EXPERIMENT NO-01

Problem No-1.1:- Develop the mathematical model of the given

system and analyse the

result.

d2 x
dx
'
+2 +2 x=sin 2 t , x ( 0 ) =2 , x ( 0 )=3
2
dt
dt

Software Used:-MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Background Theory & Concept:A differential
equation is
a mathematical equation that
relates
some function with its derivatives. In applications, the functions usually
represent physical quantities, the derivatives represent their rates of
change, and the equation defines a relationship between the two.
There are different types of differential equations like Eg:
A. Ordinary differential equations: Equation having one independent
variable and its
derivatives.
Eg:

dy
+ P ( x ) y=Q ( x ) . y n
dx

B. Partial differential eaquations: Equation containing multiple unknown

variables and their derivatives.
Eg:

u ( x , y )=f ( y )

C. Linear differential equations: The equation having unknowns and their

derivatives and its highest order one.
Eg:

dx
+kx =0
dt

D. Non-linear differential equations: The equation having unknowns and

their derivatives and its highest order is greater than one.
Eg:

du 2
=u +4
dx

Differential equations are described by their order, determined by the

term with the highest derivatives. And solving the differential equations
plays the main role. The general form of the solution of a differential
equation is given by
y ( x )= y h ( x ) + y p ( x)
Where

yh ( x )

is the general solution and

y p (x)

is the particular solution

(x) .

of the differential equation

For example let we have a differential equation given as;

initial condition

dy
=xy with
dx

y ( 0 )=0.

So while solving the above differential equation given above we go for the
highest order in the D.E and it is 1 (First order D.E) here. So we separate
the variables using the variable separable method to get the result.
dy
=xy
dx

Solution :

1 dy

y dx dx= xdx

1
dy= xdx
y
=

x
=ln y= 2 + c
2

=y=

Ae

x
2

, where

A=e

Applying

the

initial

condition

y ( 0 )=0 ,

we

get

x=0, y=1.

And

substituting the value we get A=1 hence y = e

x
2

So while solving these differential equations in MATLAB/SIMULINK we use

functional blocks in the MODEL page, bringing them from the Simulink
Library and connecting them as required and run it to get the solution.

Here

d2 x
dx
+2 +2 x=sin 2 t , x ( 0 ) =2 , x ' ( 0 )=3
2
dt
dt

; is a second order D.E which is

to be solved using simulink. Some of the common functional blocks we will

be using are clock(for the time variant t), gain(for the multiplier),
trigonometric function, add(for adding the terms), integrator(for
integrating the terms), scope(for displaying the result continuously) and
display(for displaying the last value of the expression).
For solving the given D.E using simulink we separated the highest order
term of the equation to one side and all the other terms to another side
and get
d2 x
dx
=sin 2t2 2 x
2
dt
dt

We first put a CLOCK and then give it through GAIN to get

a TRIGONOMETRIC function for
ADD block with a + sign.

2t

and that to

sin 2t . We give it to the first input to the

From the output of the ADD block we use an INTEGRATOR to get

dx
dt

which we give to a GAIN of 2 and then to the second input of the ADD
block with a - sign.

Then from the first INTEGRATORs output we give it as an input to another

INTEGRATOR block to get x . Then we give this to two inputs; one to a
GAIN with 2 and that to the third input of the ADD block with a -sign &
another to the SCOPE and DISPLAY.

Then in the first INTEGRATOR we apply the initial condition

to the second INTEGRATOR we give the initial condition
it to get the required result.

Simulink Model:-

x ' ( 0 )=3

x ( 0 )=2

and

and run

Results:-

Analysis:Comment & Conclusion:-