EXPERIMENT 1

Aim: - Generation of different types of signal and operations involving signals.

Objective: Generation of the following

Elementary signals.
a) Impulse
b) Step

c) Ramp
d) Exponential(increasing and decaying)
Sinusoidal signal
Sinc signal
Sampling signal
To carry out following Operations on signals:

a) Time reversal,
b) Time shifting
c) time scaling,
d)
e)
f)

Windowing.
Addition and multiplication of the signals.
Generation of arbitrary signals.

Software Required: -

MATLAB

Pre-lab:Signal: - Any physical phenomenon that conveys or carries some information can be called as signal and it is
defined as function of any independent variable like time, space or any other independent variables.
Continuous time signal: - When signal depends continuously for any value of independent variable then it is called
as Analog signal or Continuous signal. If the variable of analog signal is time then it is called as Continuous time
signal.
Discrete signal: - When the signal is defined for discrete intervals of an independent variable it is called as discrete
signal. If independent variable is time then it is called as discrete time signal.
In-Lab:
Objective-1 (Signal generation)
Continuous domain:1. Unit Impulse signal:

,
() = {0 ,

2. Unit step signal:

() = {

3. Unit Ramp signals:

,
() = {
0.

1,
0,

=0

0
<0.
0
<0.

() = sin( + )

4. Sine wave:

= sin(2 + ) , where =Phase difference. (Consider = 0).

() = cos(2 + )

5. Cosine wave:

() = , where =any value.

() =
can be scaled.

8. Exponential signal:

Discrete domain: - ( = =

) where =Time duration between two samples, where is the Sampling

frequency.
1. Unit impulse:

1,
() = {
0,

2. Unit step:

() = {

3. Unit Ramp:

,
() = {0,

1,
,

=0
.
0
<0.
0
<0

5. Exponential:

() = ,

6. Sinusoidal:

() = ( + )
= (2
= (2

7. Cosine:

() = (2

+ )

=Sampling period and

=Sampling frequency.

+ )

+ )

Special signals:
1. Triangular wave:

() = (, 0.5)

2. Saw tooth wave:

() = ()

3. Sinc function:

() = () =

4. Sampling signal:

() = = ( ) , T = Gap between two samples

Objective-2: (Signal Operation)

() = 1 () + 2 () and

1. Signal Addition: -

() = () + () - continuous domain

() = () + () - Discrete domain.
2. Signal Multiplication:() = sin() - Continuous domain.
() =1 (). 2 () - Discrete domain.
3. Time Reversal: - It is used to create Reflection or mirror image of the signal or sequence with respect to
origin, i.e., t-t

Ex: 1 () = sin(2), 2 () = sin(2()) = 1 () continuous domain.

() = () - Discrete domain.

4. Time Shifting: - With this operation the signal is delayed or advanced in time domain.
() = ( ) Signal () is time delayed w.r.t (). (Continuous domain)
() = ( ) () is delayed by samples w.r.t ().
() = ( + ) } Signal is advanced
() = ( + ) signal is advanced
5. Squaring of signals: 1 () = sin(2 + ), 2 () = 12 ()
() = 2 ().
6. Time Scaling: - it is used to Increase the samples (up sampling) or decrease the samples (down sampling) in
discrete signals. But increase/decrease the frequency of repetition of wave signal in continuous domain.
y(n) = x(an) or y(t) = x(at)
If is positive & >1:
and positive & <1:

down sampling eg: (2), (2)

up sampling eg: (0.5), (0.5)

7. Windowing.
A signal () is multiplied by a window signal () so that () is available in the support of ().
() = (). ().
Ex: () = 0 1,
+ 2 1 2,
0 .
() = sin() .
Plot(), () and ()
4. Generation of AM signal
A message signal can be transmitted over the airwaves by multiplying it by a sinusoid of frequency
higher than those in the message. In this process the frequency content of the signal and the amplitude
of the sinusoid are changed. The resulting transmitted signal is called the amplitude modulated signal.
To recover the message from the transmitted signal, you can extract the envelope of the transmitted
(AM) signal which is very much similar and related to the message signal.
Consider a message signal: () = 2( + 2) 4() + ( 2) + ( 3) + ( 3) .
Consider a carrier signal (high frequency sinusoid) () = (5) .
Obtain () = (). () , which is the AM signal.
1. Write a Matlab program to generate and plot the AM signal () , message signal () and the
carrier signal () .

2.

Highlight the envelope of the AM wave to reflect its relation with the message signal () .

Program:Results and Discussion:

Post-Lab
1.
2.

Find the Relation between Impulse signal, step signal & ramp signal?
If () = () ( 10) then graphically plot the following signals

(i) : ( 2)
(iv) ( + 2)

(ii) ( + 2)
(v) (2)

(iii) ( 2)
(vi) (0.5).