Chapter 4 Practice Problems

(P4.1)
(a) the number of microstates is 2 N
(b) 3 particles total
3!
p{2 H ,1T }
3 number microstates of specific arrangement (macrostate)
2!*1!
probability = (# microstates of specific arrangement)/(total # of microstates)

3 3

23 8
(c ) # microstates.
prob

4!
6
2!*2!
5!
p{3 H , 2T }
10
3!*2!
6!
p{4 H , 2T }
15
4!*2!
6!
p{3 H ,3T }
20
3!*3!
(d)
macrostate
H
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
p{2 H , 2T }

# of microstates*
T
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

1
8
28
56
70
56
28
8
1

8!
m!(8 m)!
total number of microstates is 28 = 256, which is the same as the sum from the table.
portion of microstates (probability) for requested configurations:
{5:3} = 56/256 = 0.219 = 22%
{4:4} = 70/256 = 0.273 = 27%
{3:5) = 22% like {5:3}
probability of any one of the three most evenly distributed states = 22% + 27% + 22% =
71%
(e) for 8 particle system, Stirlings approx will not apply
S/k = ln(p{4:4}/p{5:3}) = ln (70/56) = 0.223
* number of microstates =

To accompany Introductory Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics

J.R. Elliott, C.T. Lira, 2001-2014, all rights reserved. (11/26/2014)

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Chapter 4 Practice Problems

(P4.2) Initial ( each x represents 5 molecule)
xxxx
Final
x
x
x
x
Create a space with a three empty boxes for the initial state. The number of molecules is
too small to use Stirlings approximation.
p1 = 20!/(20!0!0!0!) = 1
p2 = 20!/(5!5!5!5!) = 20*19*18*17*16*15*14*13*12*11*10*9*8*7*6/(5*4*3*2)^3 =
11732745024
S/k = ln(p2/p1) = ln(11732745024) = 23.18
(P4.3) 15 molecules in 3 boxes, molecules are identical
pj

N!

m !

....Eqn. 4.4

ij

i 1

p1

15!
75075
9!4!2!

p2

15!
756756
(5!) 3

p
ln 2 2.31
k
p1

(P4.4) two dice.

S
?? for going from double sixes to a four and three.
k
for double sixes, we have probability of 1/6 for each dice.
p1

2!

16 !*16 !

for one four and one three probability applied for 1/6 for each one in each dice,

p2

2!

16 !*16 ! * 2

p
S
ln 2 ln 2 0.693
k
p1

(P4.5) S = ??
Assume Nitrogen is an Ideal gas

PV RT . Eqn. 1.12

To accompany Introductory Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics

J.R. Elliott, C.T. Lira, 2001-2014, all rights reserved. (11/26/2014)

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Chapter 4 Practice Problems

8.314cm 3 * MPa / mole K * 300 K

0.108MPa
23L / mole * (1000cm 3 / 1L)
Similarly P2 0.00723MPa
T
P
S Cp ln 2 R ln 2 Eqn. 4.29
T1
P1
7R
Cp
..(ig)
2
7R
400
0.00723
S
* ln
8.314 * ln
30.88 J / mole K 1.07 kJ / kg K
2
300
0.108
P1

(P4.6) (a) m-balance: dnin = -dnout

S-balance:
d (nS ) in
dn out
S out
n in dS in S in dn in S out dn out
dt
dt
But physically, we know that the leaking fluid is at the same state as the fluid in the tank;
therefore, the S-balance becomes:
(ndS Sdn) inside ( Sdn) out , and dn inside dn out so S 0
from the steam table .
At 1 bar = 0.1 MPa
State
1(in)
2 (out)

P(Mpa)

TOC

1
0.1

H(kJ/kg) S(kJ/kg*K)
400
3264.5
7.4669
7.4669
120.8 2717.86

S
100

7.361

120.8

7.4669
7.6148

150

By interpolation, implies T = 120.8OC

(P4.7) (a) Steady-state flow, H = Ws

Start 1 mole basis:

x1 0.333, x 2 0.667, adiabatic, Cp x1Cp1 x 2 Cp 2 , Cp for each is the same anyway.
MW x1 MW1 x 2 MW2 0.333(12 16) 0.667 * 2 10.66( g / mole)
R = 1.987BTU/lbmol-R.
T2
7
H WS CpdT * R * 1100 100 R
2
T1

H 6954.5 BTU / lbmol

& m 1ton / h 2000lb / h.
& MW 10.66lb / lbmol
2000lb lbmol 6954.5 BTU
*
*
h
10.66lb
lbmol
H WS 1,305,000 1.3 * 10 6 BTU / h
(b) ?? of the compressor.
H

To accompany Introductory Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics

J.R. Elliott, C.T. Lira, 2001-2014, all rights reserved. (11/26/2014)

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Chapter 4 Practice Problems

To find the efficiency of the compressor, S1 = S2
But the enthalpy and the internal energy will change which gives a change in the
'
WS
??
Work.
WS
P
T
S 0 Cp ln 2 R ln 2
P1
T1
P
T
Cp ln 2 R ln 2
P1
T1
T
2
T1

Cp

P
2
P1

P
T2 2
P1

R
Cp

* T1

100 7
T2
* 559 R
5
T2 1315 R
& H Cp (T2 T1 ) 6.95(1315 559)
H 5258 BTU / lbmol

H 5258

0.76
H 6955

(P4.8) Adiabatic, steady-state open system Q = 0, &(Cp/R = 7/2) ig

625
1kmole
7R
337.76kJ / kg
W CpdT
* (625 300) 9457.175kJ / kmole *
28kg
2
300
??
R

T P Cp
S 0 2 2
T1 P1
T2 533.5K
7 * 8.314
H Cp T2 T1
* 533.5 300
2

H 6794.77kJ / mol
6794.77kJ / kmol
H

0.718
H 337.76kJ / kg * 28kg / kmol
71.8%

(P4.9) work required per kg of steam through this compressor?

By looking at the steam table in the back of the book
P(MPa)

T(OC)

H(kJ/kg)

S(kJ/kg-K)

To accompany Introductory Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics

J.R. Elliott, C.T. Lira, 2001-2014, all rights reserved. (11/26/2014)

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Chapter 4 Practice Problems

0.8
4

200
500

2839.7
3446

6.8176
7.0922

W H 3446 2839.7 606.3kJ / kg

now find W = ??
S = 0 (reversible), look in the steam table (@P = 4.0MPa) to find a similar
value for S = 6.8176kJ/kg-K, if this value is not available so find it by interpolation.
H(kJ/kg)
S(kJ/kg-K)
3214.5
6.7714
H' = ?? S' = 6.8176
3331.2
6.9386

3331.5 H '
6.9386 6.8176

, H ' 3246.7
3331.2 3214.5 6.9386 6.7714

H ' W ' 3246.7 2839.7 407 kJ / kg

407
0.67, 67%
606.3

(P4.10)@ P = 2.0 MPa & T = 600OC, H = 3690.7 kJ/kg, S = 7.7043kJ/kg-K (Steam table)
HL(kJ/kg)
Hvap(kJ/kg)
20
83.91
2453.52
24
100.646
2444.098
24
104.83
2441.68

TOC
steam table
Interpolation
steam table

H H L q(H Vap ) 1006.46 0.98 * (2441.68) 2493k .49 J / kg

WS H 3690.7 2493.49 1197.21kJ / kg
H W

?? ,
,
H ' W '
S = 0 ( reversible), look for S in the satd temp. steam table and find H
by interpolation, W ' 1408.0kJ / kg
1197.2

0.8503, 85%
1408.0

(P4.11)

P1 0.1MPa, Sat ' d vap

P2 10 MPa
T2 1100 O C
State

P(MPa)

T(OC)

H(kJ/kg)

S(kJ/kg-K)

To accompany Introductory Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics

J.R. Elliott, C.T. Lira, 2001-2014, all rights reserved. (11/26/2014)

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Chapter 4 Practice Problems

1

0.1

2'

99.61

10
2

10

1100

2674.95

7.3589

4062.53

7.3589

4870.3

8.0288

interpolation for above table:

H'2 = 4062.53
H(kJ/kg)

(interpolation)
S(kJ/kg-K)
3992
7.2916
4062.53
7.3589
4114.5
7.4085

H WS 4870.3 2674.95 2195.35kJ / kg

mass flow rate = 1 kg/s
W S 2195.35kJ / s 2195350 watt
& 1watt 0.001341022hp
W 2944.01hp
S

& H 4062.53 2674.95 1387.58kJ / kg

H 1387.58

0.63
H 2195.35
63.2%
(P4.12)
Ebal: H = W.
R

T rev P Cp
=> T2rev = (20+273)*18^(8.314/44) = 506K.
Sbal: Srev = 0 => 2 2
T
P
1 1
rev
rev
W = Cp(T2 -T1) = 44*(506-293) = 9372J/mol => Wact = 9372/0.85 = 13.4kJ/mol
Wact = Cp(T2act -T1) = 13400 => T2act = (13400/44)+293 = 597K

(P4.15) Through the valve H in H out

P in 3MPa

P out 0.1MPa

(By interpolation) Find H

out

Tout 110O C 383.15K

from steam table.

150 110
2776.6 H out

150 100 2776.6 2675.8

out

= 2695.96 kJ/kg

At 3MPa table use same value for Hin to find Sin

By interpolation

2856.5 2695.96
6.2893 S in

2856.5 2803.2 6.2893 6.1856

Sin = 5.976kJ/kg-K

To accompany Introductory Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics

J.R. Elliott, C.T. Lira, 2001-2014, all rights reserved. (11/26/2014)

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Chapter 4 Practice Problems

The process should be irreversible. To find Sout, interpolate using temperature at 0.1 MPa:
150 110
7.6148 S out

150 100 7.6148 7.3610

Sout = 7.4118 kJ/kg-K, since Sout>Sin entropy has been generated. The entropy balance is:
0 S in m in S out m out S
gen

(P4.18) An insulated cylinder is fitted with a freely floating piston, ...

Steam 0.5kg, Pi= 9 bars, q=0.9, goes to satd vapor at 30 bars, Wair = -360 kJ.
The volume change of the air is equal and opposite the volume change of the steam. The
volume change of the steam is (using sat properties at 0.9 MPa)
Visteam = 0.5kg (VsatL + q (VsatV VsatL))m3/kg = 0.5(0.001121 + 0.9(0.2149-.001121)) =
0.09676m3
Vfsteam = 0.5*VsatV= 0.5kg*.0667m3/kg = 0.03335 m3;
Vsteam = 0.03335 0.09876 = - 0.06541 m3.
Vfair = Viair + Vair = 0.05 + 0.06541 = 0.1154 m3
Because we are not told the mass and area of the piston, let us consider it massless, so
that the initial pressure of the air is 9 bar and the final pressure is 30bar. The air will be
treated like an ideal gas.
d(nU)=Hindn + dWair; integrate term-by-term
nfUf niUi = Hin(nf ni) -360
for the air, let HR = 0 for 50 bar and 300K, the inlet condition.
ni = PV/RT = 0.9MPa (0.05m3)(106cm3/m3)/8.31447 (cm3-MPa)/300 = 18.041 moles
nf = PV/RT = 3MPa(0.1154m3)(106cm3/m3)/8.31447 (cm3-MPa)/Tfair = 41638/Tfair moles
Let HR =0 at 50 bar and 300K UR = HR-(PV)=0-RTR = -2494.3 J/mol
Because U is independent of P, then Ui= UR = -2494.3 J/mol.
For air, use Cv = 2.5R = 20.786 J/mol-K
The energy balance becomes
41638/Tfair [20.786(Tfair -300) -2494.3] J= -360000 J
Trial&Error Tf = 297 K; the temperature change is very small for this case.

To accompany Introductory Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics

J.R. Elliott, C.T. Lira, 2001-2014, all rights reserved. (11/26/2014)

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