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Tokenring
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Tokenringlocalareanetwork(LAN)technologyisacommunications
protocolforlocalareanetworks.Itusesaspecialthreebyteframecalleda
"token"thattravelsaroundalogical"ring"ofworkstationsorservers.This
tokenpassingisachannelaccessmethodprovidingfairaccessforall
stations,andeliminatingthecollisionsofcontentionbasedaccessmethods.
IntroducedbyIBMin1984,itwasthenstandardizedwithprotocolIEEE
802.5andwasfairlysuccessful,particularlyincorporateenvironments,but
graduallyeclipsedbythelaterversionsofEthernet.
(ThemainfocusofthisarticleistheIBM/IEEE802.5version,butthere
wereseveralotherearlierimplementationsoftokenrings).

Twoexamplesoftokenring
networks:a)UsingasingleMAUb)
UsingseveralMAUsconnectedto
eachother

Contents
1 History
2 ComparisonwithEthernet
3 Operation
3.1 Accesscontrol
3.2 MultistationAccessUnitsandControlledAccessUnits
3.3 Cablingandinterfaces
3.4 Frametypes
3.4.1 Token
3.4.2 Abortframe
3.4.3 Data
4 Othertechnicaldetails
4.1 Activeandstandbymonitors
4.2 Tokenringinsertionprocess
4.3 Optionalpriorityscheme
5 BridgingTokenringandEthernet
6 Seealso
7 References
8 Externallinks

Tokenringnetwork

IBMhermaphroditicconnectorwith
lockingclip

History
Awiderangeofdifferentlocalareanetworktechnologiesweredevelopedintheearly1970s,ofwhichone,the
CambridgeRinghaddemonstratedthepotentialofatokenpassingringtopology,andmanyteamsworldwide
beganworkingontheirownimplementations.AttheIBMZurichResearchLaboratoryWernerBuxandHans
MllerinparticularworkedonthedesignanddevelopmentofIBM'stokenringtechnology,[1]whileearlyworkat
MIT[2]ledtotheProteon10Mbit/sProNet10tokenringnetworkin1981thesameyearthatworkstationvendor
ApolloComputerintroducedtheirproprietary12Mbit/sApollotokenring(ATR)networkrunningover75ohm
RG6Ucoaxialcabling.[3]Proteonlaterevolveda16Mbit/sversionthatranonunshieldedtwistedpaircable.
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IBMlaunchedtheirownproprietarytokenringproductonOctober15,1985.[4]Itranat4Mbit/s,andattachment
waspossiblefromIBMPCs,midrangecomputersandmainframes.Itusedaconvenientstarwiredphysical
topology,andranovershieldedtwistedpaircabling,andshortlythereafterbecamethebasisforthe(ANSI)/IEEE
standard802.5.[5]
Duringthistime,IBMarguedstronglythattokenringLANsweresuperiortoEthernet,especiallyunderload,[6]
buttheseclaimswerefiercelydebated.[7]
In1988thefaster16Mbit/stokenringwasstandardizedbythe802.5workinggroup,[8]andanincreaseto100
Mbit/swasstandardizedandmarketedduringthewaneoftokenring'sexistence.Howeveritwasneverwidely
used,("IBMdoesnotviewhighspeedtokenringasarequirementforthemajorityofitscustomers,andtherefore
thedecisionhasbeenmadenottoprovide100Mbpshighspeedtokenringuplinksonitsproducts..."),[9]andwhile
a1000Mbit/swasapprovedin2001,noproductswereeverbroughttomarket[10]andstandardsactivitycametoa
standstillasFastEthernetandGigabitEthernetdominatedthelocalareanetworkingmarket.

100Mbit/sIBMToken
RingManagement
AdapterwithWakeOn
LAN.BothUTP(RJ45)
andSTP(IBMData
Connector)interfaces
arepresent.

TokenRingNetwork
InterfaceCards(NICs)
withvaryinginterfaces
from:ISA,PCIand
MicroChannel

Madge4/16Mbit/s
TokenRingISANIC

ComparisonwithEthernet
EthernetandTokenringhavesomenotabledifferences:
TokenRingaccessismoredeterministic,comparedtoEthernet'scontentionbasedCSMA/CD
Ethernetsupportsadirectcableconnectionbetweentwonetworkinterfacecardsbytheuseofacrossover
cableorthroughautosensingifsupported.Tokenringdoesnotinherentlysupportthisfeatureandrequires
additionalsoftwareandhardwaretooperateonadirectcableconnectionsetup.[11]
Tokenringeliminatescollisionbytheuseofasingleusetokenandearlytokenreleasetoalleviatethedown
time.Ethernetalleviatescollisionbycarriersensemultipleaccessandbytheuseofanintelligentswitch
primitiveEthernetdeviceslikehubscanprecipitatecollisionsduetorepeatingtrafficblindly.[12]
Tokenringnetworkinterfacecardscontainalloftheintelligencerequiredforspeedautodetection,routing
andcandrivethemselvesonmanyMultistationAccessUnits(MAUs)thatoperatewithoutpower(most
MAUsoperateinthisfashion,onlyrequiringapowersupplyforLEDs).Ethernetnetworkinterfacecards
cantheoreticallyoperateonapassivehubtoadegree,butnotasalargeLANandtheissueofcollisionsis
stillpresent.[13]
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Tokenringemploys'accesspriority'inwhichcertainnodescanhavepriorityoverthetoken.Unswitched
Ethernetdoesnothaveprovisioningforanaccessprioritysystemasallnodeshaveequalcontestfortraffic.
MultipleidenticalMACaddressesaresupportedontokenring(afeatureusedbyS/390mainframes).[9]
SwitchedEthernetcannotsupportduplicateMACaddresseswithoutreprimand.[14]
TokenRingwasmorecomplexthanEthernet,requiringaspecializedprocessorandlicensedMAC/LLC
firmwareforeachinterface.Bycontrast,Ethernetincludedboththe(simpler)firmwareandthelower
licensingcostintheMACchip.ThecostofatokenringinterfaceusingtheTexasInstrumentsTMS380C16
MACandPHYwasapproximatelythreetimesthatofanEthernetinterfaceusingtheIntel82586MACand
PHY.
Initiallybothnetworksusedexpensivecable,butonceEthernetwasstandardizedforunshieldedtwistedpair
with10BASET(Cat3)and100BASETX(Cat5(e)),ithadadistinctadvantageandsalesofitincreased
markedly.
Evenmoresignificantwhencomparingoverallsystemcostswasthemuchhighercostofrouterportsand
networkcardsfortokenringvsEthernet.TheemergenceofEthernetswitchesmayhavebeenthefinalstraw.

Operation
StationsonatokenringLANarelogicallyorganizedinaringtopologywithdatabeingtransmittedsequentially
fromoneringstationtothenextwithacontroltokencirculatingaroundtheringcontrollingaccess.Similartoken
passingmechanismsareusedbyARCNET,tokenbus,100VGAnyLAN(802.12)andFDDI,andtheyhave
theoreticaladvantagesovertheCSMA/CDofearlyEthernet.[15]
Atokenringnetworkcanbemodeledasapollingsystemwhereasingleserverprovidesservicetoqueuesina
cyclicorder.[16]

Accesscontrol
Thedatatransmissionprocessgoesasfollows:
Emptyinformationframesarecontinuouslycirculatedonthering.
Whenacomputerhasamessagetosend,itseizesthetoken.Thecomputerwillthenbeabletosendthe
frame.
Theframeisthenexaminedbyeachsuccessiveworkstation.Theworkstationthatidentifiesitselftobethe
destinationforthemessagecopiesitfromtheframeandchangesthetokenbackto0.
Whentheframegetsbacktotheoriginator,itseesthatthetokenhasbeenchangedto0andthatthemessage
hasbeencopiedandreceived.Itremovesthemessagefromtheframe.
Theframecontinuestocirculateasan"empty"frame,readytobetakenbyaworkstationwhenithasa
messagetosend.

MultistationAccessUnitsandControlledAccessUnits
Physically,atokenringnetworkiswiredasastar,with'MAUs'inthe
center,'arms'outtoeachstation,andtheloopgoingoutandbackthrough
each.[17]
AMAUcouldpresentintheformofahuboraswitchsincetokenringhad
nocollisionsmanyMAUsweremanufacturedashubs.AlthoughToken
RingrunsonLLC,itincludesSourceRoutingtoforwardpacketsbeyond
thelocalnetwork.ThemajorityofMAUsareconfiguredina

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TheIBM8228MultistationAccess
UnitwithaccompanyingSetupAidto
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'concentration'configurationbydefault,butlaterMAUsalsosupportingafeaturetoactassplittersandnot
concentratorsexclusivelysuchasontheIBM8226.[18]

LaterIBMwouldreleaseControlledAccessUnitsthatcouldsupportmultipleMAUmodulesknownasaLobe
AttachmentModule.TheCAUssupportedfeaturessuchasDualRingRedundancyforalternateroutinginthe
eventofadeadport,modularconcentrationwithLAMs,andmultipleinterfaceslikemostlaterMAUs.[19]This
offeredamorereliablesetupandremotemanagementthanwithanunmanagedMAUhub.

Cablingandinterfaces
CablingisgenerallyIBM"Type1",aheavytwopair150Ohmshieldedtwistedpaircable.Thiswasthebasic
cableforthe"IBMCablingSystem",astructuredcablingsystemthatIBMhopedwouldbewidelyadopted.
Uniquehermaphroditicconnectors,commonlyreferredtoasIBMDataConnectorsinformalwritingor
colloquiallyasBoyGeorgeconnectorswereused.[20]Theconnectorshavethedisadvantageofbeingquitebulky,
requiringatleast3x3cmpanelspace,andbeingrelativelyfragile.Theadvantagesoftheconnectorsbeingthat
theyaregenderlessandhavesuperiorshieldingoverstandardunshieldedRJ45.Connectorsatthecomputerwere
usuallyDE9female.
InlaterimplementationsofTokenRing,Cat6cablingwasalsosupported,soRJ45connectorswereusedonboth
oftheMAUs,CAUsandNICswithmanyofthenetworkcardssupportingbothRJ45andDE9forbackwards
compatibility.[17]

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IBMDataConnectors
ontheIBM8228
MultistationAccess
Unit.

RJ45'MediaFilters'
thatplugintoanIBM
DataConnector
convertingitforuse
withRJ45connectors.

Frametypes
Token
Whennostationissendingaframe,aspecialtokenframecirclestheloop.Thisspecialtokenframeisrepeated
fromstationtostationuntilarrivingatastationthatneedstosenddata.
Tokensare3bytesinlengthandconsistofastartdelimiter,anaccesscontrolbyte,andanenddelimiter.
StartDelimiter AccessControl EndDelimiter
8bits

8bits

8bits

Abortframe
Usedtoaborttransmissionbythesendingstation
SD

ED

8bits 8bits
Data
Dataframescarryinformationforupperlayerprotocols,whilecommandframescontaincontrolinformationand
havenodataforupperlayerprotocols.Data/commandframesvaryinsize,dependingonthesizeofthe
Informationfield.
SD

AC

FC

DA

SA

PDUfromLLC(IEEE802.2) CRC

8bits 8bits 8bits 48bits 48bits upto4500x8bits

ED

FS

32bits 8bits 8bits

Startingdelimiter
Consistsofaspecialbitpatterndenotingthebeginningoftheframe.Thebitsfrommostsignificanttoleast
significantareJ,K,0,J,K,0,0,0.JandKarecodeviolations.SinceManchesterencodingisselfclocking,and
hasatransitionforeveryencodedbit0or1,theJandKcodingsviolatethis,andwillbedetectedbythe
hardware.BoththeStartingDelimiterandEndingDelimiterfieldsareusedtomarkframeboundaries.
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1bit 1bit 1bit 1bit 1bit 1bit 1bit 1bit

Accesscontrol
Thisbytefieldconsistsofthefollowingbitsfrommostsignificanttoleastsignificantbitorder:
P,P,P,T,M,R,R,R.ThePbitsareprioritybits,Tisthetokenbitwhichwhensetspecifiesthatthisisatoken
frame,MisthemonitorbitwhichissetbytheActiveMonitor(AM)stationwhenitseesthisframe,andR
bitsarereservedbits.
+

Bits02

57

Priority

Token

Monitor

Reservation

Framecontrol
Aonebytefieldthatcontainsbitsdescribingthedataportionoftheframecontentswhichindicateswhether
theframecontainsdataorcontrolinformation.Incontrolframes,thisbytespecifiesthetypeofcontrol
information.
+

Bits01

Bits27

Frametype

ControlBits

Frametype01indicatesLLCframeIEEE802.2(data)andignorecontrolbits00indicatesMACframeand
controlbitsindicatethetypeofMACcontrolframe
Destinationaddress
Asixbytefieldusedtospecifythedestination(s)physicaladdress.
Sourceaddress
Containsphysicaladdressofsendingstation.Itissixbytefieldthatiseitherthelocalassignedaddress
(LAA)oruniversallyassignedaddress(UAA)ofthesendingstationadapter.
Data
Avariablelengthfieldof0ormorebytes,themaximumallowablesizedependingonringspeedcontaining
MACmanagementdataorupperlayerinformation.Maximumlengthof4500bytes.
Framechecksequence
AfourbytefieldusedtostorethecalculationofaCRCforframeintegrityverificationbythereceiver.
Endingdelimiter
Thecounterparttothestartingdelimiter,thisfieldmarkstheendoftheframeandconsistsofthefollowing
bitsfrommostsignificanttoleastsignificant:J,K,1,J,K,1,I,E.IistheintermediateframebitandEisthe
errorbit.
J K

1 1bit 1bit 1bit 1bit 1bit 1bit 1bit

Framestatus
Aonebytefieldusedasaprimitiveacknowledgementschemeonwhethertheframewasrecognizedand
copiedbyitsintendedreceiver.
A

1bit 1bit 1bit 1bit 1bit 1bit 1bit 1bit

A=1,AddressrecognizedC=1,Framecopied

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Othertechnicaldetails
Activeandstandbymonitors
Everystationinatokenringnetworkiseitheranactivemonitor(AM)orstandbymonitor(SM)station.Therecan
beonlyoneactivemonitoronaringatatime.Theactivemonitorischosenthroughanelectionormonitor
contentionprocess.
Themonitorcontentionprocessisinitiatedwhenthefollowinghappens:
alossofsignalontheringisdetected.
anactivemonitorstationisnotdetectedbyotherstationsonthering.
aparticulartimeronanendstationexpiressuchasthecasewhenastationhasn'tseenatokenframeinthe
past7seconds.
Whenanyoftheaboveconditionstakeplaceandastationdecidesthatanewmonitorisneeded,itwilltransmita
"claimtoken"frame,announcingthatitwantstobecomethenewmonitor.Ifthattokenreturnstothesender,itis
OKforittobecomethemonitor.Ifsomeotherstationtriestobecomethemonitoratthesametimethenthestation
withthehighestMACaddresswillwintheelectionprocess.Everyotherstationbecomesastandbymonitor.All
stationsmustbecapableofbecominganactivemonitorstationifnecessary.
Theactivemonitorperformsanumberofringadministrationfunctions.Thefirstfunctionistooperateasthe
masterclockfortheringinordertoprovidesynchronizationofthesignalforstationsonthewire.Another
functionoftheAMistoinserta24bitdelayintothering,toensurethatthereisalwayssufficientbufferinginthe
ringforthetokentocirculate.AthirdfunctionfortheAMistoensurethatexactlyonetokencirculateswhenever
thereisnoframebeingtransmitted,andtodetectabrokenring.Lastly,theAMisresponsibleforremoving
circulatingframesfromthering.

Tokenringinsertionprocess
Tokenringstationsmustgothrougha5phaseringinsertionprocessbeforebeingallowedtoparticipateinthering
network.Ifanyofthesephasesfail,thetokenringstationwillnotinsertintotheringandthetokenringdrivermay
reportanerror.
Phase0(LobeCheck)Astationfirstperformsalobemediacheck.AstationiswrappedattheMSAU
andisabletosend2000testframesdownitstransmitpairwhichwillloopbacktoitsreceivepair.The
stationcheckstoensureitcanreceivetheseframeswithouterror.
Phase1(PhysicalInsertion)Astationthensendsa5voltsignaltotheMSAUtoopentherelay.
Phase2(AddressVerification)AstationthentransmitsMACframeswithitsownMACaddressinthe
destinationaddressfieldofatokenringframe.WhentheframereturnsandiftheAddressRecognized(AR)
andFrameCopied(FC)bitsintheframestatusaresetto0(indicatingthatnootherstationcurrentlyonthe
ringusesthataddress),thestationmustparticipateintheperiodic(every7seconds)ringpollprocess.Thisis
wherestationsidentifythemselvesonthenetworkaspartoftheMACmanagementfunctions.
Phase3(Participationinringpoll)AstationlearnstheaddressofitsNearestActiveUpstreamNeighbour
(NAUN)andmakesitsaddressknowntoitsnearestdownstreamneighbour,leadingtothecreationofthe
ringmap.StationwaitsuntilitreceivesanAMPorSMPframewiththeARandFCbitssetto0.Whenit
does,thestationflipsbothbits(ARandFC)to1,ifenoughresourcesareavailable,andqueuesanSMP
framefortransmission.Ifnosuchframesarereceivedwithin18seconds,thenthestationreportsafailureto
openanddeinsertsfromthering.Ifthestationsuccessfullyparticipatesinaringpoll,itproceedsintothe
finalphaseofinsertion,requestinitialization.
Phase4(RequestInitialization)Finallyastationsendsoutaspecialrequesttoaparameterserverto
obtainconfigurationinformation.Thisframeissenttoaspecialfunctionaladdress,typicallyatokenring
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bridge,whichmayholdtimerandringnumberinformationthenewstationneedstoknow.

Optionalpriorityscheme
Insomeapplicationsthereisanadvantagetobeingabletodesignateonestationhavingahigherpriority.Token
ringspecifiesanoptionalschemeofthissort,asdoestheCANBus,(widelyusedinautomotiveapplications)but
Ethernetdoesnot.
IntheTokenringpriorityMAC,8prioritylevels,07,areused.Whenthestationwishingtotransmitreceivesa
tokenordataframewithaprioritylessthanorequaltothestation'srequestedpriority,itsetstheprioritybitstoits
desiredpriority.Thestationdoesnotimmediatelytransmitthetokencirculatesaroundthemediumuntilitreturns
tothestation.Uponsendingandreceivingitsowndataframe,thestationdowngradesthetokenprioritybacktothe
originalpriority.
Herearethefollowing8accesspriorityandtraffictypesfordevicesthatsupport802.1Qand802.1p:
Prioritybits

Traffictype

x'000'

Normaldatatraffic

x'001'

Notused

x'010'

Notused

x'011'

Notused

x'100'

Normaldatatraffic(forwardedfromotherdevices)

x'101'

Datasentwithtimesensitivityrequirements

x'110'

Datawithrealtimesensitivity(i.e.VoIP)

x'111'

Stationmanagement

BridgingTokenringandEthernet
BridgingsolutionsforTokenringandEthernetnetworksincludedthe
AT&TStarWAN10:4Bridge,theIBM9208LANBridgeandthe
MicrocomLANBridge.[21]Alternativeconnectionsolutionsincorporated
arouterthatcouldbeconfiguredtodynamicallyfiltertraffic,protocolsand
interfaces,suchastheIBM221024MMultiprotocolRouterwhich
containedbothEthernetandtokenringinterfaces.[22]

Seealso

BothTokenringandEthernet
interfacesonthe221024M

IBMPCNetwork
CambridgeRing

References
1."IEEEhonorsZurichLANpioneers"(http://www.zurich.ibm.com/news/03/ieee.html),Zurich,Switzerland,14April
2003
2."EarlyTokenRingWorkatMIT"(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/85/6828543/06828547.pdf?arnumber=6828547),J.
NoelChiappa,ieeexplore.ieee.org
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3."AHistoryofComputerCommunications19681988"(http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Book/12/12.2
2_Proteon.html),JamesPelkey
4."LocalAreaNetworks"(https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=lS8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27&dq=October+15
+1985+token&source=bl&ots=AecvpbwJ2U&sig=Nt30kwVhLaei5A0o9cp9rust3Ds&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCcQ6AEwA2
oVChMIxuD43ZywyAIVAR2UCh3FIgDD#v=onepage&q=October%2015%201985%20token&f=false),InfoWorld24
Mar1986
5.IEEEStandards:P802.5WorkingGroupArea(http://www.ieee802.org/5/).Ieee802.org.Retrievedon20111030.
6."IEEE802.3LocalAreaNetworkconsiderations",IBMdocumentGG2294220
7.DavidR.BoggsJeffreyC.MogulChristopherA.Kent(1988)."MeasuredcapacityofanEthernet:mythsandreality"
(PDF).ACMSIGCOMMComputerCommunicationReview.25(1):123136.doi:10.1145/205447.205460.
8."ETHERNETVS.TOKENRINGINTHELOCALAREANETWORKINGBUSINESS"(http://hcd.ucdavis.edu/facult
y/webpages/kenney/articles_files/Sponsors,%20Communities,%20and%20Standards_%20Ethernet%20vs.%20Token%20
Ring%20in%20the%20Local%20Area%20Networking%20Business.pdf),URSVONBURGANDMARTINKENNY,
IndustryandInnovation,Volume10,Number4,351375,December2003
9."TR00.book"(PDF).Redbooks.ibm.com.Retrieved20160803.
10.IEEE802.5activities(http://www.ieee802.org/5/www8025org/activity.html).Ieee802.org.Retrievedon20111030.
11.LouisOhland."8228MultistationAccessUnit".Ps2.kev009.com.Retrieved20160803.
12."WhatisthedifferencebetweenanEthernethubandswitch?".Retrieved10May2016.
13."APassiveEthernetHub".Zen22142.zen.co.uk.Retrieved20160803.
14."networkingDuplicateMACaddressonthesameLANpossible?".ServerFault.20130103.Retrieved20160803.
15."DoesanyoneactuallystillUSETokenRing?"(http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/classicsrock/doesanyoneactuallystill
usetokenring/),JohnSheesley,April2,2008,TechRepublic
16.Bux,W.(1989)."Tokenringlocalareanetworksandtheirperformance".ProceedingsoftheIEEE.77(2):238.
doi:10.1109/5.18625.
17."WhubuyfromIBM?"(PDF).Ps2.kev009.com.Retrieved20160803.
18.LouisOhland."8226".Ps2.kev009.com.Retrieved20160803.
19."IBM8230ControlledaccessUnit"(PDF).Public.dhe.ibm.com.Retrieved20160803.
20."LocalAreaNetworksTokenRing".Scottsnetworkclass.com.Retrieved20130615.
21."NetworkWorld".Books.google.ca.19910603.p.56.Retrieved20160803.
22."SG244446"(PDF).Ps2.kev009.com.Retrieved20160803.

General
Castelli,Matthew(2002).NetworkConsultantsHandbook.CiscoPress.ISBN1587050390.
Gallo,MichaelHancock,WilliamM.(2001).NetworkingExplained.DigitalPress.ISBN1555582524.

Externallinks
IEEE802.5WebSite(http://www.ieee802.org/5/)
WikimediaCommonshas
TroubleshootingCiscoRouterTokenRingInterfaces(http://www.cis
mediarelatedtoTokenring.
co.com/en/US/products/hw/modules/ps2643/products_tech_note0918
6a0080093dc2.shtml#first)
Futureobservatory.orgdiscussionofIBM'sfailureintokenringtechnology(https://web.archive.org/2012050
8172555/http://futureobservatory.dyndns.org:80/9056.htm)
WhatifEthernethadfailed?(http://www.networkworld.com/news/2012/100412whatifethernetfailed262
965.html)
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Token_ring&oldid=732911459"
Categories: Channelaccessmethods Networktopology Localareanetworks IEEE802 IBMcomputers
IBMPCcompatibles IEEEstandards Serialbuses Linkprotocols SystemsNetworkArchitecture
Thispagewaslastmodifiedon4August2016,at02:26.
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TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmayapply.
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oftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.

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