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Ch01HW
Ch01HW
Due:9:30amonMonday,February1,2016
Youwillreceivenocreditforitemsyoucompleteaftertheassignmentisdue.GradingPolicy
ScientificNotation
Anumberwritteninscientificnotationhastheforma 10 k ,where1
of. . . 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3... .
a < 10
PartA
Determinethevaluesofa andk when299, 790, 000iswritteninscientificnotation.
Entera andk ,separatedbycommas.
ANSWER:
a
,k = 2.9979,8
Correct
Thevalue2.9979 10 8 isthemagnitudeofthespeedoflightinmeterspersecond,tofivesignificant
figures.Thisisreallyfast:about675millionmilesperhour!
PartB
Determinethevaluesofa andk when0.51iswritteninscientificnotation.
Entera andk ,separatedbycommas.
ANSWER:
a
,k = 5.1,1
Correct
Thevalue0.51isthemagnitudeoftheenergyassociatedwithastationaryelectron,sometimescalledits
"restenergy,"expressedinmillionsofelectronvolts,orMeV.
PartC
Nowconsidertheexpression4.0 10 3 + 4 10 2 .Determinethevaluesofa andk whenthevalueofthis
expressioniswritteninscientificnotation.
Entera andk ,separatedbycommas.
Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Writebothnumberssuchthattheyhavethesamepowerof10.Inthiscaseitwouldbebesttochoosethe
commonpowertobeeither3or2,sincethesearethetwothatappearintheexpressiongiven.Nowyou
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13
+3
13
= 5
13
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canaddthefactorsthataremultipliedby10 .Forexample,2 10 13
n
+ 3 10
13
= 5 10
13
ANSWER:
a
,k = 4.4,3
Correct
Thevalue4 10 3
istheapproximateradiusoftheearthinmiles.
= 4000
PartD
Finally,considertheexpression
11
(6.6710
24
)(5.9710
6
(6.3810 )
Hint1.Awalkthrough
Expressallthenumbersintheexpressionusingscientificnotation.Todothis,recallthat
2
k
(2k)
2
(a 10 )
= a 10
.Thenyoushouldgetafractionoftheform
k
(a 1 10
)(a 2 10
k
a 3 10
or
a 1 a 2
10
a3
10
k
10
= a4 10
k4
Thenextstepistofindk 5 intheexpression
10
k5
10
10
k
10
+ k5
ANSWER:
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a
,k = 9.78,0
Correct
Thisisthemagnitudeoftheaccelerationexperiencedbyafreelyfallingbodynearthesurfaceoftheearth,
expressedinmeterspersecondsquared(m/s 2 ).Thisaccelerationisusuallydenotedbythesymbolg .You
maylearnlaterthatthisaccelerationisrelatedtothemassM e andradiusRe oftheearthas
2
11
2
2
g = GM e /R ,where G = 6.67 10
N m /kg iscalledthegravitationalconstant,postulatedbySir
e
IsaacNewtonandfirstmeasuredbyHenryCavendishin1798.
TacticsBox1.6UsingSignificantFigures
LearningGoal:
TopracticeTacticsBox1.6UsingSignificantFigures.
Youcanthinkofasignificantfigureasbeingadigitthatisreliablyknown.Forexample,alengthmeasurementof6.2
cmhastwosignificantfigures,the6andthe2.Thenextdecimalplacetheonehundredthsisnotreliablyknownand
isthusnotasignificantfigure.
Determiningthepropernumberofsignificantfiguresisstraightforward,butthereafewdefiniterulestofollow.Theseare
summarizedinthistacticsbox.
TACTICSBOX1.6Usingsignificantfigures.
Itisacceptabletokeeponeortwoextradigitsduringintermediatestepsofacalculation.Thegoalhereistominimize
roundofferrorsinthecalculation.Butthefinalanswermustbereportedwiththepropernumberofsignificantfigures.
1.Whenmultiplyingordividingseveralnumbers,orwhentakingroots,thenumberofsignificantfiguresin
theanswershouldmatchthenumberofsignificantfiguresoftheleastpreciselyknownnumberusedin
thecalculation.
2.Whenaddingorsubtractingseveralnumbers,thenumberofdecimalplacesintheanswershouldmatch
thesmallestnumberofdecimalplacesofanynumberusedinthecalculation.
3.Itisacceptabletokeeponeortwoextradigitsduringintermediatestepsofacalculation,aslongasthe
finalanswerisreportedwiththepropernumberofsignificantfigures.Thegoalhereistominimizeround
offerrorsinthecalculation.Butkeeponlyoneortwoextradigits,notthesevenoreightshowninyour
calculatordisplay.
PartA
Yourbedroomhasarectangularshape,andyouwanttomeasureitsarea.Youuseatapethatispreciseto0.001
mandfindthattheshortestwallintheroomis3.547 mlong.Thetape,however,istooshorttomeasurethe
lengthofthesecondwall,soyouuseasecondtape,whichislongerbutonlypreciseto0.01m.Youmeasurethe
secondwalltobe4.79mlong.Whichofthefollowingnumbersisthemostpreciseestimatethatyoucanobtain
fromyourmeasurementsfortheareaofyourbedroom?
Hint1.Findhowmanysignificantfiguresshouldbeinyouranswer
Whenyoucalculatetheareaofyourbedroom,youhavetomultiplythemeasurementsofthelengthsofthe
walls.Consideringthatthemeasurementshavedifferentprecision,howmanysignificantfiguresshouldbe
inyouranswerinthiscase?
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Expressyouranswerasaninteger.
ANSWER:
3
ANSWER:
17.0m2
16.990m2
16.99m2
16.9m2
16.8m2
Correct
PartB
UsingthemeasurementsdescribedinPartA,whichofthefollowingnumbersisthemostpreciseestimateforthe
perimeterofyourbedroom?
Hint1.Findhowmanydecimalplacesshouldbeinyouranswer
Whenyoucalculatetheperimeterofyourbedroom,youhavetoaddthemeasurementsofthelengthsofall
thewalls.Consideringthatthemeasurementshavedifferentprecision,howmanydecimalplacesshouldbe
inyouranswerinthiscase?
Expressyouranswerasaninteger.
ANSWER:
2
ANSWER:
16.674m
16.67m
16.68m
16.7m
17m
Correct
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PartC
Ifyourbedroomhasacircularshape,anditsdiametermeasured6.32m,whichofthefollowingnumberswouldbe
themostprecisevalueforitsarea?
Hint1.Theareaofacircle
TheareaAofacircleofradiusr is
A = r
Hint2.Findhowmanysignificantfiguresshouldbeinyouranswer
Inthiscase,whenyoucalculatetheareaofthebedroom,youneedtocarryoutaseriesofmultiplications
anddivisionsthatinvolveexactnumbersandnumbersthatarecorrecttoacertainprecision.Howmany
significantfiguresshouldbeinyouranswerinthiscase?
Expressyouranswerasaninteger.
ANSWER:
3
ANSWER:
30m2
31.0m2
31.4m2
31.37m2
31.371m2
Correct
TocalculatetheareaAofacirclegivenitsdiameterd ,youneedtofirstdividethediameterby2,then
multiplyyourresultbyitself(ortakethesquareofit),andfinallymultiplyeverythingby:
2
A = (
d
2
Sinceherethenumber2andareexactnumbers,theydonotchangetheaccuracyofthemeasured
numbersinvolvedinthecalculation.Therefore,youranswershouldbeexpressedtothesamenumberof
significantfiguresasthatusedinthegivendiameter.
ConvertingUnits:TheMagicof1
LearningGoal:
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Tolearnhowtochangeunitsofphysicalquantities.
Quantitieswithphysicaldimensionslikelengthortimemustbemeasuredwithrespecttoaunit,astandardfor
quantitieswiththisdimension.Forexample,lengthcanbemeasuredinunitsofmetersorfeet,timeinsecondsor
years,andvelocityinmeterspersecond.
Whensolvingproblemsinphysics,itisnecessarytouseaconsistentsystemofunitssuchastheInternational
System(abbreviatedSI,fortheFrenchSystmeInternational)orthemorecumbersomeEnglishsystem.IntheSI
system,whichisthepreferredsysteminphysics,massismeasuredinkilograms,timeinseconds,andlengthin
meters.Thenecessityofusingconsistentunitsinaproblemoftenforcesyoutoconvertsomeunitsfromthegiven
systemintothesystemthatyouwanttousefortheproblem.
Thekeytounitconversionistomultiply(ordivide)byaratioofdifferentunitsthatequalsone.Thisworksbecause
multiplyinganyquantitybyonedoesn'tchangeit.Toillustratewithlength,ifyouknowthat1 inch = 2.54 cm,youcan
write
1=
2.54 cm
1 inch
Toconvertinchestocentimeters,youcanmultiplythenumberofinchestimesthisfraction(sinceitequalsone),
canceltheinchunitinthedenominatorwiththeinchunitinthegivenlength,andcomeupwithavalueforthelengthin
centimeters.Toconvertcentimeterstoinches,youcandividebythisratioandcancelthecentimeters.
Forallparts,noticethattheunitsarealreadywrittenaftertheanswerboxdon'ttrytowritetheminyouransweralso.
PartA
Howmanycentimetersarethereinalength21.4inches?
Expressyouranswerincentimeterstothreesignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
54.4 cm
Correct
Sometimesyouwillneedtochangeunitstwicetogetthefinalunitthatyouwant.Supposethatyouknowhowto
convertfromcentimeterstoinchesandfrominchestofeet.Bydoingboth,inorder,youcanconvertfromcentimeters
tofeet.
PartB
SupposethataparticularartillerypiecehasarangeR=7400yards .Finditsrangeinmiles.Usethefactsthat
1 mile = 5280 f tand 3 f t = 1 yard.
Expressyouranswerinmilestothreesignificantfigures.
Hint1.Convertyardstofeet
Thefirststepinthisproblemistoconvertfromyardstofeet,becauseyouknowhowtothenconvertfeet
intomiles.Convert7400yards intofeet.Use
3 ft
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1=
3 ft
1 yard
Expressyouranswerinfeettothreesignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
2.22104 f t
ANSWER:
7400yards = 4.20 miles
Correct
Oftenspeedisgiveninmilesperhour(mph ),butinphysicsyouwillalmostalwaysworkinSIunits.Therefore,you
mustconvertmph tometerspersecond(m/s ).
PartC
Whatisthespeedofacargoingv = 1.000 mphinSIunits?Noticethatyouwillneedtochangefrommilesto
metersandfromhourstoseconds.Youcandoeachconversionseparately.Usethefactsthat1 mile = 1609 m
and1 hour = 3600 s.
Expressyouranswerinmeterspersecondtofoursignificantfigures.
Hint1.Convertmilestometers
Inconverting1.000
mph
intometerspersecond,youwillneedtomultiplyby
1=
1609 m
1 mile
Whenyoudothis,themileswillcanceltoleaveyouwithavalueinmetersperhour.Youcanthenfinishthe
conversion.Whatisv = 1.000 mphinmetersperhour?
Expressyouranswerinmetersperhourtofoursignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
v
= 1609 m/hour
Hint2.Converthourstoseconds
Whichofthefollowingwouldyoumultiply1609
m/hours
bytoconvertitintometerspersecond(m/s )?
ANSWER:
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3600 s
1 hour
3600 s
1 hour
1 hour
3600 s
ANSWER:
v
= 0.4469 m/s
Correct
Noticethatbyequatingthetwovaluesforv ,youget1.000 mph = 0.4469 m/s.Itmightbevaluableto
rememberthis,asyoumayfrequentlyneedtoconvertfrommilesperhourintomoreusefulSIunits.By
rememberingthisrelationshipinthefuture,youcanreducethistasktoasingleconversion.
TacticsBox1.1VectorAddition
LearningGoal:
TopracticeTacticsBox1.1VectorAddition.
Vectoradditionobeysrulesthataredifferentfromthosefortheadditionoftwoscalarquantities.Whenyouaddtwo
vectors,theirdirections,aswellastheirmagnitudes,mustbetakenintoaccount.ThisTacticsBoxexplainshowtoadd
vectorsgraphically.
TACTICSBOX1.1Vectoraddition
ToaddBtoA,performthesesteps:
1.DrawA.
2.PlacethetailofBatthetipofA.
3.DrawanarrowfromthetailofAtothetipofB.Thisis
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vectorA+ B.
PartA
CreatethevectorR = A+ BbyfollowingthestepsintheTacticsBoxabove.WhenmovingvectorB,keepin
mindthatitsdirectionshouldremainunchanged.
Thelocation,orientation,andlengthofyourvectorswillbegraded.
ANSWER:
Correct
PartB
CreatethevectorR = C + DbyfollowingthestepsintheTacticsBoxabove.WhenmovingvectorD,keepin
mindthatitsdirectionshouldremainunchanged.
Thelocation,orientation,andlengthofyourvectorswillbegraded.
ANSWER:
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Correct
TacticsBox1.2VectorSubtraction
LearningGoal:
TopracticeTacticsBox1.2VectorSubtraction.
Vectorsubtractionhassomesimilaritiestothesubtractionoftwoscalarquantities.Withnumbers,subtractionisthe
sameastheadditionofanegativenumber.Forexample,5 3isthesameas5 + (3) .Similarly,
A B = A + (B)
.WecanusetherulesforvectoradditionandthefactthatBisavectoroppositeindirection
toBtoformrulesforvectorsubtraction,asexplainedinthistacticsbox.
TACTICSBOX1.2Vectorsubtraction
TosubtractBfromA,performthesesteps:
1.DrawA.
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2.PlacethetailofBatthetipofA.
3.DrawanarrowfromthetailofAtothetipofB.This
isvectorA B.
PartA
FindvectorC =
A B
byfollowingthestepsinthetacticsboxabove.WhendrawingB,keepinmindthatit
hasthesamemagnitudeasBbutoppositedirection.
Thelocation,orientation,andlengthofyourvectorswillbegraded.
ANSWER:
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Correct
PartB
FindvectorF =
DE
byfollowingthestepsinthetacticsboxabove.WhendrawingE,keepinmindthatit
hasthesamemagnitudeasEbutoppositedirection.
Thelocation,orientation,andlengthofyourvectorswillbegraded.
ANSWER:
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Correct
PSS1.1MotionDiagrams
LearningGoal:
TopracticeProblemSolvingStrategy1.1formotiondiagramproblems.
Acaristravelingwithconstantvelocityalongahighway.Thedrivernoticesheislateforwork,sohestompsdownon
thegaspedalandthecarbeginstospeedup.Thecarhasjustachieveddoubleitsinitialvelocitywhenthedriverspots
apoliceofficerbehindhimandappliesthebrakes.Thecarthenslowsdown,comingtorestatastoplightahead.
Drawacompletemotiondiagramforthissituation.
PROBLEMSOLVINGSTRATEGY1.1Motiondiagrams
MODEL: Representthemovingobjectasaparticle.Makesimplifyingassumptionswheninterpretingtheproblem
statement.
VISUALIZE:Acompletemotiondiagramconsistsof:
Thepositionoftheobjectineachframeofthefilm,shownasadot.Usefiveorsixdotstomakethe
motionclearbutwithoutovercrowdingthepicture.Morecomplexmotionsmayneedmoredots.
Theaveragevelocityvectors,foundbyconnectingeachdotinthemotiondiagramtothenextwitha
vectorarrow.Thereisonevelocityvectorlinkingeachsetoftwopositiondots.Labeltherowofvelocity
vectorsv .
Theaverageaccelerationvectors,foundusingTacticsBox1.3.Thereisoneaccelerationvectorlinking
eachsetoftwovelocityvectors.Eachaccelerationvectorisdrawnatthedotbetweenthetwovelocity
vectorsitlinks.Use0 toindicateapointatwhichtheaccelerationiszero.Labeltherowofacceleration
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vectorsa.
Model
Itisappropriatetousetheparticlemodelforthecar.Youshouldalsomakesomesimplifyingassumptions.
PartA
Thecar'smotioncanbedividedintothreedifferentstages:itsmotionbeforethedriverrealizeshe'slate,itsmotion
afterthedriverhitsthegas(butbeforeheseesthepolicecar),anditsmotionafterthedriverseesthepolicecar.
Whichofthefollowingsimplifyingassumptionsisitreasonabletomakeinthisproblem?
A.Duringeachofthethreedifferentstagesofitsmotion,thecarismovingwithconstantacceleration.
B.Duringeachofthethreedifferentstagesofitsmotion,thecarismovingwithconstantvelocity.
C.Thehighwayisstraight(i.e.,therearenocurves).
D.Thehighwayislevel(i.e.,therearenohillsorvalleys).
Enterallthecorrectanswersinalphabeticalorderwithoutcommas.Forexample,ifstatementsCandDare
correct,enterCD.
ANSWER:
ACD
Correct
Inadditiontotheassumptionslistedabove,intherestofthisproblemassumethatthecarismovingina
straightlinetotheright.
Visualize
PartB
Inthethreediagramsshowntotheleft,thepositionofthecaratfivesubsequentinstantsoftimeisrepresentedby
blackdots,andthecar'saveragevelocityisrepresentedbygreenarrows.Whichofthesediagramsbestdescribes
thepositionandthevelocityofthecarbeforethedrivernoticesheislate?
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ANSWER:
A
B
C
Correct
PartC
Whichofthediagramsshowntotheleftbestdescribesthepositionandthevelocityofthecarafterthedriverhits
thegas,butbeforehenoticesthepoliceofficer?
ANSWER:
A
B
C
Correct
PartD
Whichofthediagramsshowntotheleftbestdescribesthepositionandthevelocityofthecarafterthedriver
noticesthepoliceofficer?
ANSWER:
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A
B
C
Correct
PartE
Whichofthediagramsshownbelowmostaccuratelydepictstheaverageaccelerationvectorsofthecarduringthe
eventsdescribedintheproblemintroduction?
ANSWER:
A
B
C
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Correct
Youcannowdrawacompletemotiondiagramforthesituationdescribedinthisproblem.Yourdiagramshould
looklikethis:
MotionofTwoRockets
LearningGoal:
Tolearntouseimagesofanobjectinmotiontodetermineposition,velocity,andacceleration.
Twotoyrocketsaretravelinginthesamedirection(takentobethexaxis).Adiagramisshownofatimeexposure
imagewhereastroboscopehasilluminatedtherocketsattheuniformtimeintervalsindicated.
PartA
Atwhattime(s)dotherocketshavethesamevelocity?
Hint1.Howtodeterminethevelocity
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Thediagramshowsposition,notvelocity.Youcan'tfindinstantaneousvelocityfromthisdiagram,butyou
candeterminetheaveragevelocitybetweentwotimest 1 andt 2 :
v avg [t 1 , t 2 ] =
x(t 2 )x(t 1 )
t 2 t 1
Notethatnopositionvaluesaregiveninthediagramyouwillneedtoestimatethesebasedonthedistance
betweensuccessivepositionsoftherockets.
ANSWER:
attimet
= 1
only
attimet
= 4
only
attimest
andt
= 1
= 4
atsomeinstantintimebetweent
andt
= 1
= 4
atnotimeshowninthefigure
Correct
PartB
Atwhattime(s)dotherocketshavethesamexposition?
ANSWER:
attimet
= 1
only
attimet
= 4
attimest
only
andt
= 1
= 4
atsomeinstantintimebetweent
andt
= 1
= 4
atnotimeshowninthefigure
Correct
PartC
Atwhattime(s)dothetworocketshavethesameacceleration?
Hint1.Howtodeterminetheacceleration
Thevelocityisrelatedtothespacingbetweenimagesinastroboscopicdiagram.Sinceaccelerationisthe
rateatwhichvelocitychanges,theaccelerationisrelatedtothehowmuchthisspacingchangesfromone
intervaltothenext.
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ANSWER:
attimet
= 1
only
attimet
= 4
attimest
only
andt
= 1
= 4
atsomeinstantintimebetweent
andt
= 1
= 4
atnotimeshowninthefigure
Correct
PartD
ThemotionoftherocketlabeledAisanexampleofmotionwithuniform(i.e.,constant)__________.
ANSWER:
andnonzeroacceleration
velocity
position
time
Correct
PartE
ThemotionoftherocketlabeledBisanexampleofmotionwithuniform(i.e.,constant)__________.
ANSWER:
andnonzeroacceleration
velocity
position
time
Correct
PartF
Atwhattime(s)isrocketAaheadofrocketB?
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Hint1.Usethediagram
Youcananswerthisquestionbylookingatthediagramandidentifyingthetime(s)whenrocketAistothe
rightofrocketB.
ANSWER:
beforet
aftert
only
= 1
only
= 4
beforet
andaftert
= 1
betweent
andt
= 1
= 4
= 4
atnotime(s)showninthefigure
Correct
Problem1.10
PartA
Figureshowstwodotsofamotiondiagramandvectorv 1 .Drawthevectorv 2 iftheaccelerationvectoraatdot2
pointsup.
Drawthevectorwithitstailatthedot2.Theorientationofyourvectorswillbegraded.Theexactlengthof
yourvectorswillnotbegradedbuttherelativelengthofonetotheotherwillbegraded.
ANSWER:
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Correct
PartB
Figureshowstwodotsofamotiondiagramandvectorv 1 .Drawthevectorv 2 iftheaccelerationvectoraatdot2
pointsdown.
Drawthevectorwithitstailatthedot2.Theorientationofyourvectorswillbegraded.Theexactlengthof
yourvectorswillnotbegradedbuttherelativelengthofonetotheotherwillbegraded.
ANSWER:
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Correct
Problem1.18
Thefigureshowsthemotiondiagramofadragracer.Thecameratookoneframeevery2s .
PartA
Makeapositionversustimegraphforthedragracer.
ANSWER:
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Correct
Problem1.28
Computethefollowingnumbers,applyingthesignificantfigureruleadoptedinthistextbook.
PartA
33.8 25.7
ANSWER:
869
Correct
PartB
33.825.7
ANSWER:
8.1
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Correct
PartC
33.8
ANSWER:
5.81
Correct
PartD
333.3 25.7
ANSWER:
13.0
Correct
Problem1.24
ConvertthefollowingtoSIunits:
PartA
11in
Expressyouranswertotwosignificantfiguresandincludetheappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
0.28m
Correct
PartB
75f t/s
Expressyouranswertotwosignificantfiguresandincludetheappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
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23
m
s
Correct
PartC
72mph
Expressyouranswertotwosignificantfiguresandincludetheappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
32 m
s
Correct
PartD
17in2
Expressyouranswertotwosignificantfiguresandincludetheappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
1.1102m2
Correct
Problem1.54
Thequantitycalledmassdensityisthemassperunitvolumeofasubstance.Expressthefollowingmassdensitiesin
SIunits.
PartA
Silver,10.5 10 3
kg/cm
Expressyouranswerwiththeappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
1.05104
kg
m3
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Correct
PartB
Water,1.0
g/cm
Expressyouranswerwiththeappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
1000
kg
m3
Correct
Problem1.26
Usingtheapproximateconversionfactorsintablebelow,convertthefollowingtoSIunitswithoutusingyourcalculator.
Approximateconversionfactors
1 cm
10 cm
1
2
in
f eet
4 in
1 m
1 yard
1 m
1 km
1 m/s
0.6 mile
2 mph
PartA
6f t
Expressyouranswertoonesignificantfigureandincludetheappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
2m
Correct
PartB
60mi
Expressyouranswertoonesignificantfigureandincludetheappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
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1105m
Correct
PartC
40mph
Expressyouranswertoonesignificantfigureandincludetheappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
20 m
s
Correct
PartD
8in
Expressyouranswertoonesignificantfigureandincludetheappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
0.2m
Correct
Problem1.53
Aregulationsoccerfieldforinternationalplayisarectanglewithalengthbetween100mand111mandawidth
between64.0mand78.0m.
PartA
Whatisthesmallestareathatthefieldcouldbe?
Expressyouranswerwiththeappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
A
= 6400m2
Correct
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5/6/2016
Ch01HW
PartB
Whatisthelargestareathatthefieldcouldbe?
Expressyouranswerwiththeappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
A
= 8660m2
Correct
ScoreSummary:
Yourscoreonthisassignmentis98.5%.
Youreceived40.38outofapossibletotalof41points.
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