Mastering Physics CH 11 HW College Physics I LCCC

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Ch11HW
Due:9:30amonMonday,April25,2016
Youwillreceivenocreditforitemsyoucompleteaftertheassignmentisdue.GradingPolicy
IntroductiontoPotentialEnergy
LearningGoal:
Understandthatconservativeforcescanberemovedfromtheworkintegralbyincorporatingthemintoanewformof
energycalledpotentialenergythatmustbeaddedtothekineticenergytogetthetotalmechanicalenergy.
Thefirstpartofthisproblemcontainsshortanswerquestionsthatreviewtheworkenergytheorem.Inthesecondpart
weintroducetheconceptofpotentialenergy.Butfornow,pleaseanswerintermsoftheworkenergytheorem.
WorkEnergyTheorem
Theworkenergytheoremstates
,
whereW all istheworkdonebyallforcesthatactontheobject,andKi andKf aretheinitialandfinalkinetic
energies,respectively.
Kf
= Ki + W all
PartA
Theworkenergytheoremstatesthataforceactingonaparticleasitmovesovera______changesthe______
energyoftheparticleiftheforcehasacomponentparalleltothemotion.
Choosethebestanswertofillintheblanksabove:
ANSWER:
distance/potential
distance/kinetic
verticaldisplacement/potential
noneoftheabove
Correct
Itisimportantthattheforcehaveacomponentactinginthedirectionofmotion.Forexample,ifaballis
attachedtoastringandwhirledinuniformcircularmotion,thestringdoesapplyaforcetotheball,butsince
thestring'sforceisalwaysperpendiculartothemotionitdoesnoworkandcannotchangethekineticenergy
oftheball.
PartB
Tocalculatethechangeinenergy,youmustknowtheforceasafunctionof_______.Theworkdonebytheforce
causestheenergychange.
Choosethebestanswertofillintheblankabove:
ANSWER:
https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=4057477
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acceleration
work
distance
potentialenergy
Correct
PartC
Toillustratetheworkenergyconcept,considerthecaseofastonefallingfromx i tox f undertheinfluenceof
gravity.
Usingtheworkenergyconcept,wesaythatworkisdonebythegravitational_____,resultinginanincreaseofthe
______energyofthestone.
ANSWER:
force/kinetic
potentialenergy/potential
force/potential
potentialenergy/kinetic
Correct
PotentialEnergyYoushouldreadaboutpotentialenergyinyourtextbeforeansweringthefollowingquestions.
Potentialenergyisaconceptthatbuildsontheworkenergytheorem,enlargingtheconceptofenergyinthemost
physicallyusefulway.Thekeyaspectthatallowsforpotentialenergyistheexistenceofconservativeforces,forcesfor
whichtheworkdoneonanobjectdoesnotdependonthepathoftheobject,onlytheinitialandfinalpositionsofthe
object.Thegravitationalforceisconservativethefrictionalforceisnot.
Thechangeinpotentialenergyisthenegativeoftheworkdonebyconservativeforces.Henceconsideringtheinitial
andfinalpotentialenergiesisequivalenttocalculatingtheworkdonebytheconservativeforces.Whenpotentialenergy
isused,itreplacestheworkdonebytheassociatedconservativeforce.Thenonlytheworkduetononconservative
forcesneedstobecalculated.
Insummary,whenusingtheconceptofpotentialenergy,onlynonconservativeforcescontributetothework,whichnow
changesthetotalenergy:
Kf + Uf = Ef = W nc + Ei = W nc + Ki + Ui ,
whereUf andUi arethefinalandinitialpotentialenergies,andW nc istheworkdueonlytononconservativeforces.
Now,wewillrevisitthefallingstoneexampleusingtheconceptofpotentialenergy.
PartD
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Ratherthanascribingtheincreasedkineticenergyofthestonetotheworkofgravity,wenow(whenusingpotential
energyratherthanworkenergy)saythattheincreasedkineticenergycomesfromthe______ofthe_______
energy.
ANSWER:
work/potential
force/kinetic
change/potential
Correct
PartE
Thisprocesshappensinsuchawaythattotalmechanicalenergy,equaltothe______ofthekineticandpotential
energies,is_______.
ANSWER:
sum/conserved
sum/zero
sum/notconserved
difference/conserved
Correct
AllWorkandNoPlay
LearningGoal:
Tobeabletocalculateworkdonebyaconstantforcedirectedatdifferentanglesrelativetodisplacement
Ifanobjectundergoesdisplacementwhilebeingacteduponbyaforce(orseveralforces),itissaidthatworkisbeing
doneontheobject.Iftheobjectismovinginastraightlineandthedisplacementandtheforceareknown,thework
donebytheforcecanbecalculatedas
cos
W = F s = F
s
whereW istheworkdonebyforceF ontheobjectthatundergoesdisplacement

s directedatangle relativeto F .
Notethatdependingonthevalueofcos ,theworkdonecanbepositive,negative,orzero.
Inthisproblem,youwillpracticecalculatingworkdoneonanobjectmovinginastraightline.Thefirstseriesof
questionsisrelatedtotheaccompanyingfigure.
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PartA
WhatcanbesaidaboutthesignoftheworkdonebytheforceF 1 ?
ANSWER:
Itispositive.
Itisnegative.
Itiszero.
Thereisnotenoughinformationtoanswerthequestion.
Correct
When
= 90
,thecosineof iszero,andthereforetheworkdoneiszero.
PartB
WhatcanbesaidabouttheworkdonebyforceF 2 ?
ANSWER:
Itispositive.
Itisnegative.
Itiszero.
Correct
When0
< < 90
,cos ispositive,andsotheworkdoneispositive.
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PartC
TheworkdonebyforceF 3 is
ANSWER:
positive
negative
zero
Correct
When90
< < 180
,cos isnegative,andsotheworkdoneisnegative.
PartD
ANSWER:
positive
negative
zero
Correct
PartE
ANSWER:
positive
negative
zero
Correct
PartF
ANSWER:
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positive
negative
zero
Correct
PartG
ANSWER:
positive
negative
zero
Correct
Inthenextseriesofquestions,youwillusetheformulaW
cos
= F s = F
s
tocalculatetheworkdonebyvariousforcesonanobjectthatmoves160meterstotheright.
PartH
FindtheworkW donebythe18newtonforce.
Usetwosignificantfiguresinyouranswer.Expressyouranswerinjoules.
ANSWER:
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W
= 2900 J
Correct
PartI
ANSWER:
W
= 4200 J
Correct
PartJ
ANSWER:
W
= 1900 J
Correct
PartK
ANSWER:
W
= 1800 J
Correct
TacticsBox11.1CalculatingtheWorkDonebyaConstantForce
LearningGoal:
TopracticeTacticsBox11.1CalculatingtheWorkDonebyaConstantForce.
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RecallthattheworkW donebyaconstantforceF atanangle

tothedisplacement d is
W = F d cos .
ThevectormagnitudesF andd arealwayspositive,sothesignofW isdeterminedentirelybytheangle between
theforceandthedisplacement.
TACTICSBOX11.1Calculatingtheworkdonebyaconstantforce
Forceanddisplacement
WorkW
F (r)
Signof
W
Energytransfer
Energyistransferredintothe
system.Theparticlespeedsup.K
increases.
< 90
90
> 90
F (r) cos
F (r) cos
Noenergyistransferred.Speed
andK areconstant.
Energyistransferredoutofthe
system.Theparticleslowsdown.
K decreases.
180
F (r)
AboxhasweightofmagnitudeFG =2.00Nacceleratesdownaroughplanethatisinclinedatanangle =30.0

abovethehorizontal,asshownatleft.Thenormalforceactingontheboxhasamagnituden =1.732N,the
coefficientofkineticfrictionbetweentheboxandtheplaneis k =0.300,andthedisplacementd oftheboxis1.80

m
downtheinclinedplane.
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PartA
WhatistheworkW grav doneontheboxbygravity?
Expressyouranswersinjoulestotwosignificantfigures.
Hint1.Drawafreebodydiagram
Aboxofweightw acceleratesdownaroughplanethatisinclinedatanangle30.0 abovethehorizontal,
asshownbelow.Drawafreebodydiagramthatidentifiesalltheforcesactingonthebox.
Drawallyourvectorswiththeirtailsattheblackdot.Thelocationandorientationofyourvectorswill
begraded.Thelengthofyourvectorswillnotbegraded.
ANSWER:
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Hint2.Findtheanglebetweenthedisplacementandtheweight
Whatistheangle betweenthedisplacementd andthegravitationalforce

FG?
Expressyouranswerindegreestotwosignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
= 60
ANSWER:
W grav
= 1.8 J
Correct
Thecomponentoftheweightparalleltothedisplacementislessthan2.00N.Theweighttransfersa
moderateamountofenergytothesystem.
PartB
WhatistheworkW n doneontheboxbythenormalforce?
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Hint1.Findtheanglebetweenthedisplacementandthenormalforce
Whatistheangle betweenthedisplacementd andthenormalforce

n?
ANSWER:
= 90
ANSWER:
Wn
= 0 J
Correct
Becausethereisnocomponentofthenormalforceinthedirectionofmotion,thenormalforcedoesnowork
onthebox.
PartC
WhatistheworkW f doneontheboxbytheforceofkineticfriction?
k
Hint1.Findtheanglebetweenthedisplacementandtheforceofkineticfriction
Whatistheangle betweenthedisplacementd andtheforceofkineticfriction,

f k?
ANSWER:
= 180
Hint2.Findtheforceofkineticfriction
Whatisthemagnitudeoftheforceofkineticfriction,f k ?
Expressyouranswerinnewtonstotwosignificantfigures.
Hint1.Calculatingtheforceofkineticfriction
Themagnitudeoftheforceofkineticfriction,f k ,istheproductofthecoefficientofkineticfriction,
,andthemagnitudeofthenormalforce n :
k
f
ANSWER:
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= 0.52 N
fk
ANSWER:
Wf
= 0.94 J
Correct
Theforceofkineticfrictionactsinadirectionoppositetothemotion.Thefrictionalforcetransfersamaximum
amountofenergyoutofthesystem.
Thetotalworkdoneonthebox,0.86J ,isthesumoftheworkdoneontheboxbyeachindividualforce:
.
Noticethatthenetworkdoneontheboxispositive,whichindicatesthatenergyisaddedtothebox.This
energyisusedtoincreasethekineticenergyoftheboxasitacceleratesdowntheincline.
W net = W n + W grav + W f
= +0.86J
Problem11.6
PartA
Evaluatethedotproductofthevectorsin.
ANSWER:
= 4.10
A B
Correct
PartB
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ANSWER:
= 20
C D
Correct
PartC
ANSWER:
= 10.4
E F
Correct
Problem11.12
Thethreeropesshowninthebird'seyeviewofthefigureareusedtodragacrate4.0macrossthefloor.
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PartA
Howmuchworkisdonebyeachofthethreeforces?
Expressyouranswersusingtwosignificantfigures.Enteryouranswersnumericallyseparatedbycommas.
ANSWER:
W1
,W 2 ,W 3 = 2.3,1.4,2.6 kJ
Correct
WorkandKineticEnergy
Twoblocksofice,onefourtimesasheavyastheother,areatrestonafrozenlake.Apersonpusheseachblockthe
samedistanced .IgnorefrictionandassumethatanequalforceF isexertedoneachblock.
PartA
Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutthekineticenergyoftheheavierblockafterthepush?
Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Theworkenergytheoremstatesthatthechangeinkineticenergyofanobjectequalsthenetworkdoneon
thatobject:
W total = K.
Theworkdoneonanobjectcanalsoberelatedtothedistanced thattheobjectmoveswhilebeingacted
onbyaforceF :
,
W = F d
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whereF|| isthecomponentofF paralleltothedirectionofdisplacement.
Hint2.Findtheworkdoneoneachblock
Whatcanbesaidaboutthenetworkdoneontheheavierblock?
ANSWER:
Itisgreaterthantheworkdoneonthelighterblock.
Itisequaltotheworkdoneonthelighterblock.
Itislessthantheworkdoneonthelighterblock.
ANSWER:
Itissmallerthanthekineticenergyofthelighterblock.
Itisequaltothekineticenergyofthelighterblock.
Itislargerthanthekineticenergyofthelighterblock.
Itcannotbedeterminedwithoutknowingtheforceandthemassofeachblock.
Correct
thatobject.Theonlyforcedoingworkontheblocksistheforcefromtheperson,whichisthesameinboth
cases.Sincetheinitialkineticenergyofeachblockiszero,bothblockshavethesamefinalkineticenergy.
PartB
Comparedtothespeedoftheheavierblock,whatisthespeedofthelightblockafterbothblocksmovethesame
distanced ?
InPartA,youdeterminedthatthekineticenergyoftheheavierblockwasthesameasthatofthelighter
block.Relatethistothespeedoftheblocks.
Hint2.Proportionalreasoning
Proportionalreasoningbecomeseasierwithpractice.Firstrelatethekineticenergiesoftheblockstoeach
other.Toaccomplishthis,letthesubscripthrefertotheheavierblockandthesubscript tothelighter
block.Now
Kh = K
canbewrittenas
1
2
m h (v h )
1
2
m (v )
.
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Theproblemstatesthattheheavierblockisfourtimeasmassiveasthelighterblock.Thiscanbe
representedbytheexpression
m h = 4m
Substitutingthisexpressionintotheexpressionforkineticenergyyields
1
2
(4m )(v h )
1
2
m (v )
Howmanytimeslargerthanv 2h isv 2 ?
ANSWER:
v
= 4 v 2h
ANSWER:
onequarterasfast
halfasfast
thesamespeed
twiceasfast
fourtimesasfast
Correct
Sincethekineticenergyofthelighterblockisequaltothekineticenergyoftheheavierblock,thelighterblock
mustbemovingfasterthantheheavierblock.
PartC
NowassumethatbothblockshavethesamespeedafterbeingpushedwiththesameforceF .Whatcanbesaid
aboutthedistancesthetwoblocksarepushed?
thatobject:
W total = K.
Theworkdoneonanobjectcanalsoberelatedtothedistanced thattheobjectmoveswhilebeingacted
onbyaforceF :
,
W = F d
whereF|| isthecomponentofF paralleltothedirectionofdisplacement.
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Hint2.Relatethekineticenergiesoftheblocks
Letthesubscripthrefertotheheavierblockandthesubscript tothelighterblock.Whatistheratio
Kh
K
Hint1.Thekineticenergies
Torelatethekineticenergiesoftheblockstoeachother,recallthat
vh = v
and
m h = 4m
ANSWER:
Kh
K
= 4
Hint3.Comparetheamountofworkdoneoneachblock
Intheprevioushint,youfoundthatKh
theworkdoneonthelighterblock,
Wh
W
= 4K
.Whatistheratiooftheworkdoneontheheavyblockto
ANSWER:
Wh
W
ANSWER:
Theheavyblockmustbepushed16timesfartherthanthelightblock.
Theheavyblockmustbepushedthesamedistanceasthelightblock.
Theheavyblockmustbepushedhalfasfarasthelightblock.
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Correct
Becausetheheavierblockhasfourtimesthemassofthelighterblock,whenthetwoblockstravelwiththe
samespeed,theheavierblockwillhavefourtimesasmuchkineticenergy.Theworkenergytheoremimplies
thatfourtimesmoreworkmustbedoneontheheavierblockthanonthelighterblock.Sincethesameforceis
appliedtobothblocks,theheavierblockmustbepushedthroughfourtimesthedistanceasthelighterblock.
EnergyRequiredtoLiftaHeavyBox
Asyouaretryingtomoveaheavyboxofmassm,yourealizethatitistooheavyforyoutoliftbyyourself.Thereisno
onearoundtohelp,soyouattachanidealpulleytotheboxandamasslessropetotheceiling,whichyouwraparound
thepulley.Youpullupontheropetoliftthebox.
Useg forthemagnitudeoftheaccelerationduetogravityand
neglectfrictionforces.
PartA
Onceyouhavepulledhardenoughtostarttheboxmovingupward,whatisthemagnitudeF oftheupwardforce
youmustapplytotheropetostartraisingtheboxwithconstantvelocity?
Expressthemagnitudeoftheforceintermsofm,themassofthebox.
Hint1.Whatforcemustbeappliedtotheboxtokeepitmovingataconstantspeed?
Onceyouhavepulledhardenoughtostarttheboxmovingupward,whatisthemagnitudeoftheforcethat
thepulleymustexertontheboxsothatitmovesataconstantspeed?
Expressyouranswerintermsofthemassofthebox.
ANSWER:
Fp
mg
Hint2.Whatforcedoesthepulleyexertonthebox?
IfyoutakethetensionintheropetobeT ,whatisFp ,themagnitudeofthenetupwardforcethatthepulley
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exertsonthebox?
ExpressyouranswerintermsofT .
ANSWER:
Fp
2T
Hint3.Findthetensionintherope
FindthetensionintheropeintermsofF ,theforcewithwhichyouarepullingupward.
ANSWER:
T
Hint4.Puttingitalltogether
Onyourownorusingtheprevioushints,youshouldhavefoundequationsforhefollowing:
1.theforceneededtolifttheboxatconstantvelocity,intermsofitsmass,
2.therelationshipbetweentheforceontheboxduetothepulleyandthetensionintherope,and
3.therelationshipbetweentheforceappliedtotheropeandthetensionintherope.
Usetwooftheseequationstoeliminatetheforceappliedbythepulleyandthetensionintherope.You
shouldthenbeabletoexpresstheforceappliedontheropeintermsofthemassofthebox.
ANSWER:
F
mg
2
Correct
PartB
Considerliftingaboxofmassmtoaheighth usingtwodifferentmethods:liftingtheboxdirectlyorliftingthebox
usingapulley(asinthepreviouspart).
WhatisW d /W p ,theratiooftheworkdoneliftingtheboxdirectlytotheworkdoneliftingtheboxwithapulley?
Expresstherationumerically.
Hint1.Definitionofwork
Ineachcase,theamountofworkW youdoisequaltotheforceF youapplytimesthedistanced over
whichyouapplytheforce:
.
W = Fd
Hint2.Ratiooftheforces
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Whatistheratiooftheforceneededtolifttheboxdirectlytotheforceneededtolifttheboxusingthe
pulley?
Expressyouranswernumerically.
ANSWER:
Fd
Fp
= 2
Hint3.Ratioofthedistances
Whatistheratioofthedistanceoverwhichforceisappliedwhenliftingtheboxdirectlytothedistanceover
whichforceisappliedwhenliftingtheboxwiththepulley?
Expresstheratioofdistancesnumerically.
Hint1.Findthedistancewhenusingthepulley
FindDp ,thedistanceoverwhichyoumustapplyforcewhenliftingtheboxusingthepulley.
Expressyouranswerintermsofh ,thetotalheightthattheboxislifted.
Hint1.Pullingtheropeashortdistance
Usingthepully,imaginethatyoupulltheendoftheropeashortdistancedx upward.Thebox
willactuallyriseadistancedx/2.(Drawapictureifyouhavetroublevisualizingthis.)
ANSWER:
Dp
2h
Hint2.Findthedistancewhenliftingdirectly
Whenliftingtheboxdirectly,thedistanceoverwhichforceisapplied,Dd ,isequaltothevertical
distanceh thattheboxisraised.
ANSWER:
Dd
Dp
= 0.500
ANSWER:
Wd
Wp
= 1
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Correct
Nomatterwhichmethodyouusetoliftthebox,itsgravitationalpotentialenergywillincreasebymgh .So,
neglectingfriction,youwillalwaysneedtodoanamountofworkequaltomgh toliftit.
PucksonIce
Twohockeyplayers,AaronandBrunnhilde,arepushingtwopucksonafrictionlessicerink.Thepucksareinitiallyat
restonthestartingline.BrunnhildeispushingpuckB,which
hasamassthreetimesasgreatasthatofpuckA,which
Aaronispushing.Theplayersexertequalconstantforcesof
magnitudeF ontheirpucks,directedhorizontally,towards
thefinishline.Theystartpushingatthesametime,andeach
playerpusheshisorherpuckuntilitcrossesthefinishline,a
distanced away.
PartA
Whichpuckreachesthefinishlinefirst?
Hint1.Computetherelativeaccelerationofthepucks
Ifa A anda B arethemagnitudesoftheaccelerationsofpucksAandB,respectively,whatisthevalueof
theratioa A /a B ?
ANSWER:
a A /a B
= 3
ANSWER:
Bothpucksreachthefinishlineatthesametime.
PuckAreachesthefinishlinefirst.
PuckBreachesthefinishlinefirst.
Moreinformationisneededtoanswerthisquestion.
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Correct
PartB
LetKA bethemagnitudeofthekineticenergyofpuckAattheinstantitreachesthefinishline.Similarly,KB is
themagnitudeofthekineticenergyofpuckBatthe(possiblydifferent)instantitreachesthefinishline.Whichof
thefollowingstatementsistrue?
Hint1.Determinethesimplestwaytoanswerthisquestion
Thereareseveralpossibleapproachestothisproblem.Whichisthesimplest?
Choosethebestoption.
ANSWER:
UseF
(forceequalsmasstimesacceleration)tofindtheaccelerationofeachpuck.
= ma
Used =
line.
1
2
at
(relatingdistancetraveledtoaccelerationandtime)tofindthetimetothefinish
Usetheworkenergytheorem.
Applyconservationofmomentumandenergy.
Hint2.WorkdoneonpuckA
FindW A ,theworkdoneonpuckAoverthedistanced .
ANSWER:
WA
Fd
Hint3.WorkdoneonpuckB
FindW B ,theworkdoneonpuckBoverthedistanced .
ANSWER:
WB
Fd
ANSWER:
KA = KB
KA < KB
KA > KB
Youneedmoreinformationtodecide.
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Correct
PartC
Letp A bethemagnitudeofthemomentumofpuckAattheinstantitreachesthefinishline.Similarly,p B isthe
magnitudeofthemomentumofpuckBatthe(possiblydifferent)instantitreachesthefinishline.Whichofthe
followingstatementsistrue?
Choosethebestoption.
Hint1.Method1:Computetheratioofthepucks'velocities
Themomentumofanobjectistheproductofitsmassandvelocity.Fromtheproblemintroduction,you
mA
knowthat m
1
3
.Findv A /v B ,theratioofthevelocityofpuckAattheinstantitreachesthefinishline
tothevelocityofpuckBatthe(possiblydifferent)instantitreachesthefinishline.
Hint1.Howtofindthefinalvelocities
Youcaneasilycomputetheratiousingthe(alreadydetermined)factthatthefinalkineticenergyof
bothpucksisthesame.Writethekineticenergyofeachpuckintermsofitsvelocity(forexample,
KA =
1
2
mA v A
).Settheseexpressionsequal,andusetheknownratioofthemasses.
ANSWER:
v A /v B
= 1.73
Hint2.Method2:Usetheimpulsemomentumtheorem
Theimpulsemomentumtheoremstatesthat
.
p = F t
Youaregiventhatbothforcesarethesame,andyouhavecomparedthetimesinanearlierpart.
ANSWER:
p
p
p
= p
< p
> p
Youneedmoreinformationtodecide.
Correct
Problem11.15
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A520g particlemovingalongthexaxisexperiencestheforceshowninthefigure.Theparticle'svelocityis2.0m/s at
x = 0 m.
PartA
Whatisitsvelocityatx
= 1 m
Expressyouranswertotwosignificantfiguresandincludetheappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
v
= 7.2
m
s
Correct
PartB
= 2 m
ANSWER:
v
= 9.0
m
s
Correct
PartC
= 3 m
ANSWER:
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= 9.5
m
s
Correct
Problem11.18
Aparticlehasthepotentialenergyshowninthefigure.What
isthexcomponentoftheforceontheparticleatx =5,15,
25,and35cm?
PartA
Atx
= 5 cm
ANSWER:
Fx
= 100N
Correct
PartB
Atx
= 15 cm
ANSWER:
Fx
= 0N
Correct
PartC
Atx
= 25 cm
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ANSWER:
Fx
= 50.0N
Correct
PartD
Atx
= 35 cm
ANSWER:
Fx
= 50.0N
Correct
Problem11.22
Themassofacarbonatomis2.0 10
26
kg
PartA
Whatisthekineticenergyofacarbonatommovingwithaspeedof550m/s ?
ANSWER:
K
= 3.01021J
Correct
PartB
Twocarbonatomsarejoinedbyaspringlikecarboncarbonbond.Thepotentialenergystoredinthebondhasthe
valueyoucalculatedinpartAifthebondisstretched0.050nm.Whatisthebond'sspringconstant?
ANSWER:
k
= 2.4 N
m
Correct
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PhETTutorial:TheRamp
LearningGoal:
Tounderstandhowtheforcesexertedonanobjectonaninclinedplaneaffecttheobjectsmotion.
Forthistutorial,usethePhETsimulationTheRamp.Thissimulationallowsyoutoplaceavarietyofobjectsonan
inclinedrampandlookattheresultingforcesandmotion.
Startthesimulation.Whenyouclickthesimulationlink,youmaybeaskedwhethertorun,open,orsavethefile.
Choosetorunoropenit.
SelectanobjecttoplaceontherampbyclickingonanyobjectundertheChooseObjectsectionoftherightpanel.To
changetherampangle,youcanadjusttheRampAnglesliderbarintherightpaneloryoucanclickontherampand
dragitupordown.Toturnofffriction,youcanclickontheFrictionlessoptionthatisabovethePositionsetting.You
canhavethepersonpushingontheobjectbysettinganAppliedForcethatisnonzero(youcantypeinavalueinthe
AppliedForceboxontheleft,dragthebigverticalsliderbartotheleftoftheparallelforcegraph,oryoucanclickand
dragontheobject).Whilethesimulationisrunning,agraphshowstheparallelforces(i.e.,thecomponentsofthe
forcesalongtheramp)asafunctionoftime.
Feelfreetoplayaroundwiththesimulation.Whenyouaredone,clickResetbeforebeginningPartA.
PartA
Thefirstthingyouwillinvestigateisstaticfriction.Theforceofstaticfrictionistheparallelforceexertedona
stationaryobjectbytheramp.Thisforceisalwaysdirectedoppositethedirectiontheobjectwouldslideifthere
werenofriction.
Selectthecrateastheobjectfortheramp.Then,slowlyincreasetherampangle.Theindividualforcesactingon
thecrateareshown.Theylllooksomethinglikethis:
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Watchwhathappenstotheforceoffriction(theredvectorinthepictureortheredplotinthegraph)beforethe
cratestartstoslidedowntheramp.
Astherampangleincreases,theforceofstaticfriction
ANSWER:
decreases.
remainsthesame.
increases.
Correct
Inorderforthecratetoremainatrest,theforceofstaticfrictionmustbeequalinmagnitudetothecomponent
oftheforceofgravityparalleltotheramp.Astherampangleincreases,thiscomponentoftheforceofgravity
increases.
PartB
Withthecratestationaryonahorizontalramp,theforceofstaticfrictionis
ANSWER:
directedtotheleft.
directedtotheright.
zero.
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Correct
Sincetheforceofgravityisvertical,ithasnocomponentparalleltothehorizontalramp.Thismeansthat
thereisnoforcealongtherampthatfrictionhastooppose.
PartC
Whatisthemaximumrampanglethatstillallowsthecratetoremainatrest?(Makesurethecoefficientoffriction
is0.7.)
Expressyouranswertothenearestdegree.
Slowlyincreasetherampangle,andlookatthevalueoftheangleoncethecratebeginstoslide.Yourgraph
willlooksomethinglikethis,andtheslippingoccurswhentheredcurveflattensout:
ANSWER:
= 35
Correct
Thecrateaccelerateswhenthecomponentoftheforceofgravityalongtherampisgreaterthanthemaximum
forceofstaticfriction.Thecomponentoftheforceofgravityalongtherampismgsin() ,wheremgisthe
weightoftheobjectand istherampangle.Themaximumforceofstaticfrictionisn = mgcos(),
wheren isthenormalforceand isthecoefficientofstaticfriction.Themaximumanglecanbedetermined
byequatingthesetwoforces,whichgivessin() = cos(),or = atan() = 35 .
PartD
Inthepreviouspart,youdeterminedthemaximumanglethatstillallowsthecratetoremainatrest.Ifthe
coefficientoffrictionislessthan0.7,whathappenstothisangle?(Notethatyoucanadjustthecoefficientof
frictionbyclickingontheMoreFeaturestabnearthetopofthewindowandthenusingthesliderbarintheright
panel.)
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Themaximumforceofstaticfrictionisgivenbyf s,max
,wheren isthenormalforceactingonthe
= n
crateand isthecoefficientofstaticfriction.Thinkaboutwhathappenstothismaximumforcewhenthe
coefficientoffrictiondecreases.
ANSWER:
Themaximumangledecreases.
Themaximumangleincreases.
Themaximumangleremainsthesame.
Correct
Sincethemaximumforceofstaticfrictiondecreasesduetothesmallercoefficientoffriction,asmaller
componentoftheforceofgravityalongtherampisrequiredtomakethecrateaccelerate.
PartE
ThemassofthecratecanalsobeadjustedbyclickingontheMoreFeaturestabandthenusingthesliderbarin
therightpanel.
Howdoesthemaximumangleforwhichthecratecanremainatrestontherampdependonthemassofthecrate?
Hint1.Howtoapproachthispart
Thinkabouthowthemaximumforceofstaticfrictiondependsonthemassoftheobject,andcomparethat
tohowtheforceofgravitydependsonthemass.Keepinmindthatthefilecabinetwillbeginslippingwhen
themaximumforceofstaticfrictionisequaltothecomponentoftheforceofgravityalongtheramp.
ANSWER:
Themaximumangledecreasesasthemassincreases.
Themaximumangleincreasesasthemassincreases.
Themaximumangledoesnotdependonthemass.
Correct
Althoughthenormalforceandthusthemaximumforceofstaticfrictionincreaseswithincreasingmass,the
componentoftheforceofgravityparalleltotherampincreasesatthesamerate.Themaximumangleis
thereforeindependentofthemass.
Thenextthreepartsdealwiththeforcesonthecratewhilethepersonispushingonit.
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PartF
ClickReset,andthenadjusttherampangleto15 .Comparetheforceofstaticfrictionwhenthereisnoapplied
forcetowhenthereisanappliedforceof100N(pushinguptheramp).
Howdothetwoforcesofstaticfrictioncompare?
ANSWER:
Theforceofstaticfrictionwhenthereisnoappliedforceislessthanthecasewhenthereisanapplied
force.
Theforceofstaticfrictionwhenthereisnoappliedforceisgreaterthanthecasewhenthereisanapplied
force.
Theforceofstaticfrictionwhenthereisnoappliedforceisequaltothecasewhenthereisanapplied
force.
Correct
Inorderforthecratetobestationary,thesumoftheappliedforceandtheforceofstaticfrictionmusthave
thesamemagnitudeasthecomponentofgravityparalleltotheramp(sothatthenetforceiszero).Thus,the
forceoffrictiondecreasesby100Nwhentheappliedforcegoesfromzeroto100N.
PartG
Forastationarycrate(withacoefficientoffrictionof0.7)onthe15 ramp,cantheforceofstaticfrictioneverbe
zero?
Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblemusingthesimulation
Adjusttheappliedforcewhilewatchingtheforceofstaticfrictionintheparallelforcegraph.Determineifyou
canmaketheforceofstaticfrictiongotozero.
Hint2.Howtoapproachtheproblemusingphysicsreasoning
Thinkaboutwhatwouldberequiredforthecabinettobeatrestonafrictionlesssurface.Inwhichdirection
istheforceofgravity?Inwhichdirectionwouldtheappliedforcehavetobeexertedtobalancetheforceof
gravityalongtheramp?
ANSWER:
No
Yes,butonlyforaspecificappliedforcedirecteduptheramp.
Yes,butonlyforaspecificappliedforcedirecteddowntheramp.
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Correct
Whentheappliedforcehasthesamestrengthasthecomponentoftheforceofgravityparalleltotheramp,
thenthenetforceonthecratewouldbezeroifthesurfacewerefrictionless.Thismeansfrictiondoesnthave
tohelp,andsotheforceoffrictioniszero(thisissimilartoPartB,wherethecrateissittingonahorizontal
surfacewithnoappliedforces).Noticethatiftheappliedforceisgreaterthanthisvalue,theforceofstatic
frictionisdirecteddowntheramp.
PartH
Slowlyadjusttheappliedforce(pushingbothupanddowntheramp)untilthecratebeginstomove.Determinethe
minimumstrengthofthepushingforceneededtoacceleratethecrateuptherampandtheminimumstrengthofthe
pushingforceneededtoacceleratethecratedowntheramp.
Howdothesetwominimumstrengthscomparetoeachother?
ANSWER:
Theminimumpushneededtogetthecratetoslideuptherampisgreaterthanthattogetthecrateto
slidedowntheramp.
Theminimumpushneededtogetthecratetoslideuptherampisthesameasthattogetthecrateto
slidedowntheramp.
Theminimumpushneededtogetthecratetoslideuptherampislessthanthattogetthecratetoslide
downtheramp.
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Correct
Whenpushinguptheramp,theappliedforceisopposingnotonlythestaticfrictionforce(whichisdirected
downtheramp)butalsothecomponentoftheforceofgravityalongtheramp.Whenpushingdowntheramp,
theappliedforceisbeinghelpedbythecomponentoftheforceofgravitydowntherampinopposingthe
frictionforce(directeduptheramp),andsodoesntneedtobeasstrong.
Thisshouldbeconsistentwithyourownexperiencestryingtomovethingsupanddownslopes.
PhETInteractiveSimulations
UniversityofColorado
http://phet.colorado.edu
PSS11.1SolvingEnergyProblems
LearningGoal:
TopracticeProblemSolvingStrategy11.1forenergyproblems.
Asledisbeingheldatrestonaslopethatmakesanangle withthehorizontal.Afterthesledisreleased,itslidesa
distanced 1 downtheslopeandthencoversthedistanced 2 alongthehorizontalterrainbeforestopping.Findthe
coefficientofkineticfriction k betweenthesledandtheground,assumingthatitisconstantthroughoutthetrip.
PROBLEMSOLVINGSTRATEGY11.1Solvingenergyproblems
MODEL: Identifywhichobjectsarepartofthesystemandwhichareintheenvironment.Ifpossible,chooseasystem
withoutfrictionorotherdissipativeforces.Someproblemsmayneedtobesubdividedintotwoormoreparts.
VISUALIZE: Drawabeforeandafterpictorialrepresentationandanenergybarchart.Afreebodydiagrammaybehelpful
ifyou'regoingtocalculatework,althoughoftentheforcesaresimpleenoughtobeshownonthepictorial
representation.
SOLVE: Ifthesystemisbothisolatedandnondissipative,thenthemechanicalenergyisconserved:
K +U
= K +U
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K f + Uf = K i + Ui .
Ifthereareexternalordissipativeforces,calculateW ext andEth .Then,usethemoregeneralenergyequation:
K f + Uf
+ Eth = Ki + Ui + W ext
Kinematicsand/orotherconservationlawsmaybeneededforsomeproblems.
ASSESS: Checkthatyourresulthasthecorrectunits,isreasonable,andanswersthequestion.
Model
Theprobleminvolvesfriction.Therefore,alltheobjectsinvolvedinthedissipativeinteractioncausedbyfrictionshould
beincludedinthesystem.Thismeansthatforthisproblem,thesystemiscomposedofboththesledandthesurface
oftheground.
Visualize
PartA
Inadditiontoabeforeandafterpictorialrepresentation,inenergyproblemsitisoftenusefultodrawenergybar
charts,astheonesshownbelow.Takingtheinitialstateofthesystemtobethemomentwhenthesledisreleased
fromrestandthefinalstatetobethemomentwhenthesledcomestoastop,letKi ,Ui ,Kf ,andUf bethe
sled'sinitialandfinalkineticandgravitationalenergies,respectivelyletW ext betheworkdoneonthesystemby
externalforces,andEth betheincreaseinthermalenergyofthesystem.Takethegravitationalenergyofthe
sledatthebottomoftheslopetobezero.Whichofthefollowingenergybarchartscorrectlydescribestheenergy
transformationoccurringinthisproblem?
Hint1.Externalforcesandisolatedsystems
Becausenoworkisdonebyexternalforces,thesystemisisolatedandW ext
atanytime.
= 0
ANSWER:
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Correct
Becausenoworkisdonebyexternalforces,thesystemisisolatedandW ext = 0atanytime.Sincethesled
startsfromrestandeventuallycomestoastop,theentireinitialenergyofthesystem,whichisintheformof
thesled'sinitialgravitationalenergy,Ui ,mustbetransformedintothermalenergy.Moreprecisely,asthesled
movesdowntheslope,itsgravitationalenergyistransformedpartiallyintothermalenergyandpartiallyinto
kineticenergy.Asthesledreachestheendoftheslopeandstartstoslowdown,thesystemhasnomore
gravitationalenergy.Atthispoint,itskineticenergyistransformedentirelyintothermalenergy.Thisenergy
transformationissummarizedinthefollowingenergybarcharts:
Acompletepictorialrepresentationofthisproblemshouldincludeabeforeandafterpictorialrepresentation
likethisone:
Solve
PartB
Findthecoefficientofkineticfriction k .
Expressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallofthevariablesd 1 ,d 2 ,and .
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Becausenoworkisdonebyexternalforces,thesystemisisolatedandW ext = 0atanytime.Therefore,
youcanwritetheconservationofenergyequationfortheentiremotionofthesled.Taketheinitialstateto
bethemomentwhenthesledisreleasedfromrestatthetopoftheslope,andthefinalstatethemoment
whenthesledcomestoastopaftertravelingthegivendistanceonthehorizontalterrain.Besureto
calculatetheincreaseinthermalenergyofthesystem,Eth ,correctly:Youshouldcalculatetheincrease
inthermalenergyasthesledslidesdowntheslope,andthentheincreaseinthermalenergyasthesled
travelshorizontally.Notethat,althoughthecoefficientoffrictionisconstantthroughoutthemotion,the
actualfrictionforcechangesasthesledmovesfromtheslopeontothehorizontalterrain.
Hint2.Howtotreattheunknownmassofthesled
Towritetheequationsforenergyconservation,youwillneedtointroduceavariablemrepresentingthe
massofthesled.However,becausethemasswasnotgivenintheproblemstatement,youshould
anticipatethatmwillnotbeapartofthefinalanswer.
Hint3.Calculatetheincreaseinthethermalenergyfortheentiretrip
FindEth ,theincreaseinthethermalenergyofthesystemduringtheentiremotion.
Expressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallofthevariablesd 1 ,d 2 , k ,and .Ifneeded,usemfor
themassofthesledandg fortheaccelerationduetogravity.
Hint1.Theforceoffrictionandtheincreaseinthermalenergy
Recallthattheincreaseinthermalenergyofthesystemduetothedissipativeforceoffrictionis
Eth = f r,where f isthemagnitudeoftheforceoffrictionand r isthedistancetraveled
k
k
bytheobjectinvolvedinthedissipativeinteraction.
Hint2.Findtheforceoffrictionforthemotiondowntheslope
Findthemagnitudeoftheforceoffriction(f k ) slope betweenthesledandthesurfaceoftheslopeas
thesledmovesdowntheslope.
Expressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallofthevariablesd 1 ,d 2 , k ,and .Ifneeded,use
m forthemassofthesledand g fortheaccelerationduetogravity.
ANSWER:
(f
slope
mgcos()
Hint3.Findtheforceoffrictionforthehorizontalmotion
Findthemagnitudeoftheforceoffriction(f k ) hor betweenthesledandthesurfaceoftheslopeas
thesledmoveshorizontally.
Expressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallofthevariablesd 1 ,d 2 , k ,and .Ifneeded,use
m forthemassofthesledand g fortheaccelerationduetogravity.
ANSWER:
(f
hor
mg
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ANSWER:
Eth
mg(d 1 cos() + d 2 )
Hint4.Findtheinitialandfinalgravitationalenergies
FindthepotentialenergyUi ofthesledattheveryfirstmomentofmotion,andthenthepotentialenergyUf
ofthesledtheverylastmomentofmotion.Takethegravitationalpotentialenergyofthesledtobezeroat
thebottomoftheslope.
ANSWER:
Ui
,Uf =
mgd 1 sin() 0
Hint5.Findtheinitialandfinalkineticenergies
FindthekineticenergyKi ofthesledattheveryfirstmomentofmotion,andthenthekineticenergyKf of
thesledtheverylastmomentofmotion.
ANSWER:
Ki
,Kf = 0,0
ANSWER:
d 1 sin
d 1 cos+d 2
Correct
Asexpected,theanswerdoesnotdependonthemassofthesled.
Assess
PartC
Toassesswhetheryourcalculationsarereasonable,we'llanalyzeasimilarsituationtotheonedescribedinthe
problemintroduction.
Supposethesamesledisreleasedfromthesameheightonthesameslope.Thistime,however,assumethatthe
coefficientofkineticfrictionbetweenthegroundandthesledisaknownquantity, ,and,asbefore,constant
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throughoutthetrip.Afterthesledisreleased,itslidesthesamedistanced 1 downtheslopeandthenmovesa
certain(unknown)distancealongthehorizontalterrainbeforestopping.Findthedistanced traveledbythesled
fromtheendoftheslopeuntilitcomestoastop.
Expressyouranswerintermsofthevariablesd 1 , ,and .
Inprinciple,youcouldrepeatthesamecalculationsyoudidinthepreviouspart,usingd insteadofd 2 and
insteadof k .Youwouldthensolveford insteadof .Inpractice,however,youdonotneedtowritedown
theconservationofenergyequationagaininstead,youcandirectlyuseyourexpressionfor k fromPart
B.Simplyrewriteit,usingd insteadofd 2 and insteadof k ,andthensolveford .
ANSWER:
(sin cos)
d1
Correct
Ifyouhavenotyetdoneso,simplifyyourexpressionford untilyougetthefollowingequation:
d=
d 1 sin
d1 cos .
Thisresulttellsyouthatifthecoefficientofkineticfriction increases,theratio
d 1 sin
decreases,andso
doesthedistanced .Thisiswhatyoushouldexpect.Iffrictionincreases,moremechanicalenergywillbe
transformedintothermalenergyofthesystemandthesledwilleventuallyrunoutofenergysooner.Inother
words,thesledwillcometoastopsooneraftertravelingashorterdistance.Yourcalculationsdomakesense!
ACarwithConstantPower
Theengineinanimaginarysportscarcanprovideconstantpowertothewheelsoverarangeofspeedsfrom0to70
milesperhour(mph).Atfullpower,thecarcanacceleratefromzeroto31.0mph intime1.10s .
PartA
Atfullpower,howlongwouldittakeforthecartoacceleratefrom0to62.0mph ?Neglectfrictionandair
resistance.
Expressyouranswerinseconds.
Hint1.Energyandpower
Intheabsenceoffriction,theconstantpoweroftheengineimpliesthatthekineticenergyofthecar
increaseslinearlywithtime.
Hint2.Findtheratioofkineticenergies
Findthe(numerical)ratioofthecar'skineticenergyK1 atspeed62.0mph toK2 ,thekineticenergyat
speed31.0mph .
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ANSWER:
K1
K2
= 4
ANSWER:
4.40 s
Correct
Ofcourse,neglectingfriction,especiallyairfriction,iscompletelyunrealisticatsuchspeeds.
PartB
Amorerealisticcarwouldcausethewheelstospininamannerthatwouldresultinthegroundpushingitforward
withaconstantforce(incontrasttotheconstantpowerinPartA).Ifsuchasportscarwentfromzeroto31.0mph
intime1.10s ,howlongwouldittaketogofromzeroto62.0mph ?
Expressyouranswernumerically,inseconds.
Constantforcemeansconstantacceleration.Usethisfacttofindhowthespeedincreaseswithtime.
ANSWER:
2.20 s
Correct
Thisisprobablythefirstandlasttimeyouwillcomeacrossanimaginarycarthatgoesslowerthanthereal
one!
Problem11.29
PartA
Howmuchworkdoesanelevatormotordotolifta1500kg elevatoraheightof160m?
Expressyouranswerwiththeappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
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W ext
= 2.35106J
Correct
PartB
Howmuchpowermustthemotorsupplytodothisin60s atconstantspeed?
ANSWER:
P
= 3.92104W
Correct
PotentialEnergyGraphsandMotion
LearningGoal:
Tobeabletointerpretpotentialenergydiagramsandpredictthecorrespondingmotionofaparticle.
Potentialenergydiagramsforaparticleareusefulinpredictingthemotionofthatparticle.Thesediagramsallowoneto
determinethedirectionoftheforceactingontheparticleatanypoint,thepointsofstableandunstableequilibrium,the
particle'skineticenergy,etc.
Considerthepotentialenergydiagramshown.Thecurve
representsthevalueofpotentialenergyU asafunctionof
theparticle'scoordinatex .Thehorizontallineabovethe
curverepresentstheconstantvalueofthetotalenergyofthe
particleE .ThetotalenergyE isthesumofkinetic(K )and
potential(U )energiesoftheparticle.
Thekeyideaininterpretingthegraphcanbeexpressedinthe
equation
Fx (x) =
dU (x)
dx
whereFx (x) isthexcomponentofthenetforceasfunction

oftheparticle'scoordinatex .Notethenegativesign:It
meansthatthexcomponentofthenetforceisnegativewhen
thederivativeispositiveandviceversa.Forinstance,ifthe
particleismovingtotheright,anditspotentialenergyis
increasing,thenetforcewouldbepullingtheparticletothe
left.
Ifyouarestillhavingtroublevisualizingthis,considerthefollowing:Ifamassiveparticleisincreasingitsgravitational
potentialenergy(thatis,movingupward),theforceofgravityispullingintheoppositedirection(thatis,downward).
Ifthexcomponentofthenetforceiszero,theparticleissaidtobeinequilibrium.Therearetwokindsofequilibrium:
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Stableequilibriummeansthatsmalldeviationsfromtheequilibriumpointcreateanetforcethat
acceleratestheparticlebacktowardtheequilibriumpoint(thinkofaballrollingbetweentwohills).
Unstableequilibriummeansthatsmalldeviationsfromtheequilibriumpointcreateanetforcethat
acceleratestheparticlefurtherawayfromtheequilibriumpoint(thinkofaballontopofahill).
Inansweringthefollowingquestions,wewillassumethatthereisasinglevaryingforceF actingontheparticlealong
thexaxis.Therefore,wewillusethetermforceinsteadofthecumbersomexcomponentofthenetforce.
PartA
TheforceactingontheparticleatpointAis__________.
Hint1.Signofthederivative
Ifafunctionincreases(asx increases)inacertainregion,thenthederivativeofthefunctioninthatregion
ispositive.
Hint2.Signofthecomponent
Ifx increasestotheright,asinthegraphshown,thena(onedimensional)vectorwithapositivex
componentpointstotheright,andviceversa.
ANSWER:
directedtotheright
directedtotheleft
equaltozero
Correct
ConsiderthegraphintheregionofpointA.Iftheparticleismovingtotheright,itwouldbe"climbingthehill,"
andtheforcewould"pullitdown,"thatis,pulltheparticlebacktotheleft.Another,moreabstractwayof
thinkingaboutthisistosaythattheslopeofthegraphatpointAispositivetherefore,thedirectionofF is
negative.
PartB
TheforceactingontheparticleatpointCis__________.
Hint1.Signofthederivative
Ifafunctionincreases(asx increases)inacertainregion,thenthederivativeofthefunctioninthatregion
ispositive,andviceversa.
Hint2.Signofthecomponent
Ifx increasestotheright,asinthegraphshown,thena(onedimensional)vectorwithapositivex
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componentpointstotheright,andviceversa.
ANSWER:
directedtotheright
directedtotheleft
equaltozero
Correct
PartC
TheforceactingontheparticleatpointBis__________.
Hint1.Derivativeofafunctionatalocalmaximum
Atalocalmaximum,thederivativeofafunctionisequaltozero.
ANSWER:
directedtotheright
directedtotheleft
equaltozero
Correct
Theslopeofthegraphiszerotherefore,thederivativedU /dx
,and|F |
= 0
= 0
PartD
TheaccelerationoftheparticleatpointBis__________.
Hint1.Relationbetweenaccelerationandforce
TherelationbetweenaccelerationandforceisgivenbyNewton's2ndlaw,
F = ma.
ANSWER:
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directedtotheright
directedtotheleft
equaltozero
Correct
Ifthenetforceiszero,soistheacceleration.Theparticleissaidtobeinastateofequilibrium.
PartE
IftheparticleislocatedslightlytotheleftofpointB,itsaccelerationis__________.
Hint1.Theforceonsuchaparticle
TotheleftofB,U (x)isanincreasingfunctionandsoitsderivativeispositive.Thisimpliesthatthex
componentoftheforceonaparticleatthislocationisnegative,orthattheforceisdirectedtotheleft,just
likeatA.Whatcanyousaynowabouttheacceleration?
ANSWER:
directedtotheright
directedtotheleft
equaltozero
Correct
PartF
IftheparticleislocatedslightlytotherightofpointB,itsaccelerationis__________.
Hint1.Theforceonsuchaparticle
TotherightofB,U (x)isadecreasingfunctionandsoitsderivativeisnegative.Thisimpliesthatthex
componentoftheforceonaparticleatthislocationispositive,orthattheforceisdirectedtotheright,just
likeatC.Whatcanyounowsayabouttheacceleration?
ANSWER:
directedtotheright
directedtotheleft
equaltozero
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Correct
Asyoucansee,smalldeviationsfromequilibriumatpointBcauseaforcethatacceleratestheparticlefurther
awayhencetheparticleisinunstableequilibrium.
PartG
Namealllabeledpointsonthegraphcorrespondingtounstableequilibrium.
Listyourchoicesalphabetically,withnocommasorspacesforinstance,ifyouchoosepointsB,D,andE,
typeyouranswerasBDE.
Hint1.Definitionofunstableequilibrium
Unstableequilibriummeansthatsmalldeviationsfromtheequilibriumpointcreateanetforcethat
acceleratestheparticlefurtherawayfromtheequilibriumpoint(thinkofaballontopofahill).
ANSWER:
BF
Correct
PartH
Namealllabeledpointsonthegraphcorrespondingtostableequilibrium.
Hint1.Definitionofstableequilibrium
Stableequilibriummeansthatsmalldeviationsfromtheequilibriumpointcreateanetforcethataccelerates
theparticlebacktowardtheequilibriumpoint.(Thinkofaballrollingbetweentwohills.)
ANSWER:
DH
Correct
PartI
Namealllabeledpointsonthegraphwheretheaccelerationoftheparticleiszero.
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Hint1.Relationbetweenaccelerationandforce
TherelationbetweenaccelerationandforceisgivenbyNewton's2ndlaw,
F = ma.
ANSWER:
BDFH
Correct
Youranswer,ofcourse,includesthelocationsofbothstableandunstableequilibrium.
PartJ
Namealllabeledpointssuchthatwhenaparticleisreleasedfromrestthere,itwouldacceleratetotheleft.
Hint1.Determinethesignofthexcomponentofforce
Iftheaccelerationistotheleft,soistheforce.Thismeansthatthexcomponentoftheforceis
__________.
ANSWER:
positive
negative
Hint2.WhatisthebehaviorofU (x) ?
Ifthexcomponentoftheforceatapointisnegative,thenthederivativeofU (x)atthatpointispositive.
ThismeansthatintheregionaroundthepointU (x)is__________.
ANSWER:
increasing
decreasing
ANSWER:
AE
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Correct
PartK
ConsiderpointsA,E,andG.Ofthesethreepoints,whichonecorrespondstothegreatestmagnitudeof
accelerationoftheparticle?
Hint1.Accelerationandforce
Thegreatestaccelerationcorrespondstothegreatestmagnitudeofthenetforce,representedonthegraph
bythemagnitudeoftheslope.
ANSWER:
A
E
G
Correct
Kineticenergy
IfthetotalenergyE oftheparticleisknown,onecanalsousethegraphofU (x)todrawconclusionsaboutthekinetic
energyoftheparticlesince
K = E U
Asareminder,onthisgraph,thetotalenergyE isshownbythehorizontalline.
PartL
Whatpointonthegraphcorrespondstothemaximumkineticenergyofthemovingparticle?
Hint1.K ,U ,andE
Sincethetotalenergydoesnotchange,themaximumkineticenergycorrespondstotheminimumpotential
energy.
ANSWER:
D
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Correct
Itmakessensethatthekineticenergyoftheparticleismaximumatoneofthe(force)equilibriumpoints.For
example,thinkofapendulum(whichhasonlyoneforceequilibriumpointattheverybottom).
PartM
Atwhatpointonthegraphdoestheparticlehavethelowestspeed?
ANSWER:
B
Correct
Asyoucansee,manydifferentconclusionscanbemadeabouttheparticle'smotionmerelybylookingatthe
graph.Itishelpfultounderstandthecharacterofmotionqualitativelybeforeyouattemptquantitative
problems.Thisproblemshouldproveusefulinimprovingsuchanunderstanding.
Problem11.65
Inahydroelectricdam,waterfalls24.0mandthenspinsaturbinetogenerateelectricity.
PartA
WhatisU of1.0kgofwater?
ANSWER:
235J
Correct
PartB
Supposethedamis80%efficientatconvertingthewater'spotentialenergytoelectricalenergy.Howmany
kilogramsofwatermustpassthroughtheturbineseachsecondtogenerate50.0MW ofelectricity?Thisisa
typicalvalueforasmallhydroelectricdam.
Expressyouranswerusingthreedecimalplaces.
ANSWER:
2.66105 kg/s
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Correct
Problem11.67
APorsche944Turbohasaratedenginepowerof217hp .30%ofthepowerislostinthedrivetrain,and70%reaches
thewheels.Thetotalmassofthecaranddriveris1490kg ,andtwothirdsoftheweightisoverthedrivewheels.
PartA
WhatisthemaximumaccelerationofthePorscheonaconcretesurfacewhere s
= 1.00
Hint1.Hint
Whatforcepushesthecarforward?
ANSWER:
a max
= 6.53 s
Correct
PartB
IfthePorscheacceleratesata max ,whatisitsspeedwhenitreachesmaximumpoweroutput?
ANSWER:
v
= 11.6
m
s
Correct
PartC
HowlongdoesittakethePorschetoreachthemaximumpoweroutput?
ANSWER:
t
= 1.78s
49/50
5/6/2016
Ch11HW
Correct
ScoreSummary:
Yourscoreonthisassignmentis101%.
Youreceived75.46outofapossibletotalof75points.
50/50

Mastering Physics CH 11 HW College Physics I LCCC

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5/6/2016

whereW istheworkdonebyforceF ontheobjectthatundergoesdisplacement

< < 180

RecallthattheworkW donebyaconstantforceF atanangle

AboxhasweightofmagnitudeFG =2.00Nacceleratesdownaroughplanethatisinclinedatanangle =30.0

coefficientofkineticfrictionbetweentheboxandtheplaneis k =0.300,andthedisplacementd oftheboxis1.80

Whatistheangle betweenthedisplacementd andthegravitationalforce

Whatistheangle betweenthedisplacementd andthenormalforce

Whatistheangle betweenthedisplacementd andtheforceofkineticfriction,

samedistanced .IgnorefrictionandassumethatanequalforceF isexertedoneachblock.

whereF|| isthecomponentofF paralleltothedirectionofdisplacement.

whereF|| isthecomponentofF paralleltothedirectionofdisplacement.

whereFx (x) isthexcomponentofthenetforceasfunction

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