3G/4G WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES

Devasenapathi. A, Mohamed siraj. B

deva.senapathi@yahoo.in,sirajdheen@live.com
Theni Kammavar Sangam College of Technology
Abstract

In this paper we have to share and explore

Third Generation (3G) mobile devices

and

services

communications

will
into

transform

wireless

on-line,

real-time

connectivity. In 1980s the first generation

our ideas in current and future trends of

wireless technologies.
Existing Mobile Networks
First Generation Wireless Technology

(1G) mobile phones are consists of Analog

models. Then after 10 years the Second
generation (2G) mobile phones are entered
into the world with Digital networks. This
leads to new wireless data and internet
services all-round the world since 1991
onwards. But this wireless growth and
internet growth which is of great demand in
later days. This leads to the next generation

In

wireless technology for facing the great

demand in market. In 2002, the third
generation(3G) technology introduced in
market with simultaneous use of speech and
data services. Among this 3g, a new high
speed(gigabit) internet providing technology
4G(fourth generation) touches the world with
mobile WiMAX technology in 2006.Finally,

generation

mobile

communication networks are based on analog

signaling. They are commonly called as
AMPS(Analog

Mobile

Phone

Systems).

Analog systems are basically circuit switched

technology and designed only for voice not
data.
Second Generation Wireless Technology

development(i.e 3G). So, the communication

industrys they plan to implement 3G

first

The second generation mobile

communication networks are based on low
digital data signaling. At present, the most
user rated 2G wireless technology is known
as

GSM(Global

System

for

Mobile

Communications). GSM technology is a

combination of CDMA and FDMA. In
addition to GSM, a similar technology,
called

PDC(Personal

Digital

Communication). PDC technology based

fully on TDMA. Both, GSM and other

Switched Data (HSCSD), General Packet

TDMA based systems have become the

Radio Service (GPRS) and Enhanced Data

leader of 2G wireless technologies. The

Rates

special features of CDMA technology are

technologies.

for

Global

Evolution

(EDGE)

clear voice quality without background noise,

PACKET: Its a digital networking

fewer dropped calls, enhanced security,

communication methods that groups all

greater reliability as well as network capacity.

transmitted data regardless of content, type or

As stated earlier, 2G network is based on

structure into suitable sized blocks. packets

circuit-switched technology, it can expanded

send the data in the process of buffering and

its application to more advanced voice

queueing.

services

called

Line

Identification.

2G

HSCSD is one step towards 3G

wireless networks handles some data services

wideband mobile data networks. This circuit-

such as FAX, SMS at the data rate of upto 9.6

switched technology improves the data rates

kbps. At the same time, it is not suitable for

up to 57.6kbps.

web browsing and multimedia applications.

Second

Generation

(2G+)

Wireless

Technology
As stated in a previous section, the
virtual explosion of Internet usage has had a
tremendous impact on the demand for
advanced

wireless

data

communication

services. However, the effective data rate of

2G circuit-switched wireless systems is
relatively slow -- too slow for today's
Internet. As a result, GSM, PDC and other
TDMA-based mobile system providers and
carriers have developed 2G+ technology that
is packet-based and increases the data
communication speeds to as high as 384kbps.
These 2G+ systems are based on the
following technologies: High Speed Circuit-

GPRS technology is packet-based and

designed to work in parallel with the 2G
GSM, PDC and TDMA systems that are used
for voice communications over a data speed
upto 115kbps. The data is packetized and
transported

over

Public

Land

Mobile

Networks (PLMN) using an IP backbone so

that mobile users can access services on the
Internet, such as SMTP/POP-based e-mail,
FTP and HTTP-based Web services.
EDGE technology is a standard that
has been specified to enhance the throughput
per timeslot for both HSCSD and GPRS. The
enhancement of HSCSD is called ECSD,
whereas the enhancement of GPRS is called
EGPRS. In ECSD, the maximum data rate
will not increase from 64 kbps due to the

restrictions in the A interface, but the data

existing cellular Standards CDMA, GSM and

rate per timeslot will triple. Similarly, in

TDMA in a single network. The following

EGPRS, the data rate per timeslot will triple

three interface modes will prove the above

and the peak throughput, including all eight

result CDMA, CDMA2000 and Universal

timeslots in the radio interface, will exceed

Wireless

384 kbps.

interfaces.

Communication(UWC-136)

.
The following protocols which that
are

used

on

the

GPRS

networks

infrastructure,

Sub-Network Convergence Protocol

Logical Link Control (LLC)
Base Station System- Protocol
GPRS tunnel protocol (GPRS TP)
GPRS
Mobility
Management
Network Service
BSSAP+
SCCP, MTP3,MTP2

Mobile Application Part(MAP).

Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA) is

compatible with the current 2G GSM
networks prevalent in Europe and parts of
Asia. W-CDMA will require bandwidth of
between 5Mhz and 10 Mhz, making it a
suitable

platform

for

higher

capacity

applications. It can be overlaid onto existing

GSM, TDMA (IS-36) and IS95 networks.
Subscribers are likely to access 3G wireless
services initially via dual band terminal
devices. W-CDMA networks will be used for
high-capacity applications and 2G digital
wireless systems will be used for voice calls.
The second radio interface is
CDMA2000 which is backward compatible
with the second generation CDMA IS-95
standard predominantly used in US.
The third radio interface, Universal
Wireless Communications UWC-136, also
called IS-136HS, was proposed by the TIA

Figure 1 shows a GPRS network.

and designed to comply with ANSI-136, the

North American TDMA standard.

Third Generation (3G) Wireless Networks

The most important feature of this
generation technology is ability to unify the

3G wireless Networks consists of

Radio Access and Network (RAN) and Core

Network. The core network consists of a

packet-switched domain, which includes 3G

The following protocol which that

was using in the 3G technology they are

SGSNs and GGSNs, which provide the same

functionality that they provide in a GPRS

Global

Mobility

Management

system, and a circuit-switched Domain,

(GMM): protocol that includes

which includes 3G MSC for switching of

detach, security, and routing area update

voice calls. Charging for services and access

functionality.

is done through the Charging Gateway

Node B Application Part (NBAP): provides

Function (CGF), which is also part of the

procedures for paging distribution, broadcast

core

system information and management of

network.

independent

RAN

from

functionality

the

core

is

network

attach,

dedicated and logical resources.

functionality. The access network provides a

Packet

core network technology independent access

(PDCP): maps higher level characteristics

for mobile terminals to different types of core

onto the characteristics of the underlying

networks and network services. Either core

radio-interface protocols. PDCP also provides

network domain can access any appropriate

protocol

RAN service; e.g. it should be possible to

protocols.

access a speech radio access bearer from

the packet switched domain.

Data

Convergence

transparency

for

Protocol

higher

layer

Radio Link Control (RLC): provides a

logical link control over the radio interface.
Medium Access Control (MAC): controls
the access signaling (request and grant)
procedures for the radio channel.
Radio resource Control (RRC): manages
the allocation and maintenance of radio
communication paths.
Radio

Access

Network

Application

Protocol (RANAP): encapsulates higher

layer signaling. Manages the signaling and
Figure 2 shows
architecture.

the

3G

wireless

GTP connections between RNC and 3GSGSN, and signaling and circuit-switched
connections between RNC and 3G MSC.

Radio Network Service Application Part

(RNSAP):

provides

the

communication

Based on the study, 4G mobile

technology

is

in

determining

and

between RNCs.

standardization stage. Although 4G wireless

GPRS Tunnel Protocol (GTP): protocol that

technology offers higher data rates

tunnels the protocol data units through the IP

and the ability to roam across multiple

backbone by adding routing information.

heterogeneous wireless networks, several

GTP operates on top of TCP/UDP over IP.

issues

Mobile Application Part (MAP): supports

development. Since 4G is still in the cloud of

signaling between SGSN/GGSN and

the sensible standards creation, ITU and

require

further

research

and

HLR/AuC/EIR. AAL2 Signaling (Q.2630.1,

IEEE form several task forces to work on the

Q.2150.1, Q.2150.2, AAL2 SSSAR, and

possible completion for the 4G mobile

AAL2 CPS): protocols suite used to transfer

standards as well. 3GPP LTE is an evolution

voice over ATM backbone using ATM

standard from UMTS, and WiMAX is

adaptation layer 2.

another candidate from IEEE.

Sigtran (SCTP, M3UA): protocols suite used

Fourth Generation Technologies

to transfer SCN signaling protocols over IP

4G Mobile Technologies

network.

3GPP Long Term Evolution

WiMAX, WiBro, Software

Defined Radio

Open Architecture

Figure 3 layered protocols.

Fourth Generation (4G) wireless Networks

These

technologies

characteristics

and

characteristics

to

have
try

to

become

different
meet
a

leading

circumstances, this paper will present about

current

trends

and

its

Asymmetric Digital
Subscriber(ADSL)

Optical Fiber Access Systems

Offices or Home LANs

4G

technology in the future market. Under these

the

underlying

technologies to implement the 4G mobile

technology. This paper also shows some of
the possible scenarios that will benefit the 4th

Features of 4G

Low cost compared to 3G

Coverage of Wide Area -> Maintain a

service area during the transition of
new system from existing system.

ImprovingI Efficiency and Services

Making use of new spectrum

opportunities

Better Integration with other open

standards

generation technology.

Circumstance 1

Circumstance 2

Existing

New

subscribers providers subscriber providers

Fourth Generation(4G) Standards

maintain

IEEE 802.16 -> Standard Protocol Using in

WiMAX

current control

subscriber

subscribers

and connections

services

are 4G(WiMAX, WiBro)

toward

integrated 4G(3GPP
LTE)
Circumstance 3

IEEE 802.16e -> Standard Used for Roaming

and Sharing
IEEE 802.20 -> Standard Protocol Used for
Replacing low Compatability in
WiMAX to High Compatability.

Circumstance 4

Conclusion :
Co-existence

and

Absence

mutual prosperity of service

existing

service capable

providers(3GP

of

of

In the present world, 3G technologies

providers

are growing more to overcome the 2G

service

technologies mainly in mobile networks. For

LTE integration (spread of

& WiMAX,, WiBro)

open transmission)

example,

recently

Indias

second

tele-

communications network BSNL launches its

3G services all over india during the half of

Increasing Positions of Broadband in 4G

this

year.

In

this

3G

service

Video

Conferencing Calls, Mobile Broadband of

High speed upto 120kbps, Mobile TV
etcs.. are very effective and efficient in
BSNL. As well as, Korean leading Mobile
company SAMSUNG planned to launch its
WiMAX mobile phones in India to be soon.
The research says, at the end of 2010 North
America, Europe and Asian countries are
expected

to

grow

upto

2500

Million

subscribers totally. Among all, a new

technology of Fourth Generation(4G) is still
in cloud of the sensible standard creation to
beat 3G. Finally, in this paper, we explore our
ideas in Future Wireless networks (3G&4G).