Translation

Translation
Lecture Outline:
1)) Translation in
prokaryotes and
eukaryotes
2) Quality control
3) Protein Folding

Readings:
Alberts, Ch 6,
pp.366-390.

Recall the g
genetic code

Codons read as mRNA triplets

Encoding all 20 amino acids

Redundancy - with multiple
codons
d
ffor most amino
i acids
id
Figure 6-50 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Reading frames define the amino acid sequence

Figure 6-51 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

The link between mRNA and protein sequence

Figure 6-52 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

How codon redundancy is managed for translation

Two strategies:
More than 1 tRNA for
many amino acids
Some tRNAs can
recognize and base pair
with more than 1 codon

Figure 6-53 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Genetic code: ensuring fidelity

Two sequential steps in ensuring fidelity:

th t
tRNA synthetase
Base pairing
Alberts, Figure 6-58

Genetic code: ensuring fidelity

tRNA Synthetase
y

DNA Polymerase
y

Error correction:
By hydrolytic editing

Alberts, Figure 6-59

Recognition of a specific tRNA by its synthetase

Recognition is achieved
by:
Identifying the tRNA
anticodon nucleotides
Recognizing the
nucleotide sequence of the
acceptor stem
Reading nucleotide
sequences at additional
positions on the tRNA

Figure 6-60 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

A schematic of the catalytic process for amino acid addition

Energy of this covalent linkage

used for the next aa addition

Figure 6-61 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Ribosomes

Alberts, Figure 6-63

11

Ribosomes

Alberts Figure 6
Alberts,
6-62
62

Located:
d l
i reticulum
ti l
on endoplasmic
in cytosol

Alberts Figure 6-64d

Alberts,
6 64d

12

Protein synthesis

Alberts, Figure 6-66

13

Quality control

Alberts, Figure 6-67

14

Quality control
Small subunit rRNA:
Forms H bond
network with
anticodon/codon

Alberts, Figure 6-68

15

The role of elongation factors

1) Can ribosomes perform protein synthesis
without the aid of elongation factors?
Yes, but.....

2) Role of elongation factors:

Improving speed and efficiency
error checking function

3) These are mediated by:

Release of the EF-Tu and GTP hydrolysis

4) EF-Tu: Binds aminoacyl-tRNA

5) EF-G: Helps ratchet fwd 1 codon

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The Ribosome is a Ribozyme

Alberts, Figure 6-69

17

Initiation of translation
Eukaryotes

Alberts, Figure 6-72

18

Initiation of translation
Eukaryotes

Alberts, Figure 6-72

19

Initiation of translation
Prokaryotes

Shine Dalgarno sequence

In prokaryotes: Shine-Dalgarno
Multiple sites of initiation
Alberts, Figure 6-73

20

Termination of translation

Alberts, Figure 6-74

21

Termination of translation
Human translation
release factor:
molecular mimicry
p
protein,, not tRNA

Release Factor

tRNA
Alberts, Figure 6-75

22

Polyribosomes / polysomes
Protein
synthesis:
Relatively
slow
Typical spacing:
Every 80 nucl

Alberts, Figure 6-76

Antibiotics Modes of Action

Table 6-4 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

23

Antibiotics

Alberts, Figure 6-79

25

Protein folding

Co translationally
Occurs Co-translationally
Alberts, Figure 6-84

26

Protein
folding
Examples of
molecular
chaperones:
Hsp60
Hsp70
Alberts, Figure 6-85

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THE VERY END

Thank You !!

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