F1

AB + C D + ABC
AB (C + C) (D + D) + C D (A + A) (B + B) + ABC (D + D)
AB (CD + CD + CD + C D) + CD (AB + AB + AB + A B) + ABCD + ABCD
ABCD + ABCD + ABCD + ABC D + ABCD + AB CD + ABCD +
A B C D + ABCD + ABCD

A +A =A

A B C D + ABCD + AB CD + ABCD + ABCD

ABC D + ABC D + ABCD + ABCD

f (x, y, z)

(xy + z) (y + x z)
xy + xyz + y z + x z
xy (z + z) + xyz + yz (x + x) + x z (y + y)
xyz + xyz + xyz + xyz + xyz + xyz + xy z
xyz + xyz + xyz + xy z

(P + Q) (P + R)
(P + Q + R R) (P + R + Q Q)
(P + Q + R) (P + Q + R) (P + Q + R) (P + Q + R)
(P + Q + R) (P + Q + R) (P + Q + R)

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

A + BC = (A + B) (A + C)
A A = A

AB

CD
00

01

00

01

11
10

F (A, B, C, D)

yz

00

01

11

00

F (w, x, y, z)

01

11

10

wxy

xyz

wz

yz
y+z y+z y+z y+z

w+x

F (w, x, y, z)

10

w x y + xyz + w z

wx

10

B C + BD + AC

wx

11

w+x

w+x

w+x

0
X

w+x
w+y+z

(w + x) (w + y + z)

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

F
w

w
y
z

A=0
BC

DE

00

01

11

00

01

A=1
10

11

10

BC

DE

ABDE

00

ABCD

01

00

01

11

ACE

ABCD

11

10

ABE

10

ABDE

1
ABCD

A B DE + A B CD + A B E + A C E + ABCD + ABDE + ABC D

For A = 0

For A = 1

DE
BC

F (A, B, C, D, E)

DE
11

BC

00

01

10

00

01

00

00

01

01

11

11

10

10

A B D + B C D +A D E

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

11

10

m1

m1

m3

m8

m6

m3

m7

m6

m8

m9

m9

m10

m10

m12

m12

m7

m14

m14

m15

m11

m11

m13

m13

m 15

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

(B D)

Prime
implicants

m1

m3

m6

m7

m8

m9

m10 m12 m14 m15 dm11 dm13

1, 3, 9, 11 (BD)
8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15
6, 7, 14, 15 (BC)

F (A, B, C, D)

BD + A + BC

m0

m0

m1

m1

m2

m2

m3

m3

m10

m10

m11

m12

m12

m11

m13

m13

m14

m14

m15

m15

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

Prime
implicants

m0

m1

m2

m3

m10 m11 m12 m13 m14 m15

0, 1, 2, 3 (AB)
2, 3, 10, 11 (BC)
10, 11, 14, 15 (AC)
12, 13, 14, 15 (AB)

F (A, B, C, D)

A B + AC + AB

m0

m0

m1

m1

m2

m2

m8

m8

m9

m9

m15

m17

m17

m 24

m 21

m 21

m 24

m 25

m 25

m15

m 27

m 27

m 31

m 31

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

Prime
implicants

m0

m1

m2

m8

m9

m15 m17 m21 m24 m25 m27 m31

0, 1, 8, 9 (ACD)
8, 9, 24, 25 (BCD)
0, 2 (ABCE)
1, 17 (BCDE)
17, 21 (ABDE)
17, 25 (ACDE)
25, 27 (ABCE)
15, 31 (BCDE)
27, 31 (ABDE)

F (A, B, C, D, E)

A C D + B C D + AB C E + ABCE + BCDE + AB D E
TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 M( 0,1, 4,11,13,15) + d(5,7 , 8)

m( 2, 3, 6, 9,10,12,14) + d(5,7 , 8)
m2

m2

m3

dm 8

m6

m3

m9

m6

m 10

m9

m 12

m 10

m 14

m 12

dm 5

dm 5

dm 7

m 14

dm 8

dm 7

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

A BC
ACD
ABD
AC
CD
AD

(1 0 0 -) + ( 0 - 1 -) + (1 - - 0)

Prime implicants

m2

m3

m6

m9 m10 m12 m14 dm5 dm7 dm8

CD
AB

ABC

8, 9

00

00

ACD

8, 12

01

ABD

5,7

11

AC

2,3,6,7

10

CD

2,6,10,14

AD

8,10,12,14

01

m0

m0

m1

m1

m4

m4

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

10

AC

1
1

ABC

ABC + AC + AD

11

1
AD

m5

m 16

m 16

m5

m 17

m 17

m 21

m 21

m 25

m 25

m 29

m 29

x1 x2 x4
x2 x3 x4
x2 x4 x5
x1 x4 x5

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

Prime
implicants

m1

BCD

1,9

ABD

4,6

ABC

6,7

ABD

9,11

BCD

7,15

ACD

11,15

AB

8,9,10,11

m4

m6

m7

m8

m9

x 1 x 4x 5 + x 2 x3 x 4 + x 1 x 2 x 4

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

m10

m11

m15

S0

I3

I2

D1

D0

I0

I1
E

D1 D0
S 2:1
MUX 1

S 2:1
MUX 2
Y

Y
Y1

Y0

D1 D0
2:1
S MUX 3

S1

Y2

D0

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

D6

D7

10

11

12

13

14

15

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

S0 S1 S2
D31
D30
D29
D28
D27
D26
D25
D24

I7
I6
I5
I4 8 : 1
I3 MUX 4 Y4
I2
I1
I0
E S 2 S1 S0

S4

S3

D23
D22
D21
D20
D19
D18
D17
D16

E S2 S1 S0
I7
I6
I5
Y3
I4 8 : 1
I3 MUX 3
I2
I1
I0
Y

D15
D14
D13
D12
D11
D10
D9
D8

I7
I6
I5
I4 8 : 1
I3 MUX 2 Y
2
I2
I1
I0
E S 2 S1 S0

D7
D6
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1
D0

TM

E
I7
I6
I5
I4 8 : 1 Y1
I3 MUX 1
I2
I1
I0

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

D0
D1
D2
D3 8 : 1
Y
D4 MUX
D5
D6
D7

S2 S1 S0

B C D

For F1
D0

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

D6

D7

10

11

12

13

14

15

For F2
D10 D11 D12 D13 D14 D15

D8

D9

10

11

12

13

14

15

For F3
D16 D17 D18 D19 D20 D21 D22 D23
A

10

11

12

13

14

15

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

For F4
D24 D25 D26 D27 D28 D29 D30 D31
A

10

11

12

13

14

15

C out = m (3, 5, 6, 7)
m (1, 2, 4, 7)
D in = 1

Din = 1

Y0
Y1
Y2
Y3
1:8
DEMUX Y4
Y5
Y6
Y7

Cout

S0 S1 S 2

A B C

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

Din = 1

Y0
Y1
Y2
Y3
1:8
DEMUX Y4
Y5
Y6
Y7

f1

f2

S0S1S2

A B C

Y0
Y1
Y2

F1

Y3
A

Y4
Y5
Y6
4 : 16
Decoder

Y7
Y8
Y9
Y10
Y11

F2

Y12
Y13
Y14
Y15

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

E1E0
E3E2
00

For B0
01

11

10

E1E0
E3E2
00

For B1
01

11

10

00

00

01

01

11

11

10

10

B0 = E0

E1E0
E3E2
00

B1 = E1E0 + E1E0
= E1 + E0

For B2
01

11

10

E1E0
E3E2
00

For B3
01

11

10

00

00

01

01

11

11

10

10

B3 = E3E2 + E3E1E0

B2 = E2E1 + E2E1E0 + E3E1E0

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

Excess -3 code
E3

E2

E1

E0

BCD code
B0
B1

B2

B3

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

G1G0
G3G2
00

For A
01

11

10

G1G0
G3G2
00

For B
01

11

10

00

00

01

01

11

11

10

10

(G 3 G 2 + G 3 G 2 ) G 1 G 0 + (G 3 G 2 + G 3 G 2 ) G 1 G 0
+ (G 3 G 2 + G 3 G 2 ) G 1 G 0 + (G 3 G 2 + G 3 G 2 ) G 1 G 0
(G 3 G 2 ) G 1 G 0

G3

(G 3 G 2 G 1 G 0

G2 G1 G0

G3

G2 G1G0
(G 1 G 0 + G 1 G 0 )

G1G0

G1 G0

G 3 G2

G 3 G2

(G 3 G 2 + G 3 G 2 ) G 1

G1

(G 3 G 2 ) G 1 + (G 3 G 2 ) G 1
G 3 G2 G1
TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

G3G2

G1G0
00

For C

G1G0

01

11

10

G3G2

For D

00

01

11

10

00

00

01

01

11

11

10

10

G 3G2 + G 3G2

G3

Gray code
G3

G2

G1

G0

Binary code
A

B
C
D

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

2n

Qn

QD

QC

QB

QA

Q +D

Q +C

Q n+1

Q +B

+
QA

JD

TM

KD

JC

KC

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

JB

KB

JA

KA

For JD

QCQD
QAQB
00

01

11

10

QCQD
QAQB
00

For KD
01

11

10

00

00

01

01

11

11

10

10

JD = QBQCQD
QCQD
QAQB
00

KD = QC

For JC
01 11

10

QCQD
QAQB
00

For KC
01 11

10

00

00

01

01

11

11

10

10

JC = QCQD

KC = QCQD

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

For JB

For KB

QCQD
QAQB
00

01

11

10

QCQD
QAQB
00

01

11

10

00

00

01

01

11

11

10

10

JB = QD
QCQD
QAQB
00

KB = QA + QD

For JA
01 11

10

QCQD
QAQB
00

For KA
01 11

00

00

01

01

11

11

10

10

JA = QA + QC

QA

JA

QC

QA

QD

JB

A
1

KA

10

KA = 1

QB

QC
QD

JC

B
QA

QA
QD

KB

QB
QC
QD

QC

JD

C
QB

KC

QD
D

QC

QC

KD

QD

CLK
(LSB)QA

QC

QB

Output

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

QD(MSB)

A0
Binary
input

Address
lines

A1
A2

D0
ROM
416

A3

D1
D2

Data
lines

D3

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

Gray code
output