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1, June 2010
ISSN: 2010-0221
I. INTRODUCTION
Given the current surge in the petrochemical and natural
gas businesses, trustworthy estimates of thermodynamic
properties are necessary to design engineering processes.
Accurate prediction of thermodynamics properties for
hydrocarbon fluids is an essential requirement in optimum
design and operation of most process equipment involved in
petrochemical production, transportation, and processing.
Accurate value of natural gas compressibility factors is
crucial in custody transfer operations. Other thermodynamic
properties, e.g., enthalpy and internal energy of the gas, are
used in the design of processes and storage facilities;
JouleThomson coefficients are used in throttling processes
and dew points are used in pipeline design.
An Equation of State (EoS) can describe the
thermodynamic state of a fluid or fluid mixture and also its
vapor-liquid phase equilibrium behavior. An ideal EoS
should predict thermodynamic properties of any fluid
accurately over a wide range of temperature, pressure and
composition for vapor and liquid phases. The AGA8-DC92
EoS [1] and ISO-12213-2 [2] is currently the industry
standard to predict the density or compressibility factor of
natural gas with an acceptable accuracy. There are other
correlations/equations of state (EoS) for calculating natural
gas properties [3]-[4].
Peng and Robinson (PR) EoS are often used in the gas
industry for predicting natural gas equilibrium properties.
Manuscript received October 9, 2009. This work was supported by the
Semnan gas company.
Dr. M. Farzaneh-Gord is with the Shahrood University of Technology,
Shahrood, Iran(+98-273-3392204- ext2642; fax: +98-273-3395440; e-mail:
mahmood.farzaneh@yahoo.co.uk).
International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, Vol. 1, No. 1, June 2010
ISSN: 2010-0221
as follow:
N 1 N
N
U 5 = X i Ei5 / 2 + 2 X i X j (U ij5 1)( Ei E j ) 5 / 2 (11)
i =1 j = i +1
i =1
ZRT
P=
v
(1)
In which compressibility factor can be calculated using
various equation of states. According to AGA8/1992 and
ISO-12213-2/1997,the equation for the compressibility
factor of natural gas is: [1],[2]
18
DB
Z = 1 + 3 D C n*T u n +
K
n =13
58
C T
n =13
*
n
un
i =1
energy
The above equations have been discussed more in
AGA8/1992 and ISO-12213-2/1997 and can be utilized to
calculate the natural gas compressibility factor [1],[2]. In this
study, the aim was to calculate the thermodynamics
properties of natural gas mixture such as internal energy and
enthalpy. To calculate the internal energy of the gas mixture,
the fundamental thermodynamics relation has been the
starting point as follow:
and reduced
(3)
u
u
du =
dT + dv
T v
v T
(4)
N 1 N
N
K = X i K i5 / 2 + 2 X i X j ( K ij5 1)( K i K j )5 / 2
i =1 j = i +1
i =1
5
(5)
X X
i =1 j =1
E ( Ki K j )
3/ 2
*
nij
(6)
(7)
T2
Tref
c v dT +
v2
vref
p
p dv (17)
T
T v
T v
Z .R Z
R .T
p
+
=
v
v
T v
T v
(9)
u u ref =
T2
Tref
c v dT +
v2
vref
R .T
Z (19)
dv
T v
T v
3
N
N
. u n a n T ( u n 1 ) X i X j E iju n ( k i k j ) 2 B n*ij +
i =1 j =1
n =1
18
58
D u n C n*T ( u n 1 ) u n C n*T ( u n 1 ) ( b n c n k n D k n ) D b n
n =13
n =13
exp( c n D k n )
D
Z
= 3
k
T v
*
ij
(18)
coefficients
(16)
(8)
GiJ* (Gi + G j )
*
ij
u
du = cv dT + dv
v T
E ij = E ij* .( E i E j )1 / 2
Gij =
u u ref =
(15)
(14)
n =1
(13)
i =1
D = K 3d
P
d=
ZRT
B = anT
(12)
un
ij
X j (Gij* 1)(Gi + G j )
F = X i2 Fi
(2)
un
i =1 j = i +1
i =1
(bn cn K n D k n ) D bn exp( c n D k n )
Q = X i Qi
18
N 1
G = X i Gi +
relation:
C n* = a n (G + 1 g n ) g n (Q 2 + 1 q n ) q n ( F + 1 f n ) f n U u n (10)
18
(20)
The ideal molar heat capacity
C v is also needed in
International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, Vol. 1, No. 1, June 2010
ISSN: 2010-0221
0.95
0.9
21
Cv = X i Cvi
T=333(K)
(21)
T=323(K)
T=313(K)
0.85
i =1
T=303(K)
T=293(K)
0.8
T=283(K)
0.75
T=273(K)
0.7
T=263(K)
0.65
10
12
Pressure(Mpa)
0.95
P=3(Mpa)
0.9
P=5(Mpa)
P=7(Mpa)
0.85
P=9(Mpa)
0.8
P=11(Mpa)
0.75
0.7
0.65
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
Temperature(K)
Component
Chemical formula
water
H2O
0.05
Carbon dioxide
CO2
0.52
Nitrogen
N2
3.88
Methane
CH4
90.86
Ethane
C2H6
2.89
Propane
C3H8
0.81
Iso butane
C4H10
0.23
n-Butane
C4H10
0.29
Iso-Pentane
C5H12
0.15
PseudoC6
PseudoC6
0.12
0.5
PseudoC7
PseudoC7
0.11
PseudoC8
PseudoC8
0.04
PseudoC9
PseudoC9
0.03
1.5
x 10
P=11MPa
-0.5
P=1MPa
-1
PseudoC10
PseudoC10
0.01
PseudoC11
PseudoC11
0.01
-1.5
260
270
280
290
300
310
Temperature (K)
320
330
340
x 10
T=340K
2.5
Enthalpy (J/Kg)
1.5
0.5
T=260K
-0.5
1
10
Pressure (Pa)
22
11
6
x 10
International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, Vol. 1, No. 1, June 2010
ISSN: 2010-0221
dm e
= m i
dt
Temperature (K)
340
320
Methane
300
Natural gas
Time (seconds)
(23)
du e
= m i h0
dt
360
280
(24)
Pressure (Mpa)
u e m i + me
380
25
20
15
10
Methane
Natural gas
0
0
Time (seconds)
Description
units
International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, Vol. 1, No. 1, June 2010
ISSN: 2010-0221
B
*
nij
Cn*
cp
+ C611
cv
D
d
Eij*
Ei
Eij
F
Fi
G
Gij*
[6]
Specific enthalpy
Size parameter
Size parameter for i-th component
kj/kg
-
K ij
M
Mi
kg/(kmol)
kg/(kmol)
kg/s
N
P
Q
Qi
R
Si
T
U
u
Mpa or kpa
J/(kmol K)
K
K
kj/kg
-
Specific volume
Volume
Association parameter for i-th component
Molar fraction of i-th component in gas mixture
Compressibility factor
Density
m3/kg
m3
kg/m3
Gi
Gij
h
K
Ki
m
U ij
v
V
Wi
Xi
Z
VIII. REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
24