10,000 times
Power
1 mW
10-3
= 0 dBm
- 1,000 times
1 W = -30 dBm
10-6
d1
source
d2
13
130
120
fc=150MHz
110
fc=200MHz
fc=400MHz
100
fc=800MHz
90
fc=1000MHz
80
fc=1500MHz
70
0
10
15
20
25
30
Distance d (km)
14
Rx
Effects of multipath
Fading
Varying doppler shifts on different multipath signals
Time dispersion (causing inter symbol interference)
15
Frequency domain
Signal amplitude
Time domain
0.5 Mhz
1 Mhz
1.5 Mhz
low Q
modulation
channel coding
baseband signal
demodulation
high Q
channel decoding
baseband signal
17
18
19
10
Supercells
Macrocell
Microcell
Macrocells
Picocell ???
Microcells
Cell radius ~ 1mi
Provides indoor coverage
21
F7
F2
Reliability
F7
F2
F3
F1
F6
F5
F6
F5
F7
F4
F4
F2
F2
F7
F3
F1
F6
F3
F1
F6
F3
F1
F5
F4
us
Re
ed
a
ist
F5
F4
e
nc
D
22
11
BWA Channels
Wireless channel are limited by radio spectrum availability,
path loss, interference and multipath propagation
Building
Multipath
Delay Spread
Path Loss
Fading (Fast and Slow)
Direct Signal
Reflected Signal
hb
Diffracted
Signal
Transmitter
hm
Receiver
23
Computationally Complex
12
Some Issues
Hardware Considerations
OFDM is less complex than SC and DS-CDMA, but it makes
the system sensitive to power amplifier nonlinearities.
13
Link Adaptation
Dynamic variation in modulation and FEC can be used for
better channel throughput.
Multiple Access
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Admission Control
Enforce Policy and Authorization
Accommodate QoS requirement of new flow
28
14
29
Fragmentation
Retransmission
Scheduling Support
Link Maintenance and Support
30
15
Features
Array gain
Combine signals to increase C/N (Carrier-to-noise) ratio
Diversity gain
Spatial diversity
Interference suppression
Suppress CCI (Co-Channel Interference)
Multiplexing gain
Open up parallel spatial data pipes within the same bandwidth
31
32
16
Later
Thirty-one 6 MHz channels in 2.5 to 2.7 GHz
frequency band
17
MMDS Components
Antenna and
downconvertor
MMDS tower
Central headend
Antenna and
downconvertor
MMDS tower
35
36
18
LMDS (cont.)
Operation
Cluster of cells with separate base stations
One base station site serves as coordination center
Intercell networking is done through fiber optic or
short hop radio relay connections (e.g., microwave)
Infrastructure sharing with co-located mobile base
station
37
LMDS (cont.)
Limitations
Severe attenuation due to precipitation
For example, depending on climactic zone and frequency of
operation, the range of operation could be of 3-5 km
Positive side
Propagation issues are now well understood
38
19
LMDS (cont.)
Operating Frequencies
Several systems compete for frequency allocations
Difficult to obtain worldwide allocation for LMDS
US
1.3 GHz in the 28-29 GHz band has been allocated
Europe
Different frequencies in different bands from 24 GHz up to
43.5 GHz
39
LMDS (cont.)
Technology Employed
A high-capacity broadcast-based downlink is shared
among several users
25 dBm output power per 36 Mb/s transport beam
40
20
LMDS (cont.)
Technology Employed
Different technologies may be used for uplink (low
capacity return links)
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and PSTN/ISDN are
adequate
LMDS (cont.)
Application
Flexible
Allows for increased capacity on demand
42
21
Satellite Communications
Orbiting microwave relay stations
Links two or more earth-based microwave stations
Used for long distance telephone traffic, private data
networks and distribution of television signals
Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) system used for consumers
Delivers content to home network at 45 Mbps
Uses a slow telephone line for uplink connection
GEO (Inmarsat)
HEO
MEO (ICO)
Earth
1,000 km
10,000 km
43
Mobile User
Link (MUL)
Gateway Link
(GWL)
MUL
GWL
Small cells
(spotbeams)
Base station
or gateway
Footprint
ISDN
PSTN
Mobile phone
systems
User data
44
22
Example: GPS
45
Satellite Communications
Operational Frequencies
Frequency band
Uplink
Downlink
Bandwidth
1.6 GHz
1.5 GHz
Narrowband
5.850-6.425 GHz
3.625-4.200 GHz
500/500 MHz
7.925-8.425 GHz
7.250-7.750 GHz
500/500 MHz
14-14.5 GHz
11.5-12.75 GHz
500/500 MHz
27.5-31 GHz
17.7-21.2 GHz
3.5/3.5 GHz
23
Satellite Communications
Multiple Access Schemes
Allows users to share the same bandwidth, antenna
and satellite systems
Multiplexing Schemes
Preassigned Multiple Access (PAMA)
Permanently assigns a channel or a time to a user
All other users uses different time slots and hence are
multiplexed
Satellite Communications
Propagation Delay
Problem in real-time communication because of large
distance between earth and satellite
Distance ~ 35,000 meters above earth
Echo Cancellation
Needed for quality of voice communication
52
50
48
46
44
42
Delay (ms)
Distance (km)
54
16500
16000
15500
15000
14500
14000
13500
13000
12500
12000
11500
11000
10500
10000
40
38
36
34
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
48
24
50
25
Coexistence
IEEE 802.16.2 (10-66 GHz)
P802.16.2a: amendment with 2-11 GHz licensed
51
52
26
53
54
27
56
28
58
29
Power Control
Ranging
IP Connectivity
SS attains IP address via DHCP
59
2-11 GHz
Driven by the need for Non-LOS propagation
Residential/Small business applications are expected (low
rooftops)
30
61
62
31
Summary
The IEEE 802.16 WirelessMAN Air Interface
addresses worldwide BWA market needs
The 802.16 MAC is flexible and powerful enough
to support any fixed BWA technology variant
The 802.16 Air Interface provides great
opportunities for vendor differentiation without
compromising interoperability
63
32
Various Standards
Different countries/regions use different terms when referring
to these standards
Europe ETSI Broadband Radio Access Networks (BRAN)
Unites States LMDS, 802.16, and BWA systems
Canada Local Multipoint Communications Systems (LMCS)
Various Standards
ETSI BRAN
High Performance Radio Access (HIPERACCESS)
HIPERMAN
Below 11 GHz
Recently selected 802.16 MAC
as baseline (IEEE went first)
HIPERLAN
Controlled QoS
HIPERLINK
Network-Network radio
interconnection
155Mbps
33
67
Medical environment
Campus
Business
Internet access
34
70
35
71
72
36
73
37
MACA Solutions
MACA avoids the problem of hidden terminals
A and C want to
send to B
A sends RTS first
C waits after receiving
CTS from B
RTS
CTS
CTS
CTS
RTS
C
75
MAC: Reliability
Wireless links are prone to errors
High packet loss rate is detrimental to transport-layer performance (TCP)
Data
SIFS
Dest
Ack
DIFS
Contention Window
Next MPDU
Other
Defer Access
76
38
77
DCF Operation
78
39
79
DCF Example
B1 = 25
B1 = 5
wait
data
data
B2 = 20
cw = 31
wait
B2 = 15
B2 = 10
40
81
41
83
802.11a Details
Employs 300 MHz bandwidth in the 5 GHz band
Data Rate
(Mbit/s)
Modulation
Type
Coding Rate
(Convolutional
Encoding &
Puncturing)
6*
BPSK
1/2
48
24
BPSK
3/4
48
36
12*
QPSK
1/2
96
48
18
QPSK
3/4
96
72
24*
16-QAM
1/2
192
96
36
16-QAM
3/4
192
144
48
64-QAM
2/3
288
192
54
64-QAM
3/4
288
216
42
IEEE 802.11b
PHY Standard : 3 channels : 11 Mbps : Products are available.
IEEE 802.11d
MAC Standard : operate in variable power levels : ongoing
IEEE 802.11e
MAC Standard : QoS support : 2nd half of 2002.
IEEE 802.11f
Inter-Access Point Protocol : 2nd half of 2002
IEEE 802.11g
PHY Standard: 3 channels : OFDM and PBCC : 2nd half of 2002
IEEE 802.11h
Supplementary MAC Standard: TPC and DFS : 2nd half of 2002
IEEE 802.11i
Supplementary MAC Standard: Alternative WEP : 2nd half of 2002
85
Frequency Bands
Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) bands
Unlicensed, 22 MHz channel bandwidth
Short Wave Radio
AM Broadcast
Audio
FM Broadcast
Infrared wireless LAN
Television
Cellular (840MHz)
NPCS (1.9GHz)
Extremely Very Low Medium High Very Ultra Super Infrared Visible Ultra- X-Rays
Low
Low
High High High
Light violet
2.4 - 2.4835
GHz
83.5 MHz
(IEEE 802.11b,
Bluetooth)
5 GHz
(IEEE 802.11a,
HiperLAN,
HiperLAN2)
86
43
88
44
Outline
Introduction to WPANs
Bluetooth
Infrared Data Association - IrDA
Serial Infrared - SIR
Advanced Infrared - AIR
Home RF
IEEE 802.15
802.15.3
802.15.4
45
Bluetooth - Introduction
Open Industry standard led by the Bluetooth SIG
Initially developed as a cable replacement technology,
but has evolved to include diverse scenarios like ad hoc
networking
Defines components for both the core and application
layers
Applications
92
46
Bluetooth
93
Piconet
Master can connect to 7 slaves
Each piconet has max capacity (1 Mbps)
Hopping pattern is determined by the
master
94
47
Scatternet
Piconet 1
Cordless
headset
mouse
Piconet 3
Cordless
headset
Bridge
(Slave)
Cell phone
Bridge
(Master)
Cell phone
Bridge
(Master)
Cell phone
Piconet 2
Cordless
headset
95
96
48
97
IrDA Data
High Speed, Short-Range (1 2 meters), Line of Sight type of data
transfer
LoS problem
Extremely short-range
IrDA - AIR
AIR actively monitors the symbol error rate in order to maintain a
good channel (high SNR)
The data rate is inversely proportional to the range
AIR has been shown to work at 4 Mbps for 5 meters and 256 kbps at 10
meters.
98
49
Home RF
Shared Wireless Access Protocol Cordless Access (SWAP-CA)
SWAP-CA
Supports up to 127 devices per network within a 50
meter range
Device Types in each network
50
101
102
51
IEEE 802.15.3
Range limited to about 10m, supporting rates of 11-55 Mbps
depending on the modulation scheme
Supports Ad hoc networking by using a master/slave
concept and has an extremely short connection time
Robust support for multimedia QoS by using Guaranteed
Time Slots (GTS).
A MAC super-frame would consist of both Contention Access Periods
(CAP) and GTS, dynamically changing depending on requirements.
103
IEEE 802.15.4
Referred to as the Low Rate PAN (LR-PAN)
Key Motivation
Low Rate, Low Power, Low Cost.
Target Applications
Home automation like heating, ventilation, security,
lighting, climate control, control of windows, doors, etc.
Industrial control, agricultural applications, medical
sensors and actuators with low data rate requirements.
Electronics like TVs, home theatres, DVD players,
remote controls and PC applications like keyboards,
104
mice, joystick
52
IEEE 802.15.4
Current development is by the 802.15 WG and the ZigBee Alliance.
The MAC is divided into the service layer (MCPS-SAP) and the
management layer (MLME-SAP).
The MAC defines 4 different types of frames based on the type of
application
Beacon, Data, Acknowledgement, Command
105
106
53
IrDa
HomeRF
Operational
Spectrum
Infrared
850 nm
2.4 GHz
Bluetooth
(IEEE 802.15.1)
2.4 GHz ISM band
IEEE 802.15. 3
IEEE 802.15. 4
Physical
Layer
Details
Channel
Access
Optical
Rays
FHSS with
FSK
FHSS
1600 hops per second
Polling
CSMA-CA
and TDMA
Maximum
Data Rate
Coverage
Power Level
Issues
Interference
Price
Security
4 Mbps
10 Mbps
CSMA-CA,
and Guaranteed Time Slots
(GTS) in a Superframe structure
11-55 Mbps
< 10 m
Distance
Based
Present
Low (< $ 10)
Secure
> 50 m
< 300 mA
peak current
Present
Medium
Secured by
encryption
< 10 m
1 mA 60 mA
< 10m
< 80 mA
Present
Low (< $ 10)
Less Secure. Uses the
SAFER+ encryption
at the baseband layer.
Relies on higher layer
security.
Present
Medium
Very High level of Security
including authentication, privacy,
encryption and digital certificate
services.
107
WLAN vs WPAN
Typically WLANs have a much
larger range than WPANs.
WPANs are lean more towards
cable replacement rather than
network access.
Complementary Technologies not
Competitive.
Exceptionally Effective Low Power
Strategies in WPAN.
108
54
P
o
w
e
r
C
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
802.11a
HiperLAN
802.11g*
802.11b
802.11
WLAN
802.15.1
Bluetooth
802.15.4*
WPAN
Data rate
109
110
55
56