Advanced Communication Laboratory

Experiment No: 2
Digital Modulation Techniques
AIM:

To perform the various digital modulation techniques

ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying)
FSK(Frequency Shift Keying)
PSK(Phase Shift Keying)

APPARATUS REQUIRED
Digital Modulation Trainer DCLT-005& 006, Patch Cords, Digital Storage Oscilloscope.

THEORY
Introduction
Communication systems often involve modulation of a carrier, which results, of course, in a band pass
waveform. Radio and television signals are good examples involving analog messages. A good example where the
message is digital is the modem, a device used to connect a remote computer terminal to the main computer. The
modulation- demodulation apparatus modulates a carrier with the terminals data stream for transmission to the
computer and recovers the data stream sent by the computer via a similar modulation.
Band pass modulation is a process by which an information signal is converted to a sinusoidal waveform;
for digit al modulation, such a sinusoid of duration T is referred to as a digital symbol. The sinusoid has just three
features that can be used to distinguish it from other sinusoids: amplitude, frequency, and phase. Thus band pass
modulation can be defined as the process whereby the amplitude, frequency, or phase of a RF carrier, or a
combination of them, is varied with the information to be transmitted. The general form of the carrier wave is as
follows:
C(t)=A(t)cos (t)
Where A(t) is the time varying amplitude and (t) is the time varying angle. It is convenient to write
(t) = 0t + (t)
So that C (t) = A(t) cos [0t + (t)]
Where 0 is the radian frequency of the carrier and (t) is the phase. The terms f and will each be used
to denote the frequency. The techniques used in Digital modulation systems normally fall under three broad
categories:
Amplitude Shift keying (ASK)
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK):
The modulated carrier represented by the following equation C (t) = A(t) cos [0t + (t)]
where C(t) = carrier sine wave
A(t)= time varying amplitude
0t = time varying angle
(t)= phase difference
In Amplitude Shift Keying, the carrier is being transmitted only when the modulating data is one and when
the data is zero the carrier is rejected from transmission. Thus the resulting modulated output of this type of
modulation can be represented as follows:
M(t)=r(T)C(t)
Where r(t) = time varying modulating which is either one or zero
M(t)= modulated carrier
Now m(t) = A(t) cos0t when modulating data is one
= 0 when modulating data is zero
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Advanced Communication Laboratory

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
In this type of modulation, the modulated output shifts between two frequencies
for all one to zero transitions. Let the two carrier frequencies be represented by 1 and 2 and then we have
m(t) = A(t) cos1t when modulating data is one
=A(t) cos2t when modulating data is zero
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
In the PSK modulation, for all one to zero transitions of the modulating data, the
modulated output switches between the in phase and out-of-phase components f the modulating frequency.
Hence we have m(t) = A(t) cost when modulating data is one
= A(t) cos(t + (t))when modulating data is one
Where (t) =180 degree.

Block Diagram
ASK Modulator

PSK Modulator
Sin(1 MHz)

2:1 Analog Mux

PSK wave
Sin2*(0.5 MHz)

Control i/p
Data

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Advanced Communication Laboratory

FSK Modulator

Model Graphs
Input Waveform

ASK Waveform

FSK Waveform

PSK Waveform

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Advanced Communication Laboratory

Tabulation
Scheme
ASK
PSK
FSK

Nature of Signal
Input signal
Modulated signal

Amplitude

Input signal
Modulated signal
Input signal
Modulated signal

Time period
Ton
Toff
Ton
Toff
Ton
Toff

Result
Thus the various digital modulation techniques are performed.

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering