Mastering Physics CH 07 HW College Physics I LCCC

5/6/2016
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Ch07HW
Due:9:30amonMonday,March21,2016
Youwillreceivenocreditforitemsyoucompleteaftertheassignmentisdue.GradingPolicy
Newton's3rdLawDiscussed
LearningGoal:
TounderstandNewton's3rdlaw,whichstatesthataphysicalinteractionalwaysgeneratesapairofforcesonthetwo
interactingbodies.
InPrincipia,Newtonwrote:
Toeveryactionthereisalwaysopposedanequalreaction:or,themutualactionsoftwobodiesuponeachotherare
alwaysequal,anddirectedtocontraryparts.
(translationbyCajori)
Thephraseafterthecolon(oftenomittedfromtextbooks)makesitclearthatthisisastatementaboutthenatureof
force.Thecentralideaisthatphysicalinteractions(e.g.,duetogravity,bodiestouching,orelectricforces)cause
forcestoarisebetweenpairsofbodies.Eachpairwiseinteractionproducesapairofoppositeforces,oneactingon
eachbody.Insummary,eachphysicalinteractionbetweentwobodiesgeneratesapairofforces.Whateverthe
physicalcauseoftheinteraction,theforceonbodyAfrombodyBisequalinmagnitudeandoppositeindirectionto
theforceonbodyBfrombodyA.
Incidentally,Newtonstatesthattheword"action"denotesboth(a)theforceduetoaninteractionand(b)thechangesin
momentumthatitimpartstothetwointeractingbodies.Ifyouhaven'tlearnedaboutmomentum,don'tworryfornow
thisisjustastatementabouttheoriginofforces.
Markeachofthefollowingstatementsastrueorfalse.Ifastatementrefersto"twobodies"interactingviasomeforce,
youarenottoassumethatthesetwobodieshavethesamemass.
PartA
Everyforcehasoneandonlyone3rdlawpairforce.
ANSWER:
true
false
Correct
PartB
Thetwoforcesineachpairactinoppositedirections.
ANSWER:
true
false
https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=4057473
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Correct
PartC
Thetwoforcesineachpaircaneitherbothactonthesamebodyortheycanactondifferentbodies.
ANSWER:
true
false
Correct
PartD
Thetwoforcesineachpairmayhavedifferentphysicalorigins(forinstance,oneoftheforcescouldbedueto
gravity,anditspairforcecouldbeduetofrictionorelectriccharge).
ANSWER:
true
false
Correct
PartE
Thetwoforcesofa3rdlawpairalwaysactondifferentbodies.
ANSWER:
true
false
Correct
PartF
Giventhattwobodiesinteractviasomeforce,theaccelerationsofthesetwobodieshavethesamemagnitudebut
oppositedirections.(Assumenootherforcesactoneitherbody.)
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Hint1.F = ma
RememberF =
magnitude?
:Iftheforcesareequalinmagnitude,musttheaccelerationsalsobeofequal
ma
ANSWER:
true
false
Correct
Newton's3rdlawcanbesummarixedasfollows:Aphysicalinteraction(e.g.,gravity)operatesbetweentwo
interactingbodiesandgeneratesapairofoppositeforces,oneoneachbody.Itoffersyouawaytotestfor
realforces(i.e.,thosethatbelongontheforcesideofF = ma)thereshouldbea3rdlawpairforce
operatingonsomeotherbodyforeachrealforcethatactsonthebodywhoseaccelerationisunder
consideration.
PartG
AccordingtoNewton's3rdlaw,theforceonthe(smaller)moonduetothe(larger)earthis
ANSWER:
greaterinmagnitudeandantiparalleltotheforceontheearthduetothemoon.
greaterinmagnitudeandparalleltotheforceontheearthduetothemoon.
equalinmagnitudebutantiparalleltotheforceontheearthduetothemoon.
equalinmagnitudeandparalleltotheforceontheearthduetothemoon.
smallerinmagnitudeandantiparalleltotheforceontheearthduetothemoon.
smallerinmagnitudeandparalleltotheforceontheearthduetothemoon.
Correct
Problem7.1
Aweightlifterstandsupatconstantspeedfromasquattingpositionwhileholdingaheavybarbellacrosshisshoulders.
PartA
Drawafreebodydiagramforthebarbells.
Drawtheforcevectorswiththeirtailsatthedot.Theorientationofyourvectorswillbegraded.Theexact
lengthofyourvectorswillnotbegradedbuttherelativelengthofonetotheotherwillbegraded.
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ANSWER:
Correct
PartB
Drawafreebodydiagramfortheweightlifter.
Drawtheforcevectorswiththeirtailsatthedot.Theorientationofyourvectorswillbegraded.Theexact
lengthofyourvectorswillnotbegradedbuttherelativelengthofonetotheotherwillbegraded.
ANSWER:
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Correct
Problem7.5
BlockAinthefigureisheavierthanblockBandissliding
downtheincline.Allsurfaceshavefriction.Theropeis
massless,andthemasslesspulleyturnsonfrictionless
bearings.Theropeandthepulleyareamongtheinteracting
objects,butyou'llhavetodecideifthey'repartofthesystem.
PartA
DrawafreebodydiagramfortheblockA.
Drawthevectorsstartingattheblackdot.Thelocationandorientationofthevectorswillbegraded.The
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lengthofthevectorswillnotbegraded.
ANSWER:
Correct
PartB
DrawafreebodydiagramfortheblockB.
Drawthevectorsstartingattheblackdot.Thelocationandorientationofthevectorswillbegraded.The
lengthofthevectorswillnotbegraded.
ANSWER:
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Correct
VideoTutor:SuspendedBalls:WhichStringBreaks?
First,launchthevideobelow.Youwillbeaskedtouseyourknowledgeofphysicstopredicttheoutcomeofan
experiment.Then,closethevideowindowandanswerthequestionatright.Youcanwatchthevideoagainatanypoint.
PartA
Aheavycrateisattachedtothewallbyalightrope,asshowninthefigure.Anotherropehangsofftheopposite
edgeofthebox.Ifyouslowlyincreasetheforceonthefreeropebypullingonitinahorizontaldirection,which
ropewillbreak?Ignorefrictionandthemassoftheropes.
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Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Becauseyouslowlyincreasetheforceyouexertontherope,theblocksinertiadoesnotaffectthe
outcome.
Whyisthatthecase?Asyoupullharder,theropesstretchabit,sotheblockslidesslightlytowardyou.
Butthechangesaresogradualthattheaccelerationsoftheblockandropesarepracticallyzeroatany
instant.
Shownherearefreebodydiagramsfortheropesandblock:
WhatdoesNewtonsthirdlawsayaboutthetensionforcesexertedbytheblockonthetworopes?
ANSWER:
Theropethatyouarepullingonwillbreak.
Theropeattachedtothewallwillbreak.
Bothropesareequallylikelytobreak.
Correct
Sincetheattachedropedoesnthavetosupportanyweight(asitdidintheverticalcase),thetensionisthe
sameinbothropes.
PSS7.1InteractingObjectsProblems
LearningGoal:
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TopracticeProblemSolvingStrategy7.1forinteractingobjectsproblems.
A1300kg carispushinganoutofgear2140kg truckthathasadeadbattery.Whenthedriverstepsonthe
accelerator,thedrivewheelsofthecarpushhorizontallyagainstthegroundwithaforceof4470N.Therollingfriction
ofthecarcanbeneglected,buttheheaviertruckhasarollingfrictionof770N,includingthe"friction"ofturningthe
truck'sdrivetrain.Whatisthemagnitudeoftheforcethecarappliestothetruck?
PROBLEMSOLVINGSTRATEGY7.1Interactingobjectsproblems
MODEL: Identifywhichobjectsarepartofthesystemandwhicharepartoftheenvironment.Makesimplifying
assumptions.
VISUALIZE: Drawapictorialrepresentation.
Showimportantpointsinthemotionwithasketch.Youmaywanttogiveeachobjectaseparate
coordinatesystem.Definesymbols,andidentifywhattheproblemistryingtofind.
Identifyaccelerationconstraints.
Drawaninteractiondiagramtoidentifytheforcesoneachobjectandallaction/reactionpairs.
Drawaseparatefreebodydiagramforeachobject.
Connecttheforcevectorsofaction/reactionpairswithdashedlines.Usesubscriptlabelstodistinguish
forcesthatactindependentlyonmorethanoneobject.
SOLVE:UseNewton'ssecondandthirdlaws.
WritetheequationsofNewtonssecondlawforeachobject,usingtheforceinformationfromthefreebody
diagrams.
Equatethemagnitudesofaction/reactionpairs.
Includetheaccelerationconstraints,thefrictionmodel,andotherquantitativeinformationrelevanttothe
problem.
Solvefortheacceleration,andthenusekinematicstofindvelocitiesandpositions.
ASSESS: Checkthatyourresulthasthecorrectunits,isreasonable,andanswersthequestion.
Model
Thecarandthetruckareseparateobjectsthatformthesystem.Sinceonlythestraightlinemotionofthecarandtruck
isinvolvedinthisproblem,modelthemasparticles.Theearthandtheroadsurfacearepartoftheenvironment.
Visualize
PartA
Whichofthefollowingdiagramsisthecorrectinteractiondiagramforthesituationdescribedinthisproblem?Each
redlinerepresentsaninteractionandanaction/reactionpairofforces.Thelabelsusedinthediagramsarethe
following:
C=car
T=truck
R=roadsurface
EE=entireearth
ANSWER:
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Foreachobjectinthesystem,threeinteractionlinescrossthesystemboundaryandthusrepresentexternal
forces.Thesearethegravitationalforcefromtheentireearth,theupwardnormalforce,andafrictionforce
fromtheroadsurface.Inaddition,oneinteractionlineconnectsthetwoobjectsinthesystem.Thisrepresents
aninternalinteraction,thatis,anaction/reactionpair.
PartB
Assumingthatthecarpushesthetrucktotheright,whichofthefollowingfreebodydiagramsisthecorrect
diagramforthesituationdescribedinthisproblem?Ineachcase,thediagramontheleftreferstothecar,andthat
ontherighttothetruck.Dashedlinesconnectaction/reactionpairs.Thefollowingnotationisused:f ,n,andF G
are,respectively,friction,normalforce,andgravitysubscriptsCandTstandfor"actingoncar"and"actingon
truck"F ConT
istheforceexertedonthetruckbythecarandF TonC
istheforceexertedonthecarbythetruck.
Notethattheforcevectorsarenotdrawninscale.
Hint1.Drawthefreebodydiagramforthecar
Completethefreebodydiagramofthecarbydrawingtheforcesthatactonit.Assumethecarpushesthe
trucktotheright.
Drawthevectorswiththeirtailsattheblackdot,whichrepresentsthecar.Theorientationofyour
vectorswillbegraded.Thelengthofyourvectorswillnotbegraded.
ANSWER:
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Hint2.Drawthefreebodydiagramforthetruck
Completethefreebodydiagramofthetruckbydrawingtheforcesthatactonit.Assumethecarpushes
thetrucktotheright.
Drawthevectorswiththeirtailsattheblackdot,whichrepresentsthetruck.Theorientationofyour
vectorswillbegraded.Thelengthofyourvectorswillnotbegraded.
ANSWER:
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ANSWER:
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Correct
AsthecarpushesthetruckwithaforceF ConT
,thetruckpushesbackonthecarwithareactionforce
.SinceF ConT
actsonthetruck,itmustbeshownonthetruck'sfreebodydiagramsimilarly,F TonC
actsonthecar,soitisshownonthecar'sfreebodydiagram.
F TonC
Thereisalsoasecondaction/reactionpairthatisnotshowninthediagramabove.Whenthecarpushes
againstthegroundwithaforceof4470N,thegroundpushesbackonthecarwithaforceofequal
magnitude.Topropelforward,thecarmustbepushingbackwardagainsttheground.So,thegroundmust
respondbypushingthecarforward.Thisforwarddirectedforceexertedbythegroundisf C
,astaticfriction
forceactingonthecar'stires.Itisastaticfrictionforcebecause,eventhoughthetiresarerolling,thebottom
ofeachtire,whereitcontactstheroad,isinstantaneouslyatrest.Furthermore,notethatitisthisforward
directedstaticfrictionforcethatpropelsthesystemforward!
Nowthatyouhaveidentifiedalltheforcesactingonthesystem,don'tforgettoincludethenecessary
accelerationconstraintsinyourpictorialrepresentation.Inthisproblem,thereisonlyoneacceleration
constraint:thecarandthetruckarebothacceleratingalongthexdirectionandatthesamerate,so
.
aC = aT = ax
Solve
PartC
WhatisthemagnitudeFConT oftheforcethatthecarexertsonthetruck?Usethecoordinatesystemshownin
PartB,whereupwardisthepositiveydirectionandtotheright,thedirectionF ConT
points,isthepositivex
direction.
Expressyouranswerinnewtonstothreesignificantfigures.
You'vealreadyidentifiedalloftheforces,theirdirections,andhowtheyrelateasthirdlawpairs.Beginby
writingdownNewton'ssecondlawforeachcomponentofthetruckandthenthecar.Notice,however,that
neitherobjecthasaverticalacceleration.Therefore,theycomponentequationsdon'tgiveyouany
informationtowardfindingFConT .Theysimplytellyouthatthenormalforceandtheweightareequaland
oppositelydirectedforeachobject.
Then,solveNewton'ssecondlawfortheaccelerationofeachobject(recallingthattheaccelerationdoesnot
haveaycomponent)andsubstituteinthenumericalvaluesthatyouaregivenfortheforcemagnitudes.
Usetheaccelerationconstrainttocombinethetwoequationstogiveasingleequation.Finally,eliminate
usingthefactthatthemagnitudesofF TonC
andF ConT
areequal,andsolvetheresultingequation
forFConT .
F TonC
Hint2.SetupNewton'ssecondlawforthetruck'sxcomponents
WriteNewton'ssecondlawforthetruckbyaddingtheforcesactingonthetruckalongthex direction.
UsethecoordinatesystemshowninPartB,wherethepositiveydirectionisupward,andthepositivex
directionistotheright.Thesignsoftheforcesinyourexpressionaredeterminedbythischoiceof
coordinates.
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Expressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallofthefollowingvariables:FConT ,themagnitudeofthe
forcethecarexertsonthetruckn T ,themagnitudeofthenormalforceonthetruckf T ,the
magnitudeofthefrictionbetweenthetruck'stiresandthegroundandFGT ,themagnitudeofthe
gravitationalforceofthetruck.
ANSWER:
=
Fx = mT a x =
F ConT f
AnswerRequested
Hint3.SetupNewton'ssecondlawforthecar'sxcomponents
WriteNewton'ssecondlawforthecarbyaddingtheforcesactingonthecaralongthex direction.
UsethecoordinatesystemshowninPartB,wherethepositiveydirectionisupward,andthepositivex
directionistotheright.Thesignsoftheforcesinyourexpressionaredeterminedbythischoiceof
coordinates.
Expressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallofthefollowingvariables:FTonC ,themagnitudeofthe
forcethetruckexertsonthecarn C ,themagnitudeofthenormalforceonthecarf C ,thefriction
betweenthecar'stiresandthegroundandFGC ,themagnitudeoftheweightofthecar.
ANSWER:
=
Fx = mC a x =
F TonC
AnswerRequested
Hint4.Findthefrictionalforceonthecar
Whenthedriverstepsontheaccelerator,thedrivewheelsofthecarpushagainstthegroundwithaforceof
N
f
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4470N.Whatisthemagnitudef C ofthefrictionalforceexertedbythegroundonthecar'stires?
Expressyouranswerinnewtonstothreesignificantfigures.
Hint1.Theaction/reactionpair
Whenthecarpushesagainstthegroundwiththegivenforce,thegroundpushesbackonthecar
withaforceofequalmagnitude,butoppositeindirection.
Whatisthemagnitudeofthefrictionalforceexertedbythegroundonthecar?
ANSWER:
f
= 4470 N
ANSWER:
F ConT
= 3070 N
Allattemptsusedcorrectanswerdisplayed
Assess
PartD
Whatistheaccelerationa T ofthetruck?
Expressyouranswerinmeterspersecondsquaredtothreesignificantfigures.
SinceyouhavefoundFConT ,andyouaregiventhefrictionalforceactingonthetruck,youcancalculate
thenetforceonthetruck.JustuseNewton'ssecondlawwiththisnetforceandthemassgiveninthe
introductiontofindthetruck'sacceleration.
ANSWER:
aT
= 1.08 m/s 2
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Correct
Thisisareasonableaccelerationforatruckbeingpushedbyacar.Ifyouhadfoundsomethinggreaterthan
10m/s 2 ,youshouldbesuspicious,sincethatwouldimplythatthetruckwereacceleratingmorequickly
thanifithadbeendroppedfromabuilding.Similarly,ifyouhadfoundanaccelerationlessthan0.1m/s 2 ,
youshouldbesuspicious,asthisisanextremelysmallaccelerationforacar(evenonepushingatruck).
Notice,also,thattheforcethatthecarexertsonthetruckissmallerthantheforcethatthegroundexertson
thecar.Thisshouldmakesensetoyou:Ifthecarexertedagreaterforceonthetruckthanthegroundexerted
onthecar,thethirdlawpartner(theforcethatthetruckexertsonthecar)wouldbesobigthatthenetforce
onthecarwouldbebackward!
ABookonaTable
Abookweighing5Nrestsontopofatable.
PartA
Adownwardforceofmagnitude5Nisexertedonthebookbytheforceof
ANSWER:
thetable
gravity
inertia
Correct
PartB
Anupwardforceofmagnitude_____isexertedonthe_____bythetable.
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ANSWER:
6N/table
5N/table
5N/book
6N/book
Correct
PartC
DothedownwardforceinPartAandtheupwardforceinPartBconstitutea3rdlawpair?
Hint1.Theforceofgravity
Theforceofgravityisanothernamefortheforceexertedbytheearth(oranyastronomicalobject)on
objectsnearitssurface.
Hint2.ExploringNewton's3rdlaw
IndicatewhetherthefollowingstatementsaboutNewton's3rdlawaretrue,false,orindeterminate.
1.AccordingtoNewton's3rdlaw,everyrealforcehasauniquepairforce.
2.Thepairforceiscalleda"fictitiousforce."
3.Theforceandpairforcemustactondifferentpointmasses.
4.Theforceandthepairforcemustalwayshavethesamemagnitudeandmustalsoactin
exactlyoppositedirections.
Entertfortrue,fforfalse,oriforindeterminateforeachstatement,separatingtheanswerswith
commas(e.g.,ifallbutthefirststatementweretrue,youwouldenterf,t,t,t).
ANSWER:
, , ,
t f t t
ANSWER:
yes
no
Correct
PartD
ThereactiontotheforceinPartAisaforceofmagnitude_____,exertedonthe_____bythe_____.Itsdirection
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is_____.
Hint1.Theforceofgravity
Theforceofgravityisanothernamefortheforceexertedbytheearth(oranyastronomicalobject)on
objectsnearitssurface.
ANSWER:
5N/earth/book/upward
5N/book/table/upward
5N/book/earth/upward
5N/earth/book/downward
Correct
PartE
ThereactiontotheforceinPartBisaforceofmagnitude_____,exertedonthe_____bythe_____.Itsdirection
is_____.
ANSWER:
5N/table/book/upward
5N/table/earth/upward
5N/book/table/upward
5N/table/book/downward
5N/earth/book/downward
Correct
PartF
WhichofNewton'slawscouldwehaveusedtopredictthattheforcesinPartsAandBareequalandopposite?
Checkallthatapply.
ANSWER:
Newton's1stlaw
Newton's2ndlaw
Newton's3rdlaw
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Sincethebookisatrest,eitherNewton's1stor2ndlawcantellusthatthenetforceonitmustbezero.This
meansthattheforceexertedonitbytheearthmustbeequalandoppositetotheforceexertedonitbythe
table.
PartG
WhichofNewton'slawscouldwehaveusedtopredictthattheforcesinPartsBandEareequalandopposite?
Checkallthatapply.
ANSWER:
Newton's1stlaw
Newton's2ndlaw
Newton's3rdlaw
Correct
PullingTwoBlocks
Inthesituationshowninthefigure,apersonispullingwithaconstant,nonzeroforceF onstring1,whichisattached
toblockA.BlockAisalsoattachedtoblockBviastring2,asshown.
Forthisproblem,assumethatneitherstringstretchesandthatfrictionisnegligible.Bothblockshavefinite(nonzero)
mass.
PartA
WhichoneofthefollowingstatementscorrectlydescibestherelationshipbetweentheaccelerationsofblocksA
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andB?
Hint1.Relativemovementoftheblocks
Thetwomassesareconnected(bystring2),whichmeans,iftheyarebeingpulled,theymustmove
together.
ANSWER:
BlockAhasalargeraccelerationthanblockB.
BlockBhasalargeraccelerationthanblockA.
Bothblockshavethesameacceleration.
Moreinformationisneededtodeterminetherelationshipbetweentheaccelerations.
Correct
Sincethetwoblocksareconnected,theywon'tmoveindependentlywhenstring1ispulled.AsblockAis
accelerated,itsmotionwillimpartthesameaccelerationtoblockB.
PartB
Howdoesthemagnitudeofthetensioninstring1,T1 ,comparewiththetensioninstring2,T2 ?
SupposethatblockAhasamassm.DrawafreebodydiagramforblockA,thenwritedownNewton's2nd
lawforblockA'shorizontalmotion.WhatisthetensionT1 ?
ExpressthetensionintermsofT2 ,m,andtheblock'saccelerationa .
Hint1.FreebodydiagramforblockA
Takingthepositivedirectiontobetotheright,whatisthenethorizontalforceactingonblockA?
(Notethat,inthefigure,forcesarenotdrawntoscale.)
ExpressyouranswerintermsofT1 ,T2 ,n A ,andw A .
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ANSWER:
=
F = ma
T1 T2
ANSWER:
T1
ma + T2
ANSWER:
T1 > T2
T1 = T2
T1 < T2
MoreinformationisneededtodeterminetherelationshipbetweenT1 andT2 .
Correct
Theforcetransmittedthroughstring1(proportionaltoT1 )mustbeenoughtoacceleratebothblocks,butthe
forcetransmittedthroughstring2onlyneedstoaccelerateblockB.ConsiderthecasewhereblockAisvery
heavyandblockBisverylight:Inthiscase,string2wouldonlyneedtosupplyatinyamountoftensionto
keeptheblocksconnectedasblockAispulledaround.
PullingThreeBlocks
Threeidenticalblocksconnectedbyidealstringsarebeingpulledalongahorizontalfrictionlesssurfacebyahorizontal
forceF .ThemagnitudeofthetensioninthestringbetweenblocksBandCis
T =3.00 N .Assumethateachblock
hasmassm=0.400kg .
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PartA
WhatisthemagnitudeF oftheforce?
Expressyouranswernumericallyinnewtons.
Hint1.FindtheaccelerationofblockB
Whatisthemagnitudea B oftheaccelerationofblockB?
Expressyouranswernumericallyinmeterpersecondsquared.
Hint1.ConsiderblocksAandBasaunit
SinceblocksAandBarenotmovingwithrespecttoeachother,youcantreatthemasonelarger
"object."ThislargerobjecthasthesameaccelerationaseitherblockAorblockBalone.The
advantageofsuchanapproachisthatthelargerobjecthasonlyoneforceactingonit(thetension
3.00Nintherope).
ANSWER:
aB
= 3.75 m/s 2
Hint2.Findtheaccelerationofallthreeblocks
Whichofthefollowingexpressionsgivesthemagnitudea oftheaccelerationofthethreeblocks?
Hint1.Considerallthreeblocksasaunit
Sincethethreeblocksarenotmovingwithrespecttooneanother,youcantreatthemasonelarger
"object"ofmassequaltothesumofthemassesofallthreeblocks.Theonlyhorizontalforceacting
onthislargerobjectisF ,soyoucanuseNewton's2ndlawtodetermineanexpressionforits
acceleration.
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ANSWER:
a=
a=
a=
a=
F
m
F
2m
F
3m
T
3m
ANSWER:
F
= 4.50 N
Correct
PartB
WhatisthetensionTAB inthestringbetweenblockAandblockB?
Expressyouranswernumericallyinnewtons
Hint1.Howtoapproachthequestion
ThetensionTAB istheonlyhorizontalforceactingonblockA.Thus,youcanfindtheaccelerationofblock
AandthenapplyNewton's2ndlaw.Notethatallthreeblockshavethesameacceleration.
ANSWER:
TAB
= 1.50 N
Correct
BlocksinanElevatorRankingTask
Threeblocksarestackedontopofeachotherinsideanelevatorasshownin.
Answerthefollowingquestionswithreferencetotheeightforcesdefinedasfollows.
theforceofthe3kg blockonthe2kg block,F3
,
3 ,
1 ,
3 ,
1 ,
on 2
on
on
on
on
kg
kg
F
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theforceofthe1kg blockonthe2kg block,F1 on 2 ,

theforceofthe1kg blockonthefloor,F1 on f loor ,
and
theforceoftheflooronthe1kg block,Ff loor on 1 .
PartA
Assumetheelevatorisatrest.Rankthemagnitudeoftheforces.
Rankfromlargesttosmallest.Torankitemsasequivalent,overlapthem.
Hint1.Newton's3rdlaw
Newtons3rdlawstatesthatwhentwoobjectsexertforcesoneachother,theseforcesarealwaysequalin
magnitudeandoppositeindirection.
Hint2.Contactforces
Iftwoobjectstoucheachother,theyexertforcesoneachotheraccordingtoNewton's3rdlaw.Iftwo
objectsdonottoucheachother,theycannotexertforcesoneachother.(Hereweareassumingthatthe
forcesofgravityandelectromagnetismbetweentheobjectsarenegligible.)Forinstance,theblockswith
masses1kg and3kg arenotincontact,therefore,theforceF1 on 3 mustbezero.Whilestatements
suchas"block3appliesaforcetoblock1thatistransferredthroughblock2"mightsoundreasonable,in
physicssuchstatementsdon'tmakesense.
ANSWER:
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PartB
Now,assumetheelevatorismovingupwardatincreasingspeed.Rankthemagnitudeoftheforces.
Rankfromlargesttosmallest.Torankitemsasequivalent,overlapthem.
Hint1.Effectsofacceleration
Iftheelevatorisaccelerating,thenetforceoneachblockcannotbezero.However,notethattheforces
youareaskedtocomparedonotcomprisethenetforceonanyoftheblocks.
ANSWER:
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BinaryStarSystem
Abinarystarsystemconsistsoftwostarsofmassesm1 andm2 .Thestars,whichgravitationallyattracteachother,
revolvearoundthecenterofmassofthesystem.Thestarwithmassm1 hasacentripetalaccelerationofmagnitude
a1 .
Notethatyoudonotneedtounderstanduniversalgravitationtosolvethisproblem.
PartA
Finda 2 ,themagnitudeofthecentripetalaccelerationofthestarwithmassm2 .
Expresstheaccelerationintermsofquantitiesgivenintheproblemintroduction.
Hint1.Whatcausesacceleration?
Firstconsiderwhatmakesthestarsorbitaroundtheircenterofmass.Whichofthefollowingstatements
mostcorrectlyexplainsthephysicaloriginofthecentripetalaccelerationofthestarofmassm2 ?
1.Thegravitationalforcebetweenthestarofmassm1 andthestarofmassm2 providesthe
centripetalaccelerationnecessaryforcircularmotion.
2.Thecircularmotionofthestarofmassm2 generatesthecentripetalacceleration.
3.Thecentripetalaccelerationisthesumoftheaccelerationduetogravityandtheacceleration
duetothecircularmotion.
4.Oncemoving,theinertiaofstar2causesittocontinuemovingalongitscircularorbit,at
constantspeed,asdictatedbyNewton'sFirstLaw.
ANSWER:
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1
2
3
4
Hint2.Relationshipbetweenforcesoneachstar
Whatisthemagnitudeoftheforceactingonthestarofmassm2 ?
ExpressyouranswerintermsofF1 ,themagnitudeoftheforcethatactsonthestarwithmassm1 .
ANSWER:
F2
F1
Hint3.Howtorelateaccelerationandforce
AccordingtoNewton's2ndlaw,howcanyouexpressF1 ,themagnitudeoftheforcethatactsonthestar
withmassm1 ,intermsofm1 anda 1 ?
ANSWER:
F1
m1 a 1
Hint4.Puttingittogether
IfyounowapplyNewton's2ndlawtothestarofmassm2 ,youshouldbeabletofinditsaccelerationby
combiningtheformulasfromtheprevioushints.
ANSWER:
a2
a1
m1
m2
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Correct
Tomakesureyouunderstandthisresult,considertheactualgravitationalforceactingoneachstar.The
magnitudeofthegravitationalforceoneitherstarduetotheotheroneisgivenby
Fg =
Gm 1 m 2
R
whereRistheseparationbetweenthestars.
Now,considerNewton's2ndlawforthestarofmassm1 .ThenetexternalforceisFg ,som1 a 1
= Fg
NowconsiderNewton's2ndlawappliedtothestarofmassm2 .Onceagain,thenetexternalforceactingon
thisstarwillbeFg ,soNewton's2ndlawforthestarofmassm2 ism2 a 2 = Fg .
Youcanseethatthesameforce,Fg ,appearsinboththeequationforthestarofmassm1 andthatforthe
starofmassm2 .(ThinkabouthowthisrelatestoNewton's3rdlaw.)Youcanthereforewrite
m 2 a 2 = F g = m 1 a 1.Solvingfortheacceleration a 2 youfindtheequation a 2 = m 1 a 1 /m 2 .Notethatyou
didnotneedtoknowtheexactformofthegravitationalforce,nordidyouneedtoknowG orR.Newton's3rd
lawallowsyoutorealizethatFg isthesameforthetwostars,andNewton's2ndlawallowsyoutosolvefora
intermsofm2 ,m1 ,anda 1 .
Problem7.8
BlockBinthefigurerestsonasurfaceforwhichthestatic
andkineticcoefficientsoffrictionare0.60and0.40,
respectively.Theropesaremassless.
PartA
WhatisthemaximummassofblockAforwhichthesystemremainsinstaticequilibrium?
Expressyouranswertotwosignificantfiguresandincludetheappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
mA
= 12kg
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Problem7.9
A1000kg carpushesa2200kg truckthathasadeadbattery.Whenthedriverstepsontheaccelerator,thedrive
wheelsofthecarpushagainstthegroundwithaforceof4500N.Rollingfrictioncanbeneglected.
PartA
Whatisthemagnitudeoftheforceofthecaronthetruck?
ANSWER:
F
= 3100N
Correct
PartB
Whatisthemagnitudeoftheforceofthetruckonthecar?
ANSWER:
F
= 3100N
Correct
TensioninaMasslessRope
LearningGoal:
Tounderstandtheconceptoftensionandtherelationshipbetweentensionandforce.
Thisproblemintroducestheconceptoftension.Theexampleisarope,orientedvertically,thatisbeingpulledfrom
bothends.LetFu andFd (withuforupanddfordown)representthemagnitudeoftheforcesactingonthetopand
bottomoftherope,respectively.Assumethattheropeismassless,sothatitsweightisnegligiblecomparedwiththe
tension.(ThisisnotaridiculousapproximationmodernropematerialssuchasKevlarcancarrytensionsthousandsof
timesgreaterthantheweightoftensofmetersofsuchrope.)
Considerthethreesectionsofropelabeleda,b,andcinthefigure.
Atpoint1,adownwardforceofmagnitudeFad actsonsectiona.
Atpoint1,anupwardforceofmagnitudeFbu actsonsectionb.
Atpoint1,thetensionintheropeisT1 .
F
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Atpoint2,adownwardforceofmagnitudeFbd actson
sectionb.
Atpoint2,anupwardforceofmagnitudeFcu actson
sectionc.
Atpoint2,thetensionintheropeisT2 .
Assume,too,thattheropeisatequilibrium.
PartA
WhatisthemagnitudeFad ofthedownwardforceonsectiona?
ExpressyouranswerintermsofthetensionT1 .
ANSWER:
F ad
T1
Correct
PartB
WhatisthemagnitudeFbu oftheupwardforceonsectionb?
ExpressyouranswerintermsofthetensionT1 .
ANSWER:
F bu
T1
Correct
PartC
Themagnitudeoftheupwardforceonc,Fcu ,andthemagnitudeofthedownwardforceonb,Fbd ,areequal
becauseofwhichofNewton'slaws?
ANSWER:
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1st
2nd
3rd
Correct
PartD
ThemagnitudeoftheforceFbu is____Fbd .
ANSWER:
lessthan
greaterthan
equalto
Correct
ItisimportanttorealizethatFbu andFbd arenotaNewton'sthirdlawpairofforces.Instead,theseforces
areequalandoppositeduetothefactthattheropeisstationary(a b = 0)andmassless(mb = 0).By
applyingNewtonsfirstorsecondlawtothissegmentofropeyouobtainFb net = Fbu Fbd = mb a b = 0,
sincemb = 0anda b = 0.Notethatiftheropewereaccelerating,theseforceswouldstillbeequaland
oppositebecausemb = 0.
PartE
Nowconsidertheforcesontheendsoftherope.Whatistherelationshipbetweenthemagnitudesofthesetwo
forces?
Hint1.Considerthebiggerpicture
FromPartD,weseethattheinternalforcesoftheropearesimplyequaltoeachother.Thisleavesuswith
onlytheexternalforcestodealwith.Sincetheropeismassless,whatmustbetherelationshipbetween
theseexternalforces?
ANSWER:
Fu > Fd
Fu = Fd
Fu < Fd
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Correct
Theforcesonthetwoendsofanideal,masslessropearealwaysequalinmagnitude.Furthermore,the
magnitudeoftheseforcesisequaltothetensionintherope.
PartF
Theendsofamasslessropeareattachedtotwostationaryobjects(e.g.,twotreesortwocars)sothattherope
makesastraightline.Forthissituation,whichofthefollowingstatementsaretrue?
Checkallthatapply.
ANSWER:
Thetensionintheropeiseverywherethesame.
Themagnitudesoftheforcesexertedonthetwoobjectsbytheropearethesame.
Theforcesexertedonthetwoobjectsbytheropemustbeinoppositedirections.
Theforcesexertedonthetwoobjectsbytheropemustbeinthedirectionoftherope.
Correct
TwoHangingMasses
TwoblockswithmassesM 1 andM 2 hangoneundertheother.Forthisproblem,takethepositivedirectiontobe
upward,anduseg forthemagnitudeoftheaccelerationduetogravity.
Case1:Blocksatrest
ForPartsAandBassumetheblocksareatrest.
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PartA
FindT2 ,thetensioninthelowerrope.
ExpressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallofthevariablesM 1 ,M 2 ,andg .
Hint1.Freebodydiagram
Isolatethelowerblock(massM 2 )byconsideringjusttheforcesthatactonit.UseNewton's2ndlawwhile
notingthattheaccelerationofthisblockiszero.
Hint2.Sumofforces
Writedownthesumoftheycomponentsofalltheforcesactingonthelowerblock.
ExpressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallofthevariablesM 1 ,M 2 ,T2 andg .
ANSWER:
=
F 2y = M 2 a 2 = 0
T2 M 2 g
ANSWER:
T2
M2 g
Correct
PartB
FindT1 ,thetensionintheupperrope.
ExpressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallofthevariablesM 1 ,M 2 ,andg .
Hint1.Sumofforces
Writedownthesumoftheycomponentsofalltheforcesactingontheupperblock.
ExpressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallofthevariablesM 1 ,M 2 ,T1 ,T2 ,andg .
ANSWER:
=
F 1y = 0
T1 T2 M 1 g
ANSWER:
T1
(M 1 + M 2 )g
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Correct
Case2:Acceleratingblocks
ForPartsCandDtheblocksarenowacceleratingupward(duetothetensioninthestrings)withaccelerationof
magnitudea .
PartC
FindT2 ,thetensioninthelowerrope.
ExpressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallofthevariablesM 1 ,M 2 ,a ,andg .
Hint1.Sumofforces
ApplyNewton's2ndlaw, Fy
forces.
,tothelowerblock.Writethesumoftheycomponentsofthe
= M2 a
ExpressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallofthevariablesM 1 ,M 2 ,T2 andg .

ANSWER:
=
F 2y = M 2 a
T2 M 2 g
ANSWER:
T2
M2 a + M2 g
Correct
Good!Nownoticethataccelerationactsinthetensionequationthesamewaythatgravitydoes.Ifwelookat
alimitingcaseinwhichtheblockofmassM 2 isinfreefall,acceleratingdownwardwitha = g,thenthe
tensiongoestozero.
PartD
FindT1 ,thetensionintheupperrope.
ExpressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallofthevariablesM 1 ,M 2 ,a ,andg .
Hint1.Sumofforces
ConsidertheblockofmassM 1 asanisolatedsystemandapplyNewton's2ndlaw, Fy
thevalueofT2 foundinthepreviouspart.
,with
= M1 a
ANSWER:
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T1
(M 1 + M 2 )g + (M 1 + M 2 )a
Correct
Theforceexertedbyaropeisaresultoftherope'stensionandpointsalongtherope.
Problem7.15
A2.00mlong,550g ropepullsa14.0kg blockoficeacrossahorizontal,frictionlesssurface.Theblockaccelerates
at2.10m/s 2 .Howmuchforcepullsforwardon(a)theice,(b)therope?
PartA
Expressyouranswerwiththeappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
29.4N
Correct
PartB
ANSWER:
30.6N
Correct
Problem7.16
ThecablecarsinSanFranciscoarepulledalongtheirtracksbyanundergroundsteelcablethatmovesalongat9.5
mph .Thecableisdrivenbylargemotorsatacentralpowerstationandextends,viaanintricatepulleyarrangement,
forseveralmilesbeneaththecitystreets.Thelengthofacablestretchesbyupto100f tduringitslifetime.Tokeep
thetensionconstant,thecablepassesarounda1.5mdiameter"tensioningpulley"thatrollsbackandforthonrails,as
showninthefigure.Am=1800kg blockisattachedtothetensioningpulley'scart,viaaropeandpulley,andis
suspendedinadeephole.
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PartA
Whatisthetensioninthecablecar'scable?
ANSWER:
T
= 8800N
Correct
Problem7.34
Thecoefficientofstaticfrictionis0.60betweenthetwoblocksinfigure.Thecoefficientofkineticfrictionbetweenthe
lowerblockandtheflooris0.20.ForceF causesbothblockstocrossadistanceof5.0
m,startingfromrest.
PartA
Whatistheleastamountoftimeinwhichthismotioncanbecompletedwithoutthetopblockslidingonthelower
block?
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ANSWER:
t
= 1.75s
Correct
Problem7.38
The100kgblockinfiguretakes6.90s toreachthefloorafterbeingreleasedfromrest.
PartA
Whatisthemassoftheblockontheleft?
ANSWER:
99.1kg
Correct
ScoreSummary:
Yourscoreonthisassignmentis88.7%.
Youreceived76.31outofapossibletotalof86points.
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theforceofthe1kg blockonthe2kg block,F1 on 2 ,

ExpressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallofthevariablesM 1 ,M 2 ,T2 andg .

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