Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
101]
December 2002
Original Article
307
in a Developing Country
Purpose: To describe the ocular manifestations of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), a common
cause of congenital cataracts in developing countries.
Methods: Retrospective analysis of case records of 46 sero-positive infants under 12 months of age
who presented at Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai between July 1993 and February 2001. The ocular
and systemic examination details were recorded.
Results: Both eyes were affected in 41 (89%) patients. Cataract was present in 81 (93.1%) eyes; most
of them were nuclear cataract (79, 97.5%). Other common ocular presentations included
microphthalmos in 74 (85.1%) eyes, iris abnormalities in 51 (58.6%) eyes, and pigmentary
retinopathy in 33 (37.9%) eyes. Cataract, microphthalmos and iris hypoplasia was a common
combination present in 49 (56.3%) eyes. Systemic manifestations included cardiac anomalies in 23
(50%) and neurological anomalies in 16 (34%) children. Multi-system involvement was present in
32 (70%) children. Low birth weight (below 2 kg) was seen in 30% infants.
Conclusion: CRS may present with a wide spectrum of ocular and systemic findings and requires a
high index of suspicion for diagnosis. Any sick infant with unilateral or bilateral congenital cataract
should be investigated thoroughly for CRS.
Key Words: Congenital rubella syndrome, rubella cataract, microphthalmos, rubella retinopathy,
congenital cataract
Indian J Ophthalmol 2002;50:307-11
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Results
Eighty seven eyes of 46 infants were analysed. Forty
one (89%) children had bilateral ocular involvement; 23
(50%) children were males. Age at diagnosis ranged
from 1 day to 12 months. Thirty-one (67%) infants were
diagnosed within five months of life. The birth weight
distribution was as follows: less than 1.50 kg in five
infants; 1.50-2.0 kg in 25 infants; 2.0-2.50 kg in six and
more than 2.5 kg in four infants. Birth weight was not
available for six infants. Two infants weighing 1.47 kg
and 1.25 kg respectively were premature by 6-8 weeks.
Significant neonatal problems included seizures in six
infants, jaundice in two, septicaemia with acute renal
failure in one, rash after birth in one and hepato
spleenomegaly in one infant. Nineteen (41.3%) mothers
gave a positive history of fever with rashes during the
early months of pregnancy.
Table 1 shows the ocular abnormalities in children
with CRS. Cataract was the commonest finding seen in
81 (93.1%) eyes, which included all the five cases with
unilateral ocular involvement. The type of cataract was
nuclear in 79 (97.5%) eyes including all the five from the
unilateral group (Figure 1). Others included bilateral 34
(92%) and unilateral 6 (8%) microphthalmos, iris
hypoplasia 51 (58.6%), cloudy cornea of variable
intensity 16 (18%), Rubella retinopathy 33 (38%),
Discussion
Rubella infection, affecting children and young adults,
has no consequence and often goes undetected. Over
50% mothers in our study denied any history of fever or
rash during pregnancy, which may be due to the
subclinical nature of infection.12 When contracted during
the early weeks of pregnancy, the virus transplacentally
infects the developing foetus. The virus gets
disseminated throughout the body, mostly in the blood
stream, thereby inhibiting cell growth. The foetus is
susceptible to this infection due to the rapid
organogenesis and undeveloped specific immunity
against the virus in the first two trimesters. The severity
of the damage to the foetus depends upon the virulence
of the organism and the timing of the foetal infection.
The earlier in pregnancy the infection occurs, the greater
is the damage to the foetus.13 Incidence of birth defects
Microphthalmos + Cataract +
Iris hypoplasia
Rubella retinopathy
Corneal opacity
Glaucoma
Congenital dacryostenosis
Optic atrophy
Strabismus
Nystagmus
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49 (56)
31 (36)
16 (18)
15 1(6)
12 (2.3)
14 (4.6)
12 patients (26)
23 patients (50)
308
Vol. 50 No. 4
Cardiac anomalies
Patent ductus arteriosus
Patent ductus arteriosus +
pulmonary stenosis
Patent ductus arteriosus +
ventricular septal defect
Ventricular septal defect
Atrial septal defect
Atrial septal defect +
pulmonary stenosis
Pulmonary stenosis
23 (50)
10 (21.7)
16 (34.7)
02 (4.5)
08 (17.4)
06 (13)
Hearing defects
02 (4.34)
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03 (6.5)
01 (2.1)
05 (9.2)
02 (4.3)
01 (2.1)
01 (2.1)
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December 2002
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Figure 1. Unequally dense cataract in an infant with CRS; Figure 2. Bilateral central corneal opacities in a case of CRS (A small
subconjunctival haemorrhage is due to surgical trauma optical iridectomy)
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Systemic manifestations
Though almost all systems can be affected in CRS, the
defects of hearing, cardiovascular system and central
nervous system have been well documented.
Cooper et al25 in his series of 271 patients described
heart diseases in 142 (52%), hearing loss in 140 (52%),
and psychomotor retardation in 109 (40%). Incidence of
cardiac defects in CRS with eye involvement could be
as high as 95%.6 Cardiovascular anomalies in our series
were present in 23 (50%) patients. The low incidence of
Vol. 50 No. 4
References
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9.
3.
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December 2002
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25. Cooper LZ, Ziring PR, Ockerse AB, Fedun BA, Kiely B,
Krugman S. Rubella clinical manifestations and
management. Am J Dis Child 1969;118:18-19.
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