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Poultice of leaves are used for swollen glands, bruises, and sprains.
Its fresh leaf tea is used to treat malaria.
Tree and root barks are used for intestinal parasitism and jaundice.
Edible pulp of the fruit is used for hemorrhoids
It is used for post coital contraception(a method used to prevent pregnancy after
unprotected sexual intercourse)
PHARMACOLOGICAL USES:
V. CONSTITUENTS
Chemical investigations of neem were carried out by Indian pharmaceutical
chemists in 1919, through which they isolated acidic principle in neem oil (margosic
acid). However, real chemical research originated in 1942 with the isolation of three
active constituents: nimbin, nimbidin and nimbinene.
In 1963, the chemistry of the active principles of neem were broadly examined,
wherein it was found that most of them are chemically similar and biogenetically
derivable from tetracyclic terpenes and limonoids, the plants major chemical
constituents.
Biologically active principles isolated from different parts of the plant are slightly
hydrophilic, but freely lipophilic and highly soluble in organic solvents like, hydrocarbon,
alcohols, ketones and esters (Schmutterer and Singh, 1995). These active principles
include azadirachtin, meliacin, gedunin, salannin, nimbin, valassin and many other
derivatives of these principles.
Leaves
Its leaves mainly produce quercetin (a polyphenolic flavonoid), nimbosterol (sitosterol), and liminoids (nimbin and its derivatives). Quercetin is known to have
antibacterial and antifungal properties that may account for the curative properties of
leaves for sores and scabies. Fresh matured leaves yield an odorous viscous essential
oil, which exhibits antifungal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes in vitro.
The principal constituents of neem leaves include protein (7.1%), carbohydrates
(22.9%), minerals, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin C, carotene etc. But they also contain
glutamic acid, tyrosine, aspartic acid, alanine, praline, glutamine and cysteine-like
amino acids, and several fatty acids (dodecanoic, tetradecanoic, elcosanic, etc.).
Flowers
Besides the essential oil consisting of sesquiterpene derivatives, the flowers
contain nimbosterol and flavonoids (kaempferol and melicitrin). Its flowers also yield a
waxy material consisting of several fatty acids: behenic (0.7%), arachidic (0.7%), stearic
(8.2%), palmitic (13.6%), oleic (6.5%) and linoleic (8.0%). The pollen of neem contains
several amino acids like glutamic acid, tyrosine, arginine, methionine, phenylalanine,
histidine, arminocaprylic acid and isoleucine.
Bark
The trunk bark contains nimbin (0.04%), nimbinene (0.001%), nimbidin (0.4%),
nimbosterol (0.03%), essential oil (0.02%), tannins (6.0%), a bitter principle margosine
and 6-desacetyl nimbinene. The stem bark contains tannins (12-16%) and non-tannins
(8-11%). The bark contains anti-inflammatory polysaccharide consisting of glucose,
arabinose and fructose at a molar ratio 1:1:1 with molecular weight of 8,400. It also
yields an antitumor polysaccharide. Besides that, several diterpenoids (nimbinone,
nimbolicin, margocin, nimbidiol, nimbione) have been isolated from stem and root barks
as well.
Along with -sitosterol, 24-methylenelophenol and nimatone, the heartwood
contains calcium, potassium and iron salts. On destructive distillation, the heartwood
gives charcoal (30%) and pyroligeneous acid (38.4%). Neem wood also contains
cellulose, hemicellulose (14.00%) and lignin (14.63%), while the wood oil contains sitosterol, cycloeucalenol and 24-methylenecyceloartenol.
Gum
The tree secretes gum, which on hydrolysis yields, L-arabinose, L-fucose, Dgalactose and D-glucoronic acid. The older tree oozes sap containing free sugars
(glucose, fructose, mannose, xylose), amino acids (alanine, aminobutyric acid, arginine,
asparagine, aspartic acid, glycine, norvaline, praline) and organic acids (citric, malonic,
succinic, fumaric). The sap is reported to be useful in the treatment of general
weakness and skin diseases.
Seed
The seed is very important both because of its high lipid content as well as the
occurrence of a large number of bitter principles (azadirachtin, meliacin, azadiradione,
fraxinellone, nimbin, salannin, salannol, vepinin, vilasinin) in considerable quantities.
Azadirachtin has proven effectiveness as a pesticide against about 300 insect species
and is reported as non-toxic to humans. Meliacin forms the bitter principles of neem
seed oil, the distinctive odour of which is produced by tignic acid (5-methyl-2-butanic
acid) found in the seed (Schmutterer, 1990; Uko and Kamalu, 2001; Lale, 2002).
Azadirachta indica is a tall, evergreen tree that is 12-15 meters or higher when
mature. It has a straight trunk with wide, spreading branches forming a crown. It has a
rough bark which is dark brown in color. The leaves of the tree are pinnately compound.
The leaves measure 20-40 centimeters long. The leaflets are lanceolate, acuminate
with serrated margins, and are arranged in alternate pairs. They measure 3-8
centimeters long. The flowers are white, abundant, often fragrant, panicles growing
mainly in the leaf axis. The fruit is a smooth, olive-like drupe that is green when unripe,
and turns yellow upon ripening.
References:
1. I.P. Ogbuewu, V.U. Odoemenam, H.O. Obikaonu, M.N. Opara, O.O. Emenalom,
M.C. Uchegbu, I.C. Okoli, B.O. Esonu and M.U. Iloeje. (2011). The growing
importance of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) in agriculture, industry,
medicine and environment: A review. Research Journal of Medicinal Plants, 5:
231-232.
2. Chemistry of neem. (2014, April 14). Retrieved August 20, 2016, from Neem
Foundation, http://www.neemfoundation.org/about-neem/chemistry-of-neem/
3. Philippine Medicinal Plants. (2014, September). Neem., [online] Available at:
http://www.stuartxchange.com/Neem.html
Image source: Tree - File: http://www.greenerpro.com/img/neemtree.jpg
Fruit - File: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/4xKV5xci0bo/T92Otpd34vI/AAAAAAAAA_I/
R9H4idmXZlw/s1600/neem+tree-fruit-leaves+1.jpg
3A-PHARMACY
TALINUM
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Talinum paniculatum
COMMON NAMES: Jewels of Opar
Fame flower
Pink Baby-Breath
TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION:
KINGDOM: Plantae
SUBKINGDOM: Tracheobionta
SUPERDIVISION: Spermatophyta
DIVISION: Magnoliophyta
CLASS: Magnoliopsida
SUBCLASS: Caryophyllidae
ORDER: Caryophyllales
FAMILY: Portulacaceae
GENUS: Talinum Adans.
SPECIES: Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn.
ETHNOMEDICINAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL USES:
The ethnomedicinal use of the plant varies per country. In Asia, it is use primarily
as a reproductive tonic and is used to regulate menses. It is used also as treatment for
cough, general debility, and diarrhea. In Indonesia, it is used to for liver and kidney
problems. While in Brazil, the plant is known to treat inflammatory conditions. In
Thailand, the plant is used to treat diabetes and inflammatory skin problem, induce
lactation and restore uterine functions postpartum. Other uses include treatment of bad
smelling urine, gastrointestinal disorders, and general debility. The leaves of talinum are
mostly used topically in the treatment of edemas, skin inflammation, minor scratches,
cuts, and scrapes. While the decoction of its roots provide treament for scurvy, arthritis,
stomach inflammation, and pneumonia.
-Antidiarrheal
-Antinociceptive; Edematogenic
-Aphrodisiac
-Diuretic
-Tocolytic
-Tonic
- Antioxidative / Anti-Aging
-Sedative
CONSTITUENTS:
From the root of Talinum paniculatum GAERTNER (Portulacaceae), a mixed
compound of 1-hexacosanol, 1-octacosanol and 1-triacontanol, its acetate, and a mixed
compound of campesterol, stigmasterol and -sitosterol together with -sitosteryl--Dglucoside were identified. Its root has saponin, steroid and essential oil. Phytochemical
screening of hexane and ethyl acetate extracts yielded potassium nitrate; the mixture of
long chain hiodrocarbons hentriacontane, dotriacontane, tritriacontane and
pentatriacontane; heneicosanoic acid; the ester nonacosyl nonacosanoate; urea; 3-O-D- glucosyl--sitosterol; the mixture of -sitosterol and stigmasterol, and a pentaciclyc
triterpene 3-O-acethyl-aleuritolic acid. Methanolic leaf and root extracts yielded various
phytosterols: campesterol, -sitosterol, stigmasterol, stigmastan-3-ol, stimast-22-en-3-ol
and stigmastanol.
IMAGE AND DESCRIPTION:
Sources:
- Talinum paniculatum. (n.d.). Retrieved August 17, 2016, from
https://florafaunaweb.nparks.gov.sg/special-pages/plant-detail.aspx?id=2494
- Plants Profile for Talinum paniculatum (jewels of Opar). (n.d.). Retrieved August
18, 2016, from http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=tapa2
- Talinum paniculatum - Portulaca paniculata Jacq -- Discover Life. (n.d.).
Retrieved August 18, 2016, from http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Talinum
paniculatum
- Talinum Paniculatum Herb Uses, Benefits, Cures, Side Effects, Nutrients
Repertory. (n.d.). Retrieved August 18, 2016, from http://herbpathy.com/Uses-andBenefits-of-Talinum-Paniculatum-Cid3064
- Talinum. (n.d.). Retrieved August 18, 2016, from
http://www.stuartxchange.com/Talinum.html
Names:
Co, Patricia Anne
Cuevas, Arianne
David, Crissabelle
Section: 3APH
De Asis, Patricia Esperanza
de Leoz, Vernine Mara
del Rosario, Josh Patrick
Group #3
Date: August 22, 2016
GUYABANO
I. Scientific Name: Annona muricata Linn.
II. Common Names:
Atti (Ibn.)
Babana (P. Bis.)
Bayubana (Ilk.)
Brazilian papaw (Engl.)
Ci guo fan li zhi (Chin.)
Graviola (Portg.)
Soursop (Engl.)
Labanos (Bik.)
III. Taxonomic Classification:
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Magnoliales
Family: Annonaceae
Genus: Annona
Species: A. muricata Linn.
IV. Ethnomedicinal and Pharmacologic Uses:
Folkloric
Unripe fruit for dysentery
Ripe fruit antiscorbutic
Seeds and green fruit astringent
Flowers antispasmodic
Infusion of leaves - sudorific, antispasmodic and emetic
Decoction of leaves - used for head lice and bedbugs
Used as tonic by Chinese and Malays
Flowers - used to alleviate catarrh
Fruits and leaves (in some cultures) - used for tranquilizing and
sedative properties
Decoction of leaves - used as compresses for inflammation and
swollen feet
Poultice of mashed leaves and sap of young leaves - used for
eczema and skin eruptions
Juice of ripe fruit - used as diuretic and for hematuria and urethritis
Pharmacologic
V. Constituents:
Extracts from the fruit and the leaves of Guyabano (Annona
muricata - Annonaceae) contains three alkaloids, annonaine (1),
nornuciferine (2) and asimilobine (3), that upon tests have shown to
inhibit binding of [3H]rauwolscine to 5-HTergic 5-HT1A receptors in
calf hippocampus. These results imply that Guyabano fruit (Annona
muricata) possesses anti-depressive effects.
Major phytochemicals include tannins, steroids, and cardiac
glycosides
Alcoholic extract of leaves yielded an essential oil when distilled
with steam
Studies isolated sterols
Seeds yielded lactone, annominicina, annomontacina, annonacina,
annomuricatina, annonacinona, and javoricina among others
Leaf oil yielded compounds, major ones include -caryophyllene, cadinene, -muurolene, and - and -cadinols among others.
VI. Images
Names:
19 Dela Pea, Monique Anne
20 Delos Reyes, Chenalee
21 Fernandez, Jorell Jasper
22 Francisco, Jenny
23 Frial, Samantha Marie
24 Gill, Gurvir
Group No. 4
Section: 3A-Ph
I. SCIENTIFIC NAMES:
Gumira odorata (Blanco) Kuntze
Gumira vestita (Schauer) Kuntze
Premna curaranii H.J. Lam
Premna flavida Miq.
Premna goeringii Turcz.
Prema odorata Blanco
Premna vestita Schauer
II. COMMON NAMES:
Abgau (Panay Bisaya)
Adgau (Panay Bisaya, Bikol)
Adiyo (Tagalog)
Aggau (Cebu Bisaya)
Alagau (Tagalog, Iloko)
Alagaw (Tagalog)
Anobran (Iloko)
Argau (Panay Bisaya)
Atigi (Gaddang)
Duragau (Subanum)
Fragrant premna (English)
Guachal (Igorot)
Lagau (Maguindanao)
Lassi (Ibanag)
Pumuhat tangli (Pangasinan)
Saliargao (Cebu Bisaya)
Tibanggen (Bontok)
III. TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom Plantae
Phylum Magnoliophyta
Class Magnoliopsida
Order Lamiales
Family Verbenaceae
Genus Premna L.
Species Premna odorata Blanco
IV.
ETHNOMEDICINAL
AND
PHARMACOLOGICAL
USES
The decocted leaves of Alagaw plant are said to have a number of healing properties.
They can alleviate stomach aches, fever, colds, bronchitis, etc. and is also used as
treatment for beriberi and tuberculosis. When crushed, the leaves can also be used to
cure headaches by placing it on the forehead and temple. The leaves are used as one
of the ingredients in preparing Pito-Pito, an herbal tea blend that is considered effective
for relieving headaches, migraine, diarrhea, asthma, etc. The other parts of the plant
also have a lot of use: decocted shoots are used as parasiticide; flowering tops can be
used as a vaginal douche; and roots can be chewed and the saliva swallowed is
believed to cure cardiac troubles.
V. CONSTITUENTS
The parts of Premna odorata with significant medicinal use are the leaves and flowering
tops, whether fresh or dried. A yellowish-green essential oil may be derived from Alagaw
leaves. The leaves however, do not contain alkaloids, tannins, saponins, or any
cyanogenetic substance. Furthermore, the iridoid glycosides 2- and 3-caffeoyl-6--Lrhamnopyranosyl catalpol, were extracted from Alagaw. These compounds were shown
to have antidiabetic and antioxidant effects. Other compunds were also isolated from P.
odorata which include: O-acylated derivatives of catalpol and asystasioside E,
monoterpenediol diesters, premnaodorosides A, B, and C, phenethyl alcohol
glycosid4es, verbscoside, isoacteoside, bioside (decaffeoylverbascoside) and
cistanoside F.
VI. IMAGE AND DESCRIPTION
With a height of 3 to 8 meters, Alagaw is a small, hairy tree. The Leaves are ovate to
broadly ovate at 10-20 centimeters long with broad, rounded or seemingly heart-shaped
base, and pointed tips. Short hairs cover the Under surface of the blade which leave an
aroma when crushed. Flowers are greenish-white or nearly white with a length of 4 to 5
millimeters and borne on terminal inflorescences (cymes) 8 to 20 centimeters in
diameter. The Fruit is fleshy, dark purple, rounded and is 5 millimeters in diameter.
REFERENCES:
Alagaw/ Premna odorata: Philippine Medicinal Herbs / Philippine Alternative Medicine.
(n.d.). Retrieved August 19, 2016, from http://www.stuartxchange.com/Alagaw.html
Healing Wonders of Philippine Medicinal Plants. (n.d.). Retrieved August 19, 2016, from
http://www.filipinoherbshealingwonders.filipinovegetarianrecipe.com/alagaw.htm
Otsuka, H., Kubo, N., Yamasaki, K., & Padolina, W. G. (1989). Two iridoid glycoside
caffeoyl esters from Premna odorata. Phytochemistry, 28(2), 513515.
doi:10.1016/0031-9422(89)80044-5
Plants Profile for Premna odorata (fragrant premna). (n.d.). Retrieved August 19, 2016,
from http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=PROD
Zhu, H., Wang, Y., Liu, Z., Wan, D., Feng, S., & Yang, X. (2016). Antidiabetic and
antioxidant effects of catalpol extracted from Rehmannia glutinosa (di Huang) on rat
diabetes induced by streptozotocin and high-fat, high-sugar feed. Chinese medicine.,
11, . doi:10.1186/s13020-016-0096-7
II
Section: 3A-PH
Taxonomical Classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Subkingdom: Tracheobionta
Superdivision: Spermatophyta
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Subclass: Rosidae
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Genus: Euphorbia
Species: hirta
IV
VI
Constituents:
- Studies have isolated gallic acid, quercetin, triacontane, cetyl alcohol,
phytosterol, phytosterolin (phytosterol glucoside); jambulol, melissic, and a
mixture of acids consisting chiefly of palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acid.
- Phytochemicals screenings have yielded alkaloids, essential oil, phenols, sterol,
flavones and fatty acids.
- Yields flavonoids: euphorbianin, leucocyanidol, camphol, quercitrin and
quercitrol.
- Study has suggested that some of the constituents of the plant are similar to
those of the jambul (Syzygium cumini) seeds.
- Dried leaves yielded a moisture content of 9.70%, protein 13.5% 0.15, fat
1.13% 0.06, ash 3.13% 0.06, crude fiber 3.57% 0.06, and carbohydrate 69.5%
0.20. Vitamin content showed ascorbic acid 26.1 mg/100g, thiamine 0.60,
riboflavin 1.20, and niacin 0.70.
- Phytochemical screening of extracts yielded the presence of carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins resins, steroids, acidic compounds,
tannins, glycosides, phenols and terpenoids. (see study below)
- Study of aerial parts (leaves and stems) revealed saponin, sterol, terpene,
alkaloids, polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids and especially mucllage.
- Physiochemical study yielded mineral analysis of magnesium, potassium,
calcium, zinc, and traces of chrome.
Image of Plant
3APH
Group 6
August 22, 2016
I.
II.
III.
Taxonomical Classification :
Kingdom Plantae
Phylum Anthophyta
Class Dicotyledoneae
Order Gentianales
Family Apocynaceae
Genus Tabernaemontana
Species T. pandacaqui
IV.
o
o
o
o
V.
to
to
to
to
stop nosebleeds;
relieve spasms and pains of feet and legs;
induce sweating;
relieve menstrual cramps and headaches.
Constituents
Phytochemical screening of leaves yielded terpenoids, flavonoids
and anthraquinones. Stems yielded alkaloids and terpenoids.
IV.
Names:
Group 7
Section: 3APH
The leaves of this plant were also used by the Malaya and Anman
countries for epistaxis, hematemesis, hemostatic, carminative,
and hematuria.
Pharmacological Uses:
Constituents:
The roots contain inulin, tannin, resin and 0.1% of volatile oils.
Pb 25.8001.95
Cr 05.3750.41
Fe 393.1300.67
Cu 13.6000.46
Cd 0.5000.79
Ni 00.0000.14
Zn 31.700 0.70
Mn 41.6500.05
Co 2.0500.27
Na 1118.8000.52
K 15325.000.67
Ca 7177.5000.67
Mg 910.0000.12
Image of Plant:
http://stuartxchange.com/Damong.html
[2]
http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?
search_topic=TSN&search_value=35448
[3]
http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-1156artemisia%20herbaalba.aspx?
activeingredientid=1156&activeingredientname=artemisia%20herbaalba
[4]http://www.globinmed.com/index.php?
option=com_content&view=article
Tolentino, Joy C.
3A PHARMACY
2. Common Names
Amnias (Tag.)
Atai-bia (Tag.)
Atay-bia (Tag.)
Kantotan (Tag.)
Lubitos (Ivan.)
Sirsirika (Bik.)
Sitchirika (Tag.)
Tsitsirika (Tag.)
Madagascar periwinkle (Engl.)
Pink periwinkle (Engl.)
OTHER VERNACULAR NAMES:
CHINESE: Yan lai hong, Ri ri cao, Ri ri xin, San wan
hua, Zhang chun hua.
FRENCH: Kihapai, Prevenche de Madagascar.
HAWAIIAN: Pervenche de Madagascar, pervenche du
pays
MALAYSIA: Kemunting cina.
MYANMAR: Thenbanmahnyoban.
SPANISH: Chatas, chavelas, chula.lai hong, pervinca
de Madagascar, Chichirica, San Pedro.
TONGAN: Siale, siale vao.
3. Taxonomical
Classification
KINGDOM Plantae
DIVISION Magnoliophyta
CLASS Magnoliopsida
ORDER Gentianales
FAMILY Apocynaceae
GENUS Catharanthus
SPECIES Catharanthus roseus
4. Ethnomedicinal and
- In the Philippines, decoction of leaves used in diabetes.
Pharmacological Uses - Decoction of young leaves used for stomach cramps.
- Root decoction for intestinal parasitism; as
emmenagogue; may produce abortion.
- Infusion of leaves used for treating menorrhagia.
- Crude leaf extract has anticancer activity.
- Recent use of roots for anticancer applications.
- Roots used for dysentery.
- In Madagascar, the bitter and astringent leaves used as
vomitive; roots used as purgative, vermifuge,
depurative, hemostatic and toothache remedy.
- In Orissa, juice of leaves used as application to wasp
stings.
- In Mauritius, infusion of leaves used for indigestion and
dyspepsia.
- In Ayurveda, used for diabetes.
- In India, juice of leaves used for bee stings.
- In India, West Indies, and Nigeria used for diabetes.
- In Cuba and Jamaica, flower extract used for eyewash
in infants.
- In the Bahamas, flower decoction used for asthma.
- In Bermuda, used for high blood pressure.
- In Malaysia, plant decoction used for diabetes,
hypertension, insomnia, and cancer.
- In Indo-China, used for dysmenorrhea.
5. Constituent
6. Image of Plant
Source: http://www.stuartxchange.org/Tsitsirika.html