Extended Finite Strip Method For Prismatic Plate and Shell Structures PDF

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EXTENDED FINITE STRIP METHOD FOR PRISMATIC
PLATE AND SHELL STRUCTURES

by
GHULAM HUSAIN SIDDIQI, B.E., M.S. in C.E.
A DISSERTATION
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted to the Graduate Faculty
of Texas Tech University in
Partial Fulfillment of
the Requirements for
the Degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
Approved
May, 1971
7 3
\91I
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I am deeply indebted to Dr. C.V. Girija Vallabhan
for his guidance and counseling during this investigation.
I am grateful to Dr. Kishor C. Mehta, Dr. James
R. Mcdonald, Professor Albert J. Sanger and Dr. Donald

J. Helmers for their advice and helpful criticisms. I
am also grateful to Mr. Gary A. Lance and Mr. Sherrill
Alexander for -their assistance in drafting work.
11
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ii
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
GLOSSARY OF SYMBOLS
I.
INTRODUCTION
Review of Literature
Finite Strip Method
The Extended Finite Strip Method
. . . .
Comparison with Finite Eleiaent Method
. .
Scope of this Study

II.
7
7
EXTENDED FINITE STRIP METHOD
Introduction
Some Basic Theorems in Solid Mechanics

Equilibrium Problem in a Continuous
Systems
Trial Solutions with
14
Undetermined
Parameters
16
Ritz Method
19
Types of Structures
20
Geometry and Frames of Reference
. . . .
22
Theory of Thin Plates
24
Rib Elements
28
Philosophy of the Extended Finite Strip

Method
30
iii
IV
Page
III.
Polynomials
31
Base Functions
37
STIFFNESS MATRIX EQUATION
45
Introduction
45
Stiffness Matrix Equation of Membrane

Action
48
Stiffness Matrix Equation of Bending

Action
54
Combined Stiffness Matrix Equation
...
Rib Stiffness Matrix
62
Transformation to Global Coordinates
. .
64
Overall Stiffness Matrix
66
Nodal Line Forces
66
Solution by Gaussian Elimination

IV.
61
....
ANALYSIS OF PROBLEMS WITH KNOWN SOLUTIONS

AND CONVERGENCE TEST
Introduction
68
69
69
The Displacement Contributions of the

Base Functions
70
Plate Structures under Bending Action . .
71
Convergence Test
74
Structures under Combined Membrane

and Bending Action
Rib Attachment
V.
APPLICATION OF THE E X T E N D E D FINITE STRIP

METHOD
Rectangular P l a t e w i t h Overhang
77
78
84
84
Page
VI,
A Folded Plate Structure
86
A Circular Cylindrical Shell with Canopy .
86
A Continuous Plate with Settling Support .
102
Nondimensional Coefficients
10 2
CONCLUSIONS, OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
106
LIST OF REFERENCES
110
APPENDIX
113
A.
Stiffness, Force and Transformation Matrices
114
B.
Nondimensional Coefficients for Rectangular

Plates
130
LIST OF TABLES
Page
1.
Base Functions ip and fi for Symmetric

Membrane Action
41
Base Functions ip and n for Antisymmetric

Membrane Action
41
3.
Base Functions for Bending Action
44
4.
Base Functions for Hinged-Clamped Condition ,
44
5.
Base Functions for Clamped-Clamped
2.
Condition
44
6.
Values of a in Plate 1
73
7.
Values of a , 6
X
8.
9.
10.
11.
and B
at Points 1 and 2
m Plate 2
Values of a at Points 1 and 2 in Plate 3
. .
. .
73
75
75
Corner Supported Plate Carr'ying Uniformly

Distributed Load. Convergence Test Data
at Center Point
76
Plate Hinged Along Opposite Edges (Free

Along Other Two) Carrying Uniformly
Distributed Load. Converqen-ce Test
Data at Center Point
77
VI
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
1.
Pifismatic Plate and Shell Structures and

Their Geometry
21
2.
Global and Elemental Frames of Reference . .
23
3.
Ribs Along x-edges of Strips
23
4.
(a)
(b)
5.
(a)
(b)
Symmetrically Displaced Shape of

Membrane Action
Antisymmetrically Displaced Shape
of Membrane Action . . . . . . . . . .
Symmetrically Displaced Shape of
Bending Action
39
39
43
Antisymmetrically Displaced Shape

of Bending Action
43
6.
Transformation of Coordinates
66
7.
Plate Structures of Different Bomidary

Conditions
72
8.
Cylindrical Shell Structure
79
9.
(a)
(b)
Plots of Stress Functions of the

Cylindrical Shell
80
Plots of Stress Functions of the

Cylindrical Shell
81
10.
Square Hinged Plate with Elastic Ribs
11.
Isotropic Rectangular Plate with Overhang
12.
Folded Plate Structure with Elastic End-Ribs

and North Light Window Details
(a)
Displaced Shapes of the Folded Plate
Structure
(b)
Transverse Stress Resultant T (lb/ft)
Along Mid Section of Plates
13.
Vll
...
.
82
85
87
88
89
Vlll
Page
(c)
(d)
Longitudinal Stress Resultant T

Y
(lb/ft) Along Mid Section of Plates . .
Membrane Shear T
in Plates Along
End Section
(e)
91
Transverse Moment M
(Ib-ft/ft) Along
Mid Section of Plates

(f)
Longitudinal Moment M
92
(Ib-ft/ft)
Along Mid Section of Plates

(g)
90
Twisting Moment M
93
(Ib-ft/ft) in
xy
Plates Along Support Section

14.
94
(a)
Axial Force P
(lb) in Rib Members
. .
95
(b)
Shear Force V
(lb) in Rib Members
. .
96
z
(c)
Moment M
in Rib Members
15.
Cylindrical Shell Structure with Canopy . . .
16.
(a)
17.
Displaced Shape of Shell Along Mid

and End Sections
(b)
Stress Resultants in Shell Along
Mid Section
(c)
Moment Resultants in Shell Along
Mid Section
Continuous Plate Subjected to Support
Settlement
97
98
99
100
101
103
GLOSSARY OF SYMBOLS
A
= Area of rib; amplitude of displacement.
= Length of a structure and a strip

in y-direction.
a.
= Flexibility constant at point-i.
a. . , [A]
= Flexibility influence coefficient;

matrix of these coefficients.
= Overall width of a structure in
x-direction.
b
= Width of a strip element.
B.
L.BJ
= A linear differential operator at

point-i on the boundary.
= Matrix of transformation from generalized displacements to strains and
curvatures.
c.
= Undetermined parameters.
LCÎ
= M a t r i x for t r a n s f o r m a t i o n from g e n eralized d i s p l a c e m e n t s to d i s p l a c e ments .
= Domain.
d.
= Displacement of a point-i.
{d}
= Column matrix of displacements.
x' ^y' xy' ^1' ^'
= Plate rigidities.
[D]
= Matrix of plate rigidities.
E , E , E,
= Young's Moduli of elasticity.
E , E , E,
"" y
^
[EJ
= Elastic constants of an orthotropic

body.
= Matrix of elastic constants.
ix
x
f
= Force function in a domain.
{f}
= Column vector of generalized forces

referred to elemental coordinates.
{f}
= Column vector of generalized forces

referred to global coordinates.
= Shear modulus.
g.
= Prescribed boundary conditions.
[G]
= Matrix of force amplitudes.
{H}
= Column vector of base functions.
= Moment of inertia of rib about ycentroidal axis.
î-; I [ K ]
= Stiffness influence coefficients;

matrix of these coefficients,
= Distributed line loads applied

transversely on a strip-
= Amplitudes of L-loads in the

function space.
L^_
2""
= Linear differential operator of

order upto 2m.
M , M , M
X' y' xy
= Moment resultants in x- and ydirections and twisting moment.
{M}
= Column vector of moment resultants.
N, N , N
= Nodal line force and its components
(N,)^ , (N )
X m
'
z m
= Amplitudes of N-forces in the
j_
function space.
P.
1
= Point load at point-i.
{P}
Qx ' y
= Column vector of P-loads.

= Shear resultants in x- and ydirections.
= Distributed loads; amplitudes of

these loads in the function space.
/ q^
^m
XI
= Residual of the governing equation.
= Centroidal distance between a

strip and a rib.
T ,T ,T
= Stress resultants in x- and y-
XV
-^
directions and in xy-plane,
= Thickness of a strip element.
t'
= Depth of a rib element,
= Strain energy.
V
u, V, w
= Potential energy of loads.

= Displacements of a point on the
middle surface in x- , y- and zdirections respectively.
= Displacements of a point on the
middle surface in x- , y- and zdirections respectively.
u, V, w
u', v", w'
= Displacements of a point in the

plate in x- , y- and z-directions.
X, Y; X^, Y^
m
m
= Body forces in x- and y-directions;

amplitudes in the function space.
X, y, z
= Coordinates of elemental frame of

reference.
X, y, z"
= Coordinates of global frame of

reference.
Shape factors and nondimensional

coefficients.
3 ; 3,3,3
y
^y
= Shape factors; nondimensional

coefficients.
e , e , Y
y
^y
= Strains in x- and y-directions and

shear strain in xy-plane.
{e}
= Column vector of strains.
a , a , T
^
^y
= Stresses in x- and y-directions

and shear stress in xy-plane.
Xll
{a}
= Column vector of stresses,
V #V
X' y
= Poisson's ratios in x- and y-directions,
= Displacement function in a domain,
{6}
= Colximn vector of generalized dislacements.
6
^^,
m
(f)
(x)
= Rotation about y-axis.

^^
m
= Base functions of y,
-^
= Potential energy functional;
angle between elemental and
global frames of references.
= Column vector of curvatures.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Prismatic plate and shell structures are widely used
in Civil Engineering practice.
The plates when formed into
ribbed slabs, or assembled into box girders have a wide

application to roofs, floors, canopies and bridges.
Because
of their economy, folded plate and shell structures are used

extensively in industrial and commercial buildings.
The extended finite strip method developed in this
study presents an integrated approach for analysis of prismatic plate and shell structures.
This method has the capa-
bility of analyzing the structures which:
a) displace along
any or all the edges, b) are carried on integrally built-in

columns or supported on corners or along the edges, c) employ
elastic rib or stiffeners along the edges, d) carry any
type of loads-distributed, live or concentratedat any
location, e) employ orthotropic material, f) employ details
such as changes of width and thickness from one strip to the
other, g) use special features such as north light windows
over the span lengths, and h) are subjected to differential
settlement at their support.
There are several methods and
some graphical and tabular aids of analysis available, but

they have limitations in analyzing structures defined above.
1
Review of Literature
A review of the literature available on the subject,
in the form of methods and techniques, tables and charts
that can be directly applied to the analysis of a prismatic
plate or shell structure, is presented here.
The scope and
limitations of these methods are also assessed.

On the subject of thin plates in bending Timoshenko
[1], Nadai [2], Margurre et al. [3] and ACI-Standard [4]
have tables and charts for nondimensional coefficients
which can be used directly for the analysis of a plate.
The
information presented is for isotropic material properties

except in Ref. [1] where orthotropic properties are considered.
However, plates with complicated boundary condi-
tions are not considered and the information provided is

limited.
Folded Plate Structure
Many methods for analysis of folded plates have been
developed; a review of this information is found in the ASCE
Task Committee report [5] where a modified version of
Gaafar's method is recommended for design purposes.
This
method is difficult to program and is not applicable to

small span-width ratios [6]. The elasticity method originated by Goldberg and Leve [7] was applied by DeFries-Skene
et al. [8] as a stiffness approach, and was presented in
Refs, [9], [10] and [11] as a finite difference technique.

The rectangular finite element technique used by Zienkiewicz
and Cheung [12] was applied to the study of the folded plate
behavior by Rockey and Evan [13]. Cheung introduced the
finite strip method [15] and later applied this method to
analysis of folded plates [6], All these methods assume the
end-diaphragms to be rigid in their plane and free to rotate
normal to their plane; Williamson [14] has modified the
Goldberg et al. method [11J to analyze the folded plates
supported by flexible end-diaphragms.
The finite element
and finite strip methods, are the only ones capable of analyzing folded plates with orthotropic properties.
Prismatic Shell Structure
In references [16], [17], [18] and [19] tables are
furnished that permit analysis of uniformly loaded, simply
supported, i.e., with rigid end stiffeners, single barrel
shells of uniform circular cross-section and made from isotropic, homogeneous materials.
All these methods of analy-
sis require a large amount of computational effort.
In
Ref. [20] a computer method is presented for analyzing

cylindrical shells of various cross-sections by approximating the section by a series of circular segments.
In the
field of finite elements Clough et al. [21] and several

others have developed computer methods for analysis of these
structures while Mircea Scare [22] has expounded finite difference techniques toward this end.
Finite Strip Method
The finite strip method was developed by Cheung [15].
This method divides the domain of a plate structure into a
number of rectangular strips.
The displacements of these
strips are modeled by the product of two exclusive functions

of the coordinates.
One of these functions is a polynomial
expressed in terms of undetermined parameters while the

other is a series of base functions which a priori satisfy
the boundary conditions in that direction.
The stiffness
matrix equation of a strip is developed by the Ritz method

in which the potential energy functional of the strip is
minimized with respect to the undetermined parameters.
Because of the base functions used the finite strip
method [15] has limited application to the plate and shell
structures.
Any plate or shell structure which is subject
to translational displacement along the transverse edges of

the strips cannot be analyzed by this method.
Extended Finite Strip Method
The method proposed in this study is an extension of
the finite strip method introduced by Cheung [15] and will
be referred to as the Extended Finite Strip (EFS) Method.
The above mentioned restrictions on the finite strip method

are removed.
In addition rib elements are introduced along
the strip edges to generalize the method's application to

prismatic plate and shell structures.
The method, briefly speaking, divides the structure
into a finite number of strips along the length of the structure; each strip element, therefore, is bounded by two nodal
lines.
The membrane and bending actions of a strip are
plane stress actions.
For thin plates of linear elastic and
orthotropic materials, subjected to small deflections, these

actions are independent and superposition is valid.
line has four degrees of freedom:
A nodal
the displacements along
longitudinal and transverse directions (y- and x-directions)

of a strip pertaining to membrane action, displacement
perpendicular to the plane (along z-direction) and rotation
about the longitudinal axis of the strip pertaining to
bending action.
The governing differential equations of
membrane and bending action are written in terms of these

displacements which are functions of the x- and y-coordinates
The displacement functions in the governing equations are
replaced by the product of two exclusive functions of x and
y to obtain a "trial solution."
The functions of y are a
set of linearly independent base functions spaning the

domain in y-direction and satisfying the essential boundary
conditions (including displacement along the edges parallel
to x-direction).
The functions of x are polynomials
developed in terms of amplitudes of the base functions for

each degree of freedom permitted at the nodal line. These
amplitudes form the undetermined parameters of the trial
solution.
The "best" solution is obtained by the Ritz
method in which the potential energy functional of the strip

is minimized with respect to the undetermined parameters.
The process of minimizing the functional yields a discrete
analogue of the governing equations of the equilibrium,
i.e., a set of simultaneous equations of equilibrium in
terms of undetermined parameters.
This set of equations is
the stiffness matrix equation of the strip.

By the usual procedure of transformation, the stiffness matrix equations of the individual strips are transformed to global coordinates and assembled to obtain the
overall stiffness matrix equation.
The solution of this
matrix equation is obtained using Gauss elimination, which

yields values of the undetermined parameters.
The displacements, stress resultants and the moment
resultants at a point in the strip are functions of the
undetermined parameters of its bounding nodal lines. The
displacements, stress and moment resultants are, therefore,
evaluated using these functions.
Comparison with Finite Element Method

The finite element method, which is one of the most
powerful tools of stress analysis available, may be used to
analyze the prismatic plate and shell structures considered
in this study, even when they have cut-outs and local variations in thickness.
The extended finite strip method is not
applicable to structures of this type.
However, the method
has certain advantages over the finite element method:

smaller number of unknowns [15] , and the displacements in
X- and z-directions are the only ones to undergo transformation so that their compatibility is not affected by this
transformation.
Scope of This Study
Only the prismatic plate and shell structures which
have complete freedom of rotation about the transverse edges
of a strip are considered in this study.
However, the means
to develop stiffness matrix equations of structures, which

are clamped against these rotations at one or both edges,
is indicated.
Nondimensional coefficients for deflection, stress
and moment resultants of certain rectangular plate structures
are furnished in the form of charts and tables.
CHAPTER II
EXTENDED FINITE STRIP METHOD
Introduction
An explanation of the philosophy of the extended
finite strip method and the development of its basic principles is presented in this chapter.
To insure completeness
of this discussion some basic principles and definitions and

some consequent deductions in solid mechanics [23, 24] are
repeated here.
The solution of equilibrium problems by
trial solutions using undetermined parameters is discussed

briefly.
One of these, the Ritz method, which is based on
the stationary functional approach, is adopted for this

study.
The types of structures that can be analyzed by this
method, their geometry and the frames of reference adopted

are defined.
A brief review of the theory of thin plates,
with rib elements attached along the transverse edges, is

made.
Finally the basic principles of the extended finite
strip method are expounded and the development of function
space to represent the displacement and stress and moment
resultants in the domain of a finite strip is considered.
Some Basic Theorems in Solid Mechanics

The whole edifice of linear elasticity is built on
the concept of a linear elastic solid.
The definition of
such a solid is based on the following three hypotheses

[23]:
Hypothesis I.
The body is continuous and remains continuous
under the action of external forces.
This means that within
a solid the neighboring points remain as neighbors under any

loading conditions.
In other words no holes or cracks open
up in the interior of the body under the action of external

loads.
Mathematically the hypothesis implies that displace-
ment at a point, expressed as a function of the coordinates

and the first derivative of the function at a point, remain,
continuous before and after the application of the external
loads.
Hypothesis II.
If a body in static equilibrium is acted
upon by a set of forcesP , P , . . . , P^^the displacement, d, of an arbitrary point within the body in an arbitrary direction is given by
n
d = E a. P.
1
i = 1, . . . , n
(2.1)
where a , a , . , , , a
1
are constants independent of magnin
tudes of P , P , . , , , P
1
(Hooke's Law). The constants,

n
however, depend upon the location of the point at which the
10
displacement is measured, and upon the location and direction of application of an individual force.
Hypothesis III,
There exists a unique unstressed state of
the body to which the body returns whenever all the external
loads are removed.
A body that satifies the above three
hypotheses is said to be a linear elastic solid.

A number of principles can be deduced, from these
three hypotheses.
Some important deductions are mentioned
here without establishing proof for them.
Proofs are given
by Fung [23] ,
Principle of superposition.
By a combination of Hypotheses
II and III it can be shown that Equation (2.1) is valid

irrespective of the order in which P.(i=l,n) are applied.
A constant a. depends upon load P. only and is independent
of the rest of the loads in the set.
This is the principle
of superposition of load-deflection relationship.

Uniqueness of total work done by the forces. -The displacement at the point of application of a force measured along
its direction is defined as the corresponding displacement.
The total work done by a set of loads in going through
their corresponding displacements is unique irrespective of
the order of application of these loads.
11
Maxwell's reciprocal relation.
The corresponding displace-
ment at point i due to a unit load at point j, in a body, is

denoted as a^. and is called the flexibility influence coefficient.
The total displacement at point i, due to a set
of loads is
d^ = Za^j P.
j = 1, . . . , n
(2.2)
Maxwell's reciprocal relation states that the flexibility

influence coefficients for corresponding forces and displacements are symmetric.
In symbolic form
a^. = aji
Betti-Rayleigh reciprocal relation.
(2.3)
This theorem which is a
corollary of Maxwell's reciprocal theorem, states that the

work done by a set of forces in going through corresponding
displacements produced by a second set of forces is equal to
the work done by the second set of forces in going through
the corresponding displacements produced by the first set of
forces.
Strain energy.
For a body going through an isothermal and
adiabatic deformation process, the work done by the external

forces is equal to the change in internal energy.
If the
internal energy is reckoned as zero in the unstressed state

then the change in internal energy is called the strain
12
energy stored.
The strain energy U is given by the equation
U = 1/2 ZEa^j P^ Pj
i,j = 1, . , , , n
(2,4)
or in matrix notation
U = 1/2 {P}^ [a] {P}
(2,4a)
where {P} denotes a column matrix of the P forces and [a]

denotes the square symmetric matrix formed by the influence
coefficients a.. , The superscript t to a matrix symbol
denotes its transpose.
The strain energy in a linear elas-
tic solid is independent of the order of application of the

loads.
Positive definiteness of strain energy and uniqueness of
solution.
For a linear elastic solid defined above there
exists a strain energy function U which is expressible in

terms of displacements d.
For a solid body to have a
stable, natural state, such as the unstressed state of a

linear elastic solid, the strain energy function must be
positive definite; i.e., it must be non-negative, and zero
only in the natural state.
The positive definiteness of U
implies that the determinant of matrix [a] is always positive.
The inverse of the matrix [aj therefore exists, which
leads to the theorem of uniqueness of solution.
This theo-
rem states that for a linear elastic solid there exists a

one-to-one correspondence between the elastic deformations
13
and the forces acting on the body.
A relation analgous to
Equation (2.2) may be written as

î " ^ îj ^j
j = 1, . . . , n
where k.. are stiffness influence coefficients.
(2.5)
Both [aJ
and [K] for the system are symmetric.

The strain energy U in terms of stiffness influence
coefficients is given by
U = 1/2 EE k..d.d. ,
i, j = 1, . . . , n
(2.6)
or in matrix notation
U = I {d}^ [K] {d},
(2.6a)
where {d} is column matrix of displacements d. , and [K] is

a square symmetric matrix of the stiffness coefficients k..
Potential energy functional.--A potential energy functional,
^ , can be assigned to any geometrically compatible state of
the elastic system according to the formula:
$ = U-V
where U is the strain energy of the system as already
defined and V is the potential energy of the prescribed
loads.
(2.7)
14
Minimum Potential Energy Theorem.This theorem is stated
here without proof.
Of all admissable sets of displacements
satisfying ;the boundary conditions, the one which also

satisfies the equations of equilibrium is distinguished by
the minimum value of the potential energy functional.
The
equations for determining the minimum.
or
^^ = E kijdj-P^ = 0
9di
j
i,j = 1, . . . , n
E k^.d. = P^
i,j = 1, . . . , n ,
are identical with the equilibrium conditions.
(2.8)
(2.8a)
The Minimum
Potential Energy Theorem leads to several approximate methods

of solution of complicated problems in elasticity and structural mechanics.
The stiffness coefficients are the vehicles
through which this principle is established and Equation

(2.8a) automatically yields these coefficients.
Equilibrium Problem in a Continuous System
In the case of equilibrium problems in a continuous
system, the relations of Equation (2.8a), which are for a
discrete system, become a set of differential equations of
the type
L
(6) = f
2m
in domain D .
(2.9)
15
In physical problems in solid mechanics
is the dis-
placement function and f is the force function.
A solution
to the equilibrium problem lies in determining a function

6 which satisfies Equation (2.9) and also meets the boundary
conditions,
B^ (6) = g^
i = 1, . . . , m
on the boundary of the domain D.

on function
(6) operates
and its ordinary and partial derivatives
up to order 2m.
6
The symbol L
(2.9a)
The symbol B. (6) operates on function
and its derivatives up to order 2m-l, which when evalu-
ated at each point i on the boundary, satisfy the prescribed

values g.
.
^1
The boundary conditions of an equilibrium problem
are divided into two categories:
the conditions which
satisfy geometric compatibility at the boundary, and the

conditions which satisfy the force balance conditions at
the boundary.
The conditions of the first category are
called essential boundary conditions while the others are

called natural boundary conditions.
An equilibrium problem is said to be linear when its
governing equations and the boundary conditions are linear.
16
Trial Solutions with Undetermined Parameters
There are several approximate procedures for the
solution of equilibrium problems in continuous systems. One
category of these methods utilizes trial solutions with
undetermined parameters [24]. In these methods trial solution in terms of undetermined parameters is selected.
The
trial solution represents a whole family of admissible

approximations which simulate
6 within the domain and
satisfy the boundary conditions.

cedures has
Each of the various pro-
different criteria for picking out the "best"
approximation of the selected family of admissible functions.

For a linear equilibrium problem a trial solution
for 6 has the form
6 = Ec. y.
i = 1, . . . , n
(2.10)
where the ^. are known linearly independent functions in the

domain D satisfying the boundary conditions and the c^^ are
the undetermined parameters.
for fixing c. .
^ 1
There are two basic criteria
In one of these c
are so chosen to make
weighted averages of the equation residual vanish, and in

the other c. are so chosen as to give a stationary value to
the potential energy functional of the system.
Application
of either criteria results in a set of n simultaneous

equations in c. . These methods, therefore, reduce an
17
equilibrium problem in a continuous system to an approximately equivalent equilibrium problem in a discrete system
with n degrees of freedom.
Weighted Residual Methods
The trial solution of Equation (2.10) is selected to
satisfy both the essential and the natural boundary conditions.
The equation residual R in terms of the trial solu-
tions is
R = f-L 2m (Ec.^.)
1 1
i = 1, . . . , n
(2.11)
For the exact solution the residual is identically

zero.
Within a trial family, however, a "good" approxima-
tion is one which renders R small.
Any one of the following
four methods may be used to make the weighted averages of

R vanish.
Collocation.- -The residual is set equal to zero at n arbitrary points in the domain D . This technique results in n
simultaneous equations for determining c. .
Subdomain.
The domain D is subdivided into n subdomains,
according to an assumed pattern.
The integral of R over
each subdomain is then set equal to zero thus obtaining n

simultaneous equations for determining the c^ .
18
Galerkin.This method is based on the mathematical concept
that m^ and R are orthogonal over the domain D .
Expressly
this condition is written as

'D ""i RdD = 0
i = l , . . . , n
(2.12)
whereby n simultaneous equations are obtained for determining the c. .

Least Squares.According to this method the integral of the
square of R is minimized with respect to the undetermined
parameters c. to provide n simultaneous equations.
Be : / .
1
.2
R^dD
=0
i = 1, . . . , n .
(2.13)
For a particular trial family which satisfies all

the boundary conditions these methods produce slightly different approximations.
The Galerkin method yields results
that are superior to those obtained from the other methods

of this category.
These methods may yield meaningless
results if the trial family satisfies only the essential

boundary conditions.
In this regard these methods are
restrictive in their application to the equilibrium problems.
19
Ritz Method
In this method a trial family is so chosen as to
satisfy the essential boundary conditions only.
This trial
solution need'*not satisfy the natural boundary conditions.

The method consists of expressing the potential energy, $ ,
of the system in terms of the assumed trial solution of
Equation (10) and extremizing ^ with respect to the undetermined parameters c. . Even if the assumed trial solution
violates the natural boundary conditions, the extremization
of the functional ^ ensures the "best" result out of the
assumed trial solution.
This procedure provides n simul-
taneous equations for determining the c. . In matrix notation these equations are written as
[K] {C} - {f} = 0
or
(2.14)
[K] {c} = {f}
(2,14a)
where [K] is the stiffness matrix of the system, {c} is the

column matrix of undetermined parameters, and (f} is the
column matrix of "distributed forces,"
The undetermined
parameters determine the amplitude of displacements and the

degree of freedom of the system and, therefore, are recognized as the generalized displacements.
The force vector
{f} is to be expressed in the same function space.
Equation
20
(2,14a) is referred to as the stiffness matrix equation of
the system.
The Ritz method has the advantage over the weighted
residual methods in requiring satisfaction of only the essential boundary conditions by the trial solution.
This helps
to simplify the selection of trial solution.

The value of $ for a true solution is the minimum so
that the value of $ obtained from a trial solution always
yields an upper bound to $ , The relative "goodness" of one
trial solution over another can, therefore, be judged by
smallness of the $ value.
The superiority of the Ritz
method in this regard over the other methods is demonstrated

in literature [24].
Types of Structures
All the prismatic plate and shell structures, in
which the boundary conditions along two parallel edges can
a priori be satisfied by suitable base functions, are
amenable to solution by the extended finite strip method.
Such prismatic plate and shell structures are represented
by an assembly of flat strip elements as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1(a) shows the variation in strip widths and thicknesses, and the types of loads that can be applied.
The
structure of Figure 1(b) has stiffening ribs along edges
21
Modal Lliie
t ^
o x
strip Element
(a) Plate Structure with Varying Plate Thickness and Different Loads.
North Light
Elastic
Strips of zero
thickness with
ribs
with Elastic End Ribs, Built-in

(b) Folded Plate Structure
Columns and North Light
(c) Cylindrical Shell Structure
Figure 1.
A QhplL Structures and their Geometry.

Prismatic Plate and Shell Structur
22
parallel to the x-axis and is supported by monolithically
built in columns.
Geometry and Reference Frames
Figure 2 shows a prismatic structure with two frames
of reference:
the global and the elemental.
The global
frame of reference is denoted by a bar over the letter.

The x-f
y- and z- axes are oriented as shown in Figure 2.
Directions indicated are the positive directions of these

axes.
The same triad is chosen for elemental frame of
reference also.
The x- and y-axes in this frame are con-
tained in the plane of the strip element while the z-axis

is normal to this plane.
The x-axis is oriented along the
edge where boundary conditions are a priori satisfied by the

base functions.
The directions parallel to the x-axis and
y-axis are referred to as transverse direction and the

longitudinal direction respectively for both the structure
and a strip element.
The y-axis in global and elemental
frames of reference always remain parallel to each other.

The dimensions denoted by a, b, and t in Figure 1(a)
are length, width an^ thickness of a strip element (along
X-, y- and z-axes) respectively.
Translational displacements
parallel to x-, y- and z-axes of a point on the middle plane

of a strip are denoted by u, v and w respectively.
The
23
Figure 2 .
Global and Elemental Frames of Reference
Nodal
Line-i
?
(c)
Figure 3 .
(d)
Ribs along x-edges of StripJ
24
rotational displacement about the y-axis of a point is
denoted by 0 .
Theory of Thin Plates
Because a strip element is considered to be a thin
orthotropic plate an outline of the theory of such a plate
is presented here.
The equations for membrane and bending
displacements, the resulting strain and stress relations

and the consequent equations of stress and moment resultants
are also given here without derivation [1, 23]. For small
deflection theory and linear elastic material analyses
considering both membrane and bending actions are based on
Kirchhoff's hypothesis.
This hypothesis states that every
straight line in the plate that was originally perpendicular

to the middle surface remains straight and perpendicular to
the deflected middle surface after the strain.
Application of Kirchhoff's hypothesis leads to the
following expressions for the displacements u', v' and w'
of a point (x,y,z) in a plate in terms of the displacements
u, V and w of the corresponding point (x,y,o) in the middle
surface
w' = w
u' = u - 1 ^ Z
9x
V = V - ^
9y
(2.15)
25
The strain components at a point are

3u'
8u
a^w'
X
8x
8x
8X-2
""y
8v'
3y
8v
8y
a^w'
8y^
^ 8u'
'xy
3y
8V' ^ 3u
3x
^ 3y
(2.16)
8V _
3x'
3^ w'
3x3y
To make this development general, the plate material

is considered to be orthotropic.
Orthotropy is a paticular
case of anisotropy in which elastic properties of a material

in two mutually perpendicular directions are defined. |^1, 2 8]
The elastic properties of such a material in two dimensions
are completely defined by five constants out of which four
are independent.
The elastic constants are E , E
(Young's
moduli), VX , Vy (Poisson's ratios), and G (shear modulus).

The constant v is dependent one and is given by
V
X E y = V y E X = El'
(2.17)
The stress-strain relation of such a material is shown

to be
E.X
1-v
E
1-v
T.
xy
.1
1-v
V
X
V"
1-v
y
V'
M2.18)
< e
y
Y
xy
26
f
E1
El
^
or
< e^
;>
(2.18a)
y
xy
It may be noted that in isotropic condition E
= E
= E ,
V = V = V and G = E/2(l+v).
X
y
The stress resultants (force per unit length),

denoted by T , T , and T
are
-^ X
y
xy
t/:
^n
"x
^x
,3u ,
^^ = T^TT^
X y
-t/:
.t/:
a
y
dZ
3v,
<33r + "y 3?'

-^
E t
3u,
3v
y
(^ + V
)
X y 3y
l-v._v..
X 3x'
-t/:
(2.19)
t/:
T
dZ
xy
xy
-t/;
-^
<5t
/3u , avv
(37 + 33?)
27
T h e moment r e s u l t a n t s
(moments p e r u n i t
length),
denoted by M , M and M
are
X
y
'^y
.t/2
M,X
2
-E t
a^ Z dZ = j , ^ ^
^ v/ 3 ^
X
1 2 ( l - v ^x v' y. ^) 3x2
.2
2
. 3jv.
y 3y2
-t/:
= -(D 1 J 1 - +
^
.t/
M
-t/
3
n
3y'
i!ii+
y 3y2
t/:
xy
3y^
2
-E t
. 3 w ,
a y Z dZ = TTT^
1 2 ( l - v ^Xv ^, J; (\ ,3^^-r^ +
= _(D
Di^^)
J3n
Gt
D,i^)
Sx^
(2.20)
2
,3
^xy 2 <i2 = 2 3 ^
V^.
X
2
3 w.
3^27-)
2
W
(3^)=
IT-.
/9
2 D^y
(33^)
-t/;
From t h e moment e q u i l i b r i u m
Q,
3M
3MX
3y
3x
J&
equations
^
(D i ! w + (D^ + 2D )
3x
X ,..2
^
xy'
3x^
^ }
^
3y
^
(D ^ ^ +
^^
^ 3x^
3M
3M
yx _
X
3y "
3x
3 _ (D
3y
9y
l_w + D'
i-^}
...2
...2
3x
9y
} ,
(2.21)
28
Equations (2.19) represent the membrane forces.
Equations (2.20) the bending forces and Equations (2.21)
the transverse forces in terms of middle surface displacements .
Rib Element
Conventional folded plate and cylindrical shell
structures are designed and constructed with rigid end
diaphragms along the x-edges.
To permit analysis of
structures which have flexible stiffeners along the edges

beam elements which are subjected to axial and bending
deformations in xz-plane are considered in the study.
The
rib elements are attached to the soffit of the strip along

both x-edges.
They serve two purposes:
elastic end ribs
in lieu of rigid end diaphragm and integrally built-in

columns.
To simulate the conditions of integrally built-in
columns the thickness of strip elements with elastic end

ribs in particular location is equated to zero.
This is
shown in Figure 1 (b). Figure 3 (a) shows such a rib of

cross sectional area A, moment of inertia I
about its
centroidal axis parallel to y-axis, and depth t'.
The
distance from the middle surface of the strip to the centroidal axis of the rib is denoted by r and is
r = I (f+t) .
(2.22)
Figure 3 (b) shows the displaced state of the rib in

terms of strip-displacements along x-edge.
The displace-
ments of middle surface of the rib in xz-plane at a nodal
29
line i are denoted by uf, w5, and ef,
The displacement at
nodal line i and j in terms of plate displacements along

x-edges are
r
u.
1
r
w.
{6^}
<
1 0
1
=
0 -r
1 0
^-ii
-11
U2.23)
> =
0 -r
1 0
r
w.
u-li
^-ij
w-ij
9"
^J
-Ij
It may be pointed out here that for r=o, the

centroidal axis of the rib coincides with the middle
surface of the strip as shown in Figure 3 (c) or the rib
becomes a separate body which is not integrally built
with the strip as shown in Figure 3 (d). In. the literature on this subject the ribs are attached to the plate
structures in this fashion even though the structures are
not constructed this way.
A rib attached to the soffit
has a relative stiffness of an effective L-Section which

is much higher than that of a rectangular section.
The
deformation pattern of a rib established in Equation (2.2 3)

excludes its rotation about x-axis.
30
Philosophy of the Extended Finite Strip Method

The philosophy of the Extended Finite Strip method
is similar to that of the Kantrovich Method
(25) for
approximate solutions of partial differential equations

of a function. In this study the governing partial differential equation is in terms of the deflection function.
This equation is reduced to an ordinary differential
equation by expressing the displacement function as the
product: of two exclusive functions f(x) and ij; (yj so that
these functions satisfy the essential boundary conditions.
According to linear elastic theory of plates and
for shiall deflections, the membrane and bending action
in a plate or a strip element are independent actions.
The governing differential equation in membrane action
is expressed in terms of displacements u and v which are
functions of x and y, while in bending the action is
expressed in terms of the deflection w, which is also a
function of x and y.
Each of the displacements u, v and w
are, therefore, expressed as products of a polynomial

and a set of linearly independendent base functions.
The polynomials [s] model the displaced shape of
a strip in the x-direction and satisfy boundary conditions
along the bounding nodal lines of the strip.
The base
functions simulate the displaced shape in the y-direction
31
and satisfy the essential boundary conditions along edges

parallel to x-axis.
The polynomials for membrane and
bending actions are developed sep4rately.

Polynomials,'
Membrane action:
The u- and v-displacement of a point
in the middle surface of a strip element are expressed

as the sums of u_- and v -displacements respectively
m
c o n t r i b u t e d by i n d i v i d u a l b a s e
jr
functions.
u =^ E u^
m ^
m = -1,0,1,...,6
V =
(2.24)
Z V
The displacements
um and vm are modeled as the product
'^
of a first ordered polynomial and the appropriate base
function for the displaced shape.
U
(ai+ ap x)
ij; (y)
m= -1,0,1,...,6
(2.25)
v^ = (3i+ 32 X) ^^(y)
where a. and 3. are shape factors and 4^j^(y) and ^^^(y) are
the base function which are discussed in the next section
The first expression of the Equation (2.25) at a point
along the nodal lines i and j, where the base function is
32
unity, yields the amplitudes

mi
(2.26)
u . = ai + b ao
m]
^
^
Equations
(2.26)
expressed in matrix notation are
umi
.
ai
>
<
u .
(2.26a)
a2
^
The
vector [umi
. um j.]t .
is the vector of undetermined
*
parameters and [ai 02]
the vector of shape factors.
The shape factors are expressed in terms of undetermined

parameters by inverting the matrix in Equation (2.26a) as
'
ai
>
<
>
-1/b
a2
U .
mi
1/b
(2.27)
umj
.
By similar logic the 3-shape factors are expressed in

terms of the undetermined parameters v^. and v ..
^
mi
mj
0
3i
>
<
32
V .
mi
(2.28)
-1/b
1/b
V .
mj
33
The displacements u . and v . for m=-l
are the amplitudes
of the displacements along the x-edges.
The displacements
u and V of Equation (2.25) expressed in terms of undeterm

in
mined parameters are
% =
^ (l-^ % i ^ E-^mj>
^m^^^
(2.29)
Vm = { (1- b
^) v^.
mi + -^
b v^.}
mj
L i m i t a t i o n s of L i n e a r P o l y n o m i a l :
the s t r i p e l e m e n t
^ 3u
^xy
3y
mîy)
-^
The s h e a r s t r a i n ,
Y.,^ i n
xy
is
3v
3x
(2.30)
This expression for the assumed displaced shape is
+ -^{(31 + 32:^) ^^W ^

(2.31)
= (ai+a2x) (ip )
+ 32^1^
y
where {ib ) is the first derivative of the function ^
m y
with respect to y.
The shear strain in this modeling of
the displaced state is a linear function of x when in

actuality it is a
second ordered function of x.
This
in essence renders the strip more rigid in its rotation

about z-axis.
Use of higher order polynomial will obviate
34
this situation, but requires introduction of one more

undetermined parameter and causes consequent increase of
the band width.
If the plate subject to membrane action is divided
into two or more strip elements the overall distribution
of shear strain, although linear over an individual strip,
approximates to a parabolic distribution over the entire
plate.
The idea of a higher degree polynomial, therefore,
is not pursued further in this study.

Bending action:
The displacement w at any point in the
middle surface of a
strip element normal to plane of
the strip expressed as sum of w
displacements contributed
by individual base function as

w = 2w
m m
m= -1,0,1,...6 .
(2.32a)
Similarly the slope in x-direction, 6,is expressed as

e = Z e
m m
The displacement w
m= -1,0,1,...6 .
(2.32b)
is modeled by the product of a third
degree polynomial in x and the appropriate base function

for the displaced shape as
2
3
wm = (ai+aoX- +aciX +a^x ) m
ijj^(y)
(2.33)
35
A third degree polynomial is uniquely defined in the

domain by four constants at the boundary.
Since there are
four constants (the undetermined parameters) involved at

the two nodal lines of a strip the polynomial of Equation
(2.33) is chosen.
The slope, e , in x-direction at any point,
the first derivative of w
with respect to x, is
"^
3w
(2.34)
^m " ~J^ " (a2+2a3X+3a4X ) i|;^(y)

Two u n d e t e r m i n e d p a r a m e t e r s w . and e . ,
^
mi
mi
therefore,
are introduced at each nodal line i defining the amplitude

of nodal displacements and rotations.
The amplitudes, at
a point on the nodal lines i and j where the value of base

function is unity, expressed in matrix notation are
w mi.
e mi.
> ^=
w .
mj
^mj
"2
(2.35)
b^
^3
2b
3b2
a^
.
To express the shape factors in terms of undetermined parameters, the matrix in Equation (2.35) is inverted.
The shape factors, therefore, are
36
ai
a2
w .
mi
mi
,
-Vb2 -Vb
^3
^/bs
a^
Vb2
Vb2 -2/b3
Substituting i n t o Equation
Equation
(2.36)
-Vb
(2.36)
w .
e .
Vb2
mj
( 2 . 3 3 ) , t h e v a l u e s of a from
and c o l l e c t i n g t h e t e r m s , t h e d i s p l a c e m e n . t
w becomes
m
W = {
m
/n
3
(1-r,2
b
2
2^ 2
X +
,3
3.
X ) W . +
mi
(x- X
+ V
, 2
x"*) e . +
mi
(2.37)
,3
(
3,
X )
X -
b^
(-^-'
b=
""^
" ^ " ' ^ '"3'
VW
The w and e f o r m= - 1 r e p r e s e n t t h e
m
m
of t h e s e d i s p l a c e m e n t s a l o n g t h e x - e d g e s and
t h e r i g i d body d i s p l a c e m e n t s of a s t r i p .
amplitude
constitute
37
Base Functions
The base functions, as was stated earlier, must
simulate the displacement in y-direction and satisfy the
boundary conditions along the edges parallel to x-axis.
The boundary conditions along x-edges may be such as to
permit: a) the displacement without bending deformation
of a nodal line or in other words the displacement of
nodal line itself, b) complete freedom of rotation about
x-edges and c) complete clamping of rotation about one or
both x-edges.
The first of these conditions is satisfied by the
first two base functions, Th (y)
^m
and ^ (y) , m=-l and 0.

m
'
Physically speaking the later two conditions result in

hinged-hinged, hinged-clamped (against rotation) or
clamped-clamped nodal lines. Each one of these specific
cases is properly represented by a set of base functions
The upper limit on the value of m is fixed at 6
with the understanding that contributions from the higher
base functions are insignificant. The results confirm thin
assumption.
The base functions for the hinged-hinged condition
only are discussed here.
Function space for the other
two conditions can be developed by replacing the functions
38
ip^, (m=l,
6) by Vlasov functions [5J . These functions,
for the sake of completeness of this study, are listed in

Tables 4 and 5.
Base functions for membrane and bending action are
selected separately.
Any asymmetric displaced shape, in
membrane or bending action, can be split into a combination

of symmetric and antisymmetric displaced shape. The
function shape for symmetric and antisymmetric cases are,
therefore, developed separately.
The displaced shape of a strip element is defined
by the deformation of its nodal lines.
In Figure 4 the
nodal line-i can be thought of as displaced without bending by u_^. in x-direction and v_,. in y-direction.
In
general instead of talking about the displaced shape of a

strip element a reference is made to the displaced shape
of a nodal line.
Membrane Action
A displaced shape in membrane action is split into
two parts: the symmetric and antisymmetric displaced shapes
The function space for each part is developed seperately.
Symmetrically Displaced Shape:
Figure 4 (a) depicts the
symmetrically displaced shape of a strip element subject

to membrane action.
Each nodal line has two degrees of
39
Axis of Symmetry
NodalLine-i
Figure 4(a). Symmetrically Displaced Shape of Membrane Action.
oi X
K i ' =2,4,6
H-H Y
1
1
/
/
1 /
1 /
1 /
Line-i
/
/
1 /
\J
..J
/
u-
Axis of Antisymmetry
Figure 4(b). Antisymmetrically Displaced Shape of Membrane Action
40
freedom, u and v.
This figure shows- the displacement
shape is comprised of two parts: 1) displacement without

bending, and 2) bending deformation.
The base functions for u- and v-displacements which
a priori
satisfy boundary conditions along x-edges and
span the domain in only y-direction are respectively

denoted by ^_(y)
or in short,
and ^_(y) / and given in Table 1.
]h
^m '
ij; (y),
define the u- displacement along a
nodal line while fi (y) , or fi , define the v-dia^lacement

along the same nodal line.
Antisymmetric Displaced Shape:
antisymmetric
Figure 4 (b) depicts
displaced state of a strip element. The
base functions which a priori satisfy boundary conditions

along x-edges and span the domain only in y-direction are
respectively
* denoted by
"* \l)m and nm . These functions are
given in Table 2.
It may be pointed out here that these functions
have been developed to make this discussion complete.
The development of stiffness matrix equation for this
displaced shape in membrane action, however, is left out
of this study.
41
Table 1,
Base F u n c t i o n s \l) and fi f o r Symmetric Membrane

Action.
i>
Shape
-1
fi
-2Z
-1
in IZ
a
cosl^
a
sin isX
a
cos
sin
lux
a
cos
Table 2,
37TX
Base F u n c t i o n s i|^ and Q f o r

Membrane A c t i o n ,
Shape
STT
Antisymmetric
-2Z
a
s i n 2Try
a
c o s 2 Try
a
sin
ITTX
c o s 27Ty
a
s i n 6TTy
a
c o s ^Try
a
Shape
Shape
42
The displacements u and v are individually

approximated by a set of four base functions. This,
therefore, leads to eight degrees of freedom at a nodal
line in membrane action.
Bending Action
A displaced shape in membrane action is split
into two parts: the symmetric and antisymmetric displaced
shapes.
The function space for each part is developed
separately.
Figure 5 (a) depicts symmetrically displaced
shape of a strip element under bending action.
Each nodal
line has two degrees of freedom viz. w and e.
Figure 5 (b)
depicts the antisymmetrically displaced shape of a strip

element under bending action.
The displaced shapes of Figure 5 are comprised of
two parts: displacement without bending, and bending
displacement.
The base functions which a priori satisfy
boundary conditions along x-edge and span the domain'in

y-direction are denoted by iJ; . These base functions for
-^ ^m
symmetric d i s p l a c e d shape and those for antisymmetric
displaced shape are given i n Table 3.
43
Nodal Line-i
Axis of Symmetry
mi
ni=l,3,5
-HJ
Figure 5(a). Symmetrically Displaced Shape of Bending Actioni
Axis of Antisymmetry
Figure 5(b). Antisymmetrically Displaced Shape of Bending Action
44
Table 3,
Base Functions for Bending Action,
Syr MTietric
case
Antisymmetric
m
-1
1-
s m ^
a
sm
sin
i ^
a .
sm
sm
5 Try
*a
sin
Try
Table 4,
2xa
2TTV
^
a
4Try
j^
a
^ ^
a
Base Functions for Hinged-Clamped

Condition,
^m
-1
1 to 6
sin
m
a
4m+l
V = J
Table 5.
. , um-^y
n sinh
"
a
s i n u^
^m
s i n h \xj^
Base Functions for Clamped-Clamped

Condition.
^
m
-1
0
case
- 2X
a
^m^
Ito 6 s m - ^ - s m h - ^ - n^(cos - ^ cosh
s m p^ - sinh y^
2m+l
TT
^m - "2"
"^n^cbs vi^
im - cosh y m
-^)
CHAPTER III
STIFFNESS MATRIX EQUATION
Introduction
The formation of the stiffness matrix equation
of a strip is done in several steps.
The stiffness matrix
equation referred to an elemental frame of reference for

membrane action of a symmetrically displaced strip,
is developed in the first step.
The superscript 'ms'
refers to membrane action of a symmetrically displaced

shape.
The symbol [K^^]
is the stiffness matrix; {6
contains the generalized displacements of the strip and

ms
{f } generalized forces expressed in generalized coordinates. The stiffness matrix equation for membrane
action of an antisymmetrically displaced strip is
[K"^]
{6^}
- {f"^} = 0 .
(3.2)
The superscript 'ma' refers to membrane action of an

antisymmetrically displaced shape.
Since no particular
need of antisymmetrical membrane action was foreseen

in the scope of this study. Equation (3.2) is not
developed in detail.
However, it may be developed in
a manner similar to Equation (3.1) by using the base

45
46
functions
of T a b l e
(2) i n s t e a d of t h o s e o f T a b l e
The s t i f f n e s s
matrix equation referred
(1).
t o an
e l e m e n t a l f r a m e of r e f e r e n c e f o r b e n d i n g a c t i o n of
s y m m e t r i c a l l y and a n t i s y m m e t r i c a l l y d i s p l a c e d
and
strips.
[K"^J
,bs-
.bs {6"^}
{ f ^b ^s } = 0 ,
(3.3)
,ba
{ 6.ba
""} -
{ f ^b â } = 0 ,
(3.4)
[K""]
respectively are developed in the second step. The

superscripts 'bs' and 'ba' refer to symmetrical and
antisymmetrical bending action respectively.
The membrane and bending stiffness matrix equations
of symmetric displaced shape are superposed in the third
step tp obtain the combined stiffness matrix equation of
the strip as
^
ms
^ms
0
bs
K
Equation
{6
} and
together
or
(3.5)
{6
^ms
\
<
->
,^^
<
= 0
(3.5)
^bs
J
i s r e a r r a n g e d t o g r o u p t h e e l e m e n t s of
}
p e r t a i n i n g t o n o d a l l i n e s i and 3
as
[K^]
{6^}
{f^} = 0
(3.6)
[K^]
{6^}
{f^}
(3.6a)
47
The superscript 's' refers to symmetrically

shape.
displaced
The Equation (3.6) is referred to an elemental
frame of reference and is called the combined elemental

stiffness matrix equation of the strip.
The ribs or stiffners employed along the x-edges
of a structure are considered in fourth step.
The ribs
are considered to displace in xz-plane alone. The

stiffness matrix elements of such a member in terms of
its planar displacements are established in the literature [26] . These stiffness elements are evaluated in
terms of the corresponding plate displacements according
to Equation (2.23) in this step.
The transformation of the elemental stiffness
matrix equation to a global frame of reference is
effected in fifth step.
[ic^J
or
{6^} -
[ic^] {6^} =
The transformed equation,
{f^} = 0
(3.7)
{f^} ,
(3.7a)
is referred to as the generalized stiffness matrix

equation.
In the sixth step
the generalized stiffness
matrix equations of individual strips are assembled to

form an overall generalized stiffness matrix equation of
the entire structure.
This matrix is a banded matrix of
48
half-band width equal to thirty two.

The nodâl line
seventh step-
forces N are considered in the
The generalized forces referred to a global
frame of reference due to these applied nodal forces are

developed and added to
{f^} in Equation (3.7)
The solution of Equation (3.4) and (3.7) is

obtained on the computer by employing a Gaussian elimination process using only the half-band width of the stiffness matrix.
Stiffness Matrix Equations of Membrane Action
Symmetrically Displaced Shape
Base Functions:
The function space of the u and v
displacements is spanned in y direction

fi - base functions respectively.
by \l) -
and
These base functions
for a symmetrically displaced shape are given in Table 1

Displacements:
The displacements u
and v
of Equation
(2.29) when expressed in matrix notation are

r
"1
(1-x/b)^
m
u
m
>
{x/h)P
umi.
(x/b)^
m
V .
mi
.0
(1-x/b)^
m
umj
V .
L "^3 J
(3.8)
49
,m
= [c-j
or
.ms
(C
(3.8a)
The vector of total displacement, therefore, is

U
,m
'-1
>
,m
.m
.m
,ms
-1
.ms
'i
,ms
^3
.ms
V
ms
[C"^] {d""^}
Strain:
The s t r a i n v e c t o r
(3.9)
{e } corresponding to the
IT
displacement v e c t o r
Tu
v 1
obtained from
^m
m-i
Equation (2.16) by substituting therein a value of z
equal to zero is
3u
m
3x
3v
m
3y
3um
xm
{em }
'ym
Y
xym
3y
I,
3V
3x
umi
"b V
b ^m
mi
(1 - X,
Bfi
b my
my
umj
(1 - ^ ) ^
b ^my
^b - ^my
V .
m:^
(3.10)
50
,ms
or
The s t r a i n v e c t o r
therefore,
{} =
(3.10a)
{e} c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o
[u
vj
^,
is
[B' - 1
Bm
Bm
Bm
,ms
[B"^J {6"^^}
.ms
'i
.ms
^3
.ms
(3.11)
Stress:
The stress vector {a } corresponding to {e }

m
m
is given by Equation (2.18a)
xm
m
<a
>=
' ym '
(3.12)
xym
where [ E J is the square matrix of elastic constants in
Equation (2.18a).
After substituting for
{e^} from
Equation (3.10) the Equation (3.12) becomes
(oj
,ms
= [E] LB"] {6"
"-}
(3.13)
51
The stress vector {a} corresponding to {e}
is, therefore,
written as
io)
[E]
Bm
[B:::^
Bm
B]
.ms
'-1
ms
, 6
1
.ms
>3
.ms
= [EJ [B^]
Forces:
.ms
{6"^^}
(3.14)
The membrane forces, i.e. forces acting in the
xy-plane of a strip, are the body forces distributed over

the entire plane.
The components of these forces in
X- and y-directions are denoted by X and Y respectively.

These components expressed in the chosen function space
are
X = X_^ i|;_^ +
X^ ij;^ + X3 rp^ + X^ i^^

(3.15)
and
Y = Y , f2 T
-1 -1 +
Y.
1 Q.
1
+ Y. J2-, + Y^ fit-
3 3
D O
where X and Y are amplitudes of these forces in the

m
m
function space. It may be pointed out here that for
uniformly distributed forces X
^
and Y^ , m=l,3 and 5

m
m
are zero and X_, and Y , are respectively equal to the
52
magnitudes of X and Y.
The body forces in matrix
notation are
X
X_^
Xj^
X3
X^
Y^^
^1
^3
^5
-1
-1
n.
ip.
^,
^,
$7,
=-
[G]
{H}
Strain Energy:
'
(3.15a)
The strain energy U
of a strip of
thickness t for the plane stress condition is

U"^ =
i^tf^
f^
{e}^
{0} dx dy.
(3.16)
'o -/o
Substituting for {e} and {0}
from Equations (3.11) and
(3,14), the stxain energy becomes

U-" = )5tpp{6"'^}^
V/Q
[B^J^ [E] [B] {6=} dx dy
'O
(3.16a)
53
Potential Energy:
The potential energy v"^ of the body
forces going through displacements [u

f
V^ = /
C}
Substituting for \u
v]
ih
and [x
vj
is
dx dy.
YJ
(3.17)
from Equation
(3.9) and (3.15a), the potential energy becomes
:r
-a
V^ = J
ID
'o
{6""^}
(c""^} {G} {H} dx dy.
(3.17a)
'o
Extremum of Potential Energy Functional:
The potential
energy functional of the strip for the membrane action

is
$ =
u^ - V^ .
(3.18)
Differentiating $ with respect to the undetermined

parameters
{6^^}
and equating the derivatives to
zero, yields the equation
3(6^^}
or
The Equation
,ms n
[K^^^J
r .ms ,=
{6"^^}
î^s
{fr
^^'
"}
(3.19a)
(3.19) is the same as Equation (3.1).
The stiffness matrix [K^^] and the generalized force

vector {f"^^}; evaluated from Equation (3.19a) are given
in Appendix A.
54
Antisymmetric Displaced Shape;

The function space of the u and v displacements
is spanned in y-direction by base functions
(m=0,2,4 and 6) respectively.
ij; and n
^m
m
These functions for
an
antisymmetric displaced shape, are given in Table 2.

The Equation (3.2) can be developed by using above
base functions in the derivation of Equation (3.19a).
As explained earlier this derivation is, however, left out
of this study.
Stiffness Matrix Equations of Bending Action
Symmetrically Displaced Shape
Base Functions: The function space of the w displacement
is spanned in the y-direction by base functions \p ,
These functions for a symmetrically displaced shape are
given in Table 3.
Displacements:
The displacement w
of Equation (2.37)
when expressed in matrix notation is

m
î<^>%
f^Cx)*^
f3(x)*^
f4(x)*^
wmi
.
mi
>
wm3
e
L mj
(3.20)
55
where f^ (x) = (l-3_ x^ + 2. ^3) ,f ^ (x) = (x- ^
f (X) = (^
u3
K2
x^ + ^. x ^ ,
b
'
x^ - ^ . x ^ , and f^(x) = (- ^ x^ + i^ x^) .

b-
Equation (3.20) written in compact form is

w
[C^l {6^^}
^ m - ^ m
(3.20a)
The t o t a l displacement w, t h e r e f o r e ,
w
,b
= [c'
^b
5
.bs
0
is
bsi
[C^^J
r.bs
{6^^}
(3.21)
.bs
<5i
.bs
53
>bs
Curvatures:
The curvatures of a strip element in terms

2
3 W
2
3X
of w are
(x} = < -
2
^ 2
3y
2
3 W
3x3y
<5_i
-(c^ )
_1
^^bs^
XX
1 XX
3 XX
s'xx
.bs
<5 1
yy
-(c^) yy
-(cb yy
-(c^)
2(c''j)
xy
2(C^)xy
2(C^)xy
2(C^)
5' xy
-(cî)
yy
6^.^
jcbs
^5
(3.22)
56
= [B^] (6^^ ,
or
(3.22)
where the subscripts x and y denote partial derivatives

Moments:
The moment curvature relation is obtained from
Equation (2.20) as
MX
{M} = < M
> =
y
M
xy
= [Dj
Loads:
2
3 W
2
{x} =
3x
2
3 W
2
D
x^
[DJ [B^]
3y
3 w
3x3y
V
bs
{6^^}
(3.23)
The transverse loads (parallel to z-axis)
carried on the surface of a strip may be either distributed, line and/or point loads.
These loads are denoted
by symbols q,L, and P respectively.

/ located at distance x*
The load L
is
from the origin of the elemental
frame of reference while the load P is located at

distances xo and y
-^ o. All loads considered are symmetrical
The distributed loads are expressed in the chosen function
space as
57
<J = ^-i*_i+ î
= [q_i
*i + q, "(-J + q 5 *"
qi
1|^
-^s]
-1
1= [G^] (H) ,
^
^
4>
where q_
,q
1
,q
and q
(3.24)
are the amplitudes of q in

5
the function space.
The line loads in the function
spaca are
L =
[L
"1
S^
^.
[G^J {H}
i>
L5
where L
"
,L
1
,L
1
, and L
~i
are the ampli tildes of L

5
in the function space.

P = P
(3.25)
= p
~i
The concentrated load is

(3.26)
~i
where P_ is the amplitude of the load in the function

space.
For uniformly distributed and uniform line
loads, the amplitudes q and L , m=l,3 and 5 are equal

^
^m
m
^
to zero, and q_ and L_ are equal to magnitudes of q ai^d
L respectively.
58
Strain Energy:
The strain energy due to bending U^^, of
a strip is
bs
r^
= h j
r^
J
'o
t
{M}^ (x) dx dy.
(3.27)
Substituting for (x) and {M} from Equation (3.22) and

(3.23), the strain energy becomes
U^^ = hf^ [^
'o *ô
{6^^}^
Potentential Energy:
[B^]^'
B^
{6^% dx dy. (3.27a)
The potential energy v
of the
transverse loads going through w displacements is

a
^b
V^^ =f
f
wq dx dy + r
o -ô
where w
w
w. L dy + P (W^)
is the value of w at y= a/2 and x = x
is the value of w at x=x

0
(3.28)
and
and y=y . Equation

0
(3.2 8)
in terms of expressed values of w, q, and L from Equations

(3,24), (3.25) and (3,26) yields
V^= = / 7 ' ^ . {6'==}^ [C^^J^ [GS]{H)

o
dx dy
f /
U"^^)^ rcf]^[G^]{H] dy +{6'=^^[cfjt
P.
o
(3.28a)
59
Extremum of Potential Energy Functional:
The potential
energy functional of the strip for symmetrically displaced bending action is

.
$ =
^,bs -)s
U
- \r .
(3,29)
Differentiating the functional$ with respect to the

bs
undetermined parameters {6 } and setting the derivatives
equal to zero yields the equation
[K^S] 16^^)=
or
{f^=} .
(3.30a)
Equation (3.30) is the same as Equation (3.3).

Stiffness matrix [K
{f
The
J and the generalized force vector
} evaluated from Equation (3.30i) are given in
Appendix A.
The force vector is listed there in three
parts for uniformly distributed q and L loads and point

load P respectively.
It may be pointed out that for a
partial distributed load applied ov^r an area defined by

X
and X
and y
and y , the double integral in Equation
(3,28a) is evaluated over these limits.
Similarly for
a partial-line load applied over length y^ to y
the
single integral of Equation (3.28a) is evaluated over

these limits.
The generalized force for a partial-
60
distributed load is, therefore, obtained by substituting

for variable 'a' and 'b' the values of (y
respectively.
- y ) and (x2- x^)
In the same way for the partial-line
load the variable 'a' is replaced by the value (y
- y )
to obtain the corresponding generalized force vector.

Antisymmetric Displaced Shape
The function space of the w displacement is
spanned in the y-direction by base functions ip . These
functions for the antisymmetric displaced shape are
given in Table 3,
The Equation (3.20) through (3.2 8) are developed
using these base functions instead of the base functions
of the symmetrically displaced shape.
ciples
Since the prinr
and the reasoning involved in the derivation are
the same, these steps are not repeated here.
The counter-
part of Equation (3.3 0) in this case is

il__
3{6^^}
= [ K ^ ^ ] (6^^} "
or
[K^^] {6^^} =
where {6^^} = [6^^ 6^^

0
[K^^]
{f^^} = 0
(3.31)
{f^^}
(3.31a)
6^^
6^^f.
and the generalized force vector
f ^
are also
listed in Appendix A. The generalized force vector in

this case also is given in three parts for the uniformly
61
varying distributed and line loads, and the point loads.

The same comments for partial loads hold for this force
*
vector as for the one of the previous case.

noted that q
and L
It may be
are the amplitues of uniformly vary-
ing loads in the base function ip , and that the anti0
symmetrical point loads occur in pairs.

Combined Stiffness Matrix Equation
The membrane and bending stiffness matrix equations
of the symmetrically displaced shape are superposed,
according to Equation (3.5), to obtain the combined stiffness matrix equation of the strip.
The generalized
r ms
bs 1
displacement vector of Equation (3.5) , L<S
<S J
is
rearranged in the form

{6S} =
[u_^^ v_^^
w_^^
e_^^
u^^
v^^
^5i % i t
"-ij
^-Ij
^-IJ
'-Ij
^^3
"5j
-5j ^j]
(3.32)
The Equation (3.5) is rewritten in the function space

defined by {6^}
to obtain the Equation (3.6).
The antisymmetric stiffness matrix equation for

bending action does not have its counterpart for the
membrane action and, therefore,
this operation of
combining is not dotie in this case.
However, the {6
62
is rearranged to group together the generalized displacements pertaining to i and j nodal lines.
The rearranged
vector in this case, is
{6 ^} = [w_ . e_ . ... w . 0 . w - . e ,....- w . e .i^

-11
-il
51
51
-Ij
-Ij
sj
SD-"'
(3.33)
The Equation (3.31) is written in function space defined
by
{6^^} as
or
[K^^J{6^^}
- {f^^} = 0
[K^^]{6^^}
= {f^^}
(3.34)
.
(3.34a)
This equation is referred to both global and elemental

frames of reference since both happen to coincide in this
case.
Rib Stiffness Matrix
The rib members are assumed to displace in the
xz-plane alone.
The displacements outside of this plane
are neglected in this analysis.

Displacements
The transformation matrix of Equation (2.23) is
r
s
modified to express {6 7 in generalized coordinates {6 }
This modified transformation matrix is denoted by [T^J .
63
The vector
{6 } is written as
{6^} =
[T
] {6^}
(3.35)
The transformation matrix [T ] is given in Appendix A.

Stiffness Matrix
The stiffness matrix [K] of the rib-element [26]
in {6 } coordinates is
-E A
E A
0
[K]
12E I 6E I
X y
X Y
-12EX Iy 6EX Iy
4E I
X y
.
0
-6EX Iy
E A
X
2EÎ
X y
12EXIy -6EXIy
Symmetric
4E I
J
(3.36)
64
The stiffness matrix [K ] in generalized coordinates is

[K^J =
[ T ^ ] ^ [ K ] [T^]
and is given in the Appendix A.
(3.37)
[K ] is now superposed on the [K ] matrix to yield a new

matrix
[K"] =
[K=] +
[K^]
(3.38)
which models the membrane, bending and rib stiffness for

a symmetrically displaced shape of the strip element.
Equation (3.6a) is now written as
[K^^] : {6^} = {f^}
(3.39)
Transformation to Global Coordinates

The y- and y-axes in the global and elemental
Coordinates remain parallel to each other so that no
transformation of v- and 6- displacements from elemental
to global coordinates or vice versa is required.
The
transformation of coordinates takes place in the xzplane alone.
Figure 6 shows the elemental frame of refer-
ence rotated in a positive direction through an angle 4)

with respect to the global frame.
The u and w components
of a displacement in the xz-plane are transformed to u and

w in xz-plane.
The relationship between u and w, and
65
u and w is
H_
/- _ ^
COS<J)
<
Iwj
sin(|)
-sincf)
COS(j)
<_ }
w
(3.40)
The Equation (3.40) i s expanded to e f f e c t t h i s
transfor-
mation between the g e n e r a l i z e d displacements {6^}

r e f e r r e d t o elemental frame and the corresponding generalized displacements r e f e r r e d to global coordinates {6 } .
(6^) =
where [ T ]
[T^]
a^}
(3.41)
is the transformation matrix.
This matrix is
also given i n Appendix A.
The combined s t i f f n e s s
matrix
equation of a s t r i p element r e f e r r e d to global c o o r d i n a t e s ,

therefore,
is
[T ] [K^'^l [T J ^
2
{6^} -
[T]{f^}=
[ K ^ ] {6^} - {f^} = 0
(3.42)
or
[K^J
{6^} =
{f^}
(3.42a)
It may be pointed out that this transformation is effected

in the computer.
Equation (3.7a).
The Equation (3.42a) is the same as
66
Over all Stiffness Matrix

The overall stiffness matrix of a structure is
assembled from Equation (3.42a) of each strip by superposing them at their common nodal lines.
Such a matrix
is a banded matrix
Figure 6.
Transformation of Coordinates.
of one-half band width of thirty-two elements. This

matrix is, therefore, stored in a rectangular array
thirty-two locations wide.
Nodal Line Forces
The line forces N along nodal lines of uniform
intensity are applied in the xz-plane along the nodal
lines.
These forces have two components N^ and N^
referred to the global coordinates.
These components
67
expressed in the corresponding function space are

^X =
N^ _ / - ! ^ \ l
+ N ^ 3 n^<^X5 ^5
^Z =
^Z _^^-l + Nî n
+ N^^ ^3+N^^ ^3
(3.43)
where N^,^
^ are amplitudes
of N X and Nz in the
xm and N zm
^
function space. N ^ and N , m=l,3,5 are equal to zero
xm
zm
^
when N X and N have a uniform intensity; and since \IJ_=1
1
(N )
= N
and (N )
= N
These forces, applied at the
i-th nodal line, are written in the global generalized

displacements coordinates of this nodal lines as
NX
N
/^
(N )
X
(N^)^
(N^)3
(N^)^.
~\
4^-1
-1
0
Q
0
0
0
>
-1
^NJ.i
(N^)^
(N^)3
(N^)^
0
3
0
5>
L G.^N' J { H }
(3.44)
68
The potential energy V^ , of these loads is

V^ = /
where
{6^}^ {H} [G^J {H} dy
(3.45)
s
{6^} denotes the global generalized displacements
of the i-th nodal line. Differentiating V^ with respect

s
to {6^} , the vector of the nodal generalized line force
is obtained as
^n
= (f"}
3{6?}
(3.46)
The force {f } for uniformly distributed line loads

along the nodal lines is also,given in the Appendix A,
{f } is superposed on the overall force vector at proper
location before running a solution of the overall
stiffness matrix equation.
Solution by Gaussian Elimination
The overall stiffness matrix equation is solved
for the global generalized displacement by Gaussian
ep-imination procedure using half band width storage.
69
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS OF PROBLEMS WITH KNOWN SOLUTIONS AND CONVERGENCE
T^ST
Introduction
The extended finite strip method is applied to
several problems whose solutions are reported in literature.
The purpose of this application is to obtain a
check on the validity of the stiffness matrix equation,

compare the results with those obtained from other
methods (which are also approximate) and to study the
convergence characteristics of the displacements and the
stress and moment resultants.
A study of contributions
to the displacements from the individual base functions

is also made.
In the case of homogeneous isotropic rectangular
plates of overall dimensions a and B, the displacement
w normal to the plane of plate and the moment resultants
M , M and M
at a point n on the middle surface of the
X ' y
xy
^
plate are expressed as [l]
w_. = a q a^/D
n
n
f
'
xn
\n
L xy>nj
xn
*
^yn
>
. xyn -
q a
(4.1)
70
where q is the uniformly distributed load carried by the

plate, D is the flexural rigidity of the plate and
n' ^xn' ^yn' ^^^ ^xyn ^^ ^^ nondimensional coefficients
When the plate carries a concentrated load P the displacement and the moment resultants at a point n are given by
wn = an P a^
M
xn
<^ M
yn
xyn
&
> = V3
xn
(4.2)
yn
B.
xyn
The nondimensional coefficient for deflection

and moment resultants at critical points on the plate
structures are evaluated and compared with the available
information.
The Displacement Contributions of the Base Functions
The a-coefficient for mid point displacement of
a square corner supported plate carrying uniformly is
tributed load is 0.02537.
This value is the sum of
individual contributions from the four base functions.

These contributions are: 0.017575,
and -.00004 8 respectively.
0.007642,
.000201
It may be noted that the
contribution from the fourth base function is
71
significantly small.
The omission of higher base
functions, therefore, is justified.

Plate Structures Under Bending Action
Figure 7 shows four square plates
of uniform
thickness.
Each has different boundary and loading
conditions.
The graphical convention used is also
explained on this figure.
The description of an individual
plate and results of its analysis follows.

Platd 1^
This plate is a homogeneous, isotropic square
corner supported plate carrying a uniformly, distributed
load.
The results of the present analysis along with
other results reported in the literature are compared

in Table 6.
The results of Marcus [27] and Lee and
Balletros [27] are experimental.
A value of o.3 is used
for Poisson's ratio v-.

Plate 2'

plate with opposite edges hinged, carrying uniformly
distributed load.
The results of present analysis along
with available information

A value of
are tabulated in Table 7.
v equal to 0.3 is used.
'>>]/
^\ys\y\Lf\ly\i^slys\yQ
sC^
^ V V "W^ q
^
^
Plate 1
Plate 2
\^j^.^LJL:^L ^ L ^
Plate 3
Plate k
Graphical Notation:
Support at corners only-
Point
Nodal line, edge or part length of edge

Fixed
N N NNN
Hinged
Free
Figure 7. Plate Structures of Different Boundary Conditions
72
73
Table 6.
Values of a in Plate 1.

Nodal^
a at
Lines Point 1
Other Methods
a at
Point 2
Description
a at
Point 1
a at
Point 2
0.01757
0.02533
Finite
0.01757
0.02537
Element
0.01757
0.02537
2 x 2
0.0126
0.0176
11
0.01758
0.02537
4 x 4
0.0165
0.0232
6x6
0.0173
0.0244
Marcus [27]
0.0180
0.0281
0.0170
0.0265
[27]
Lee and
Balleteros
[27]
Table 7. Values of a, 6 and 6 at Points 1 and 2 in

Plate 2.
^
^
Nodal^
a at
Lines Point 1
Other Methods
a at
Point 2
Description
a at
Point 1
a at
Point 2
0.01509
0.01309
0.01487
0.01299
Timoshenko
0.01487
0.01300
[1]
0.01487
0.01300
11
0.01487
0.01300
1
1
6^ at
at
Point 1 Point 2 Point 2

0.1440
0.1218
at
0.0233
at
at
y
Description Point 1 Point 2 Point 2
X
Timoshenko
[1]
Nodal line in half plate
0.1318
0.1225
0.0271
74
Plate 3^
cantilever plate carrying uniformly distributed load.
The results of analysisl along with other results
in literature are tabulated in Table 8.
reported
A value of v
equal to 0.3 is used.

Plate 4,
w
This plate is a homogeneous, istropic square
cantilever plate carrying a set of antisymmetric point
loads at the outer corners.
The results are presented
in Table 9 and the comparison is made with results from

another solution.
A value of 0.3 is used for v .

Convergence Test
The convergence characteristics of displacement

and moment resultant values from analysis of rectangular
corner supported plates and plates hinged along opposite
edges were studied.
Three overall width to length ratios
of these plates were chosen viz. 0.3, 0.6, and 1.0.
The
results from analysis of these plates with increasingly

finer division of the strips, are given in Tables 10 and
11 respectively.
Some generalized conclusions regarding
convergence may be drawn from these tables.
75
Table 8. Values of a at Points 1 and 2 in Plate 3
Other Methods
Nodal
Lines
a at
Point 1
a at
Point 2
Description
a at
Point 2
0.12550
0.12677
Finite Element [27] 3 x 3
0.1250
0.12594
0.12771
Finite Difference [27]
0.12619
0.12803
Livesley and Birchall 5 x 5
0.12629
0.12815
Experimental [27]
11
0.12640
0.12828
Leissa and Niendenfuhr
Table 9.
0.1250
0.1250

Nodal
Lines
a at
Point 1
0.26441
0.26947
0.27008
11
0.27030
Other Methods
Assumed Displaced Shape;
w = A (1-cos 1^) (1-
Solution:
A =
^)
192
TT'* + 96T:2(I _^)
and a = 0.25242
Pa'
Q
76
Table 10.
B/a
0.3
0.6
1.0
Corner Supported Plate Carrying Uniformly

Distributed Load. Convergence Test Data at
Center Point.
Division
N.L.i
b/a
w
max
(M )
X max
(M )
y max
(M )
xy max
0.0750
0.01416
0.005699
0.1236
0.02816
0.0500
0.01412
0.005535
0.1231
0.02809
0^0375
0_.01408
q_.og5509
0^1228
0^02806
0.0300
0.01384
0.005588
0.1206
0.02790
0.3000
0.01503
0.03576
0.1195
0.06198
0.1500
0.01503
0.03444
0.1191
0.06203
0.1000
0.01503
0.03445
0.1188
0.06191
0.0750
0.01504
0.03309
0.1187
0.06191
0.0600
0.01504
0.03294
0.1187
0.06192
0^0500
0^01501
0^03287
0^1184
0_^g6183
0.0429
0.01501
0.03288
0.1184
0.06183
0.0375
0.01499
0.03285
0.1183
0.06184
10
0.0333
0.01498
0.03255
0.1182
0.06181
0.2500
0.02537
0.1153
0.1086
0.1073
0.1667
0.02537
0.1120
0.1076
0.1073
0.1250
0.02537
0.1108
0.1073
0.1072
0.1000
0.02537
0.1103
0.1071
0.1071
0.0833
0.02536
0.1100
0.1070
0.1070
0.0714
0.02536
0.1098
0.1069
0.1070
0.0625
0.02536
0.1097
0.1069
0.1070
10
0.0556
0.02535
0.1096
0.1069
0.1069
11
0.0500
0.02535
0.1096
0.1068
0.1069
Mult l i p l i e r
qaVD
Node lines on half plate.
qa^
77
Table 11.
B/a
Plate Hinged Along Opposite Edges (Free Along

Other Two) Carrying Uniformly Distributed Load
Convergence Test Data at Center Point.
Division
N.L\
b/a
(M )
(My)
0.3
0.6
1-0
(M )
xy max
0.0750
0.0001043
0.01151
0.003227
.001091
0.0500
0.0001043
0.01126
0.003149
.001091
0.0375
0.0001043
0.01117
0.003122
.001091
0.0300
0.0001043
0.01125
0.003110
-001092
0.3000
0.001658
0.02512
0.005623
0.006245
0.1500
0.001658
0.04542
0.01173
0.006337
4
5
0.1000
0.0750
0.001658
0.001658
0.04440
0.04404
0.01142
0.01132
0.006344
0.006344
0.0600
0.001658
0.04388
0.006344
0.0500
0.001658
0.04379
0.01127
0.01124
0.001658
0.04374
0.04369
0.01123
0.006333
0.0429
0.0375
0.01122
0.006328
10
0.0333
0.001658
11
0.0300
0.001658
0.04367
0.04367
0.01121
0-01122
0.006326
0.006303
0.5000
0.01299
0.06833
0-007253
0.01917
0.2500
0.01299
0.1256
0.02452
0.01961
0.1667
0.01299
0.1228
0.02365
0.01967
0.1780
0.01299
0.1228
0.1000
0.01299
0.1213
0.02335
0.02321
0.01968
0.01968
0.0833
0.01299
0.1210
0.02314
0.01968
0.0714
0.01299
0.1209
0.02309
0.01967
0.0625
0.01299
0.1208
0.02307
0.01966
10
0.0556
0.01299
0.1207
0.02307
0.01964
11
0.0500
0.01299
0.1206
0.02307
qa2
0.01962
Mult iplie.r
0.001658
qaVD
0.006339
Node lines on half plane
78
1) The values of displacements stablize with the

division of (half plate) into 3 or 4 strips only.
2) The values of moment resultants stablize with
division
(of half plate) into 6 or 7 strips.

3) For the ratio of strip width to length (b/a)
less than 0.05, the end results from 15 digit arithmatic

become inaccurate due to round off errors on the machine.
Structures Under Combined Membrane and Bending Action
A single span, single barrel, cylindrical shell
[l6,20] shown in Figure 8 was analyzed with three different
meshes viz. division into 4,8, and 12 strips.
The results
of u and w displacements, referred to global coordinates

and the stress resultant T
from three mesh sizes are
plotted on Figure 8. The results from the 12-mesh size

analysis are plotted in Figures 9 (a) and (b) and compared
with the References
[l6] and
[20] .
The Rib Attachment

Figure 10 shows a square plate hinged along two
opposite edges and supported by elastic beams along the
other two.
Figure 10 (b) shows the rib attached to the
plate with its centroidal axis conincident with the

middle surface of the plate.
is zero in this case.
The value of parameter r
Figure 10 (c) shows the rib attached
79
J.
J. ^
L
1 - ^ - - 2 5 psf
UT
psf
jLRigid EndStiffener
R=31.0'
a=62.0'
8.0
6.0
o
H
U.O
J-
iDlH
2.0
k.O-
0.0
1
I I
01o n -^
12.0
jLa ' - ' i
LwraXLL
zq
-2.0J
ft
n.
O . Lr "
Legand:
12 mesh-size
o
H
U.O'
n.
U. U'
Figure 8.
8 mesh-size
k mesh-size
u and w are r e f e r r e
t o glor-dl fraTie of
reference
Cylindrical Shell Structure,
80
8.0
6.0
0 Ref.
X Ref.
[16]
[20]
k.o
J-
o
X
2.0
0.0
-2.0 ^
^ 1 .
0.0
CO
1 * 1
"^^L,
-1.0
O
H
-2.0
-3.0
Figure 9(a).
Plots of Stress Functions of the "ylindri-al Thell.
81
0.0(
^^' 1
-2.0.
00
)|.0
O
X
X
. EFS
n-
-D.O
Ref.
X Ref.
[16]
[20]
- 8 0-
0.0
CO
-2.0
II
^^:;;^
~
-li.O
Figure 9 ( b ) .
I I I I I I \ * \ \ *
P l o t s of S t r e s s F u n c t i o n s of t h e C y l i n d r i c a :
5:h"ll.
82
fsSJ
^
\ . t=0.5'
-^ 4^r=0.0
AJ
1.0'
(b) Section at A
Properties
Rib o f
Rib of
F i g . 10(b) F i g . 1 0 ( c )
Middle Plane
r
0.0
0.88
1.76
1.76
87.36
87-36
K . Centroidal Axis
0.3
0.3
1.0'
1.00
1.00
0.U57
0.i457
y
A=EI /aD
y
l+.OO
U.OO
(c) Section at A
Method
0.0
EFS Method
Ref. [ l ]
.001+712
.05350
.OU63O
.OOU72O
.05280
.OUU7O
EFS Method
.OOI151I+
.05193
.OU69O
0.88
Figure 10.
^xl
^1
Square Hinged Plate with Elastic Ribs
83
to
the soffit of the slab when r = 0.88'.
The compari-
son of the displacements and moment resultants obtained

from analysis by EFS method with the available information [1] is done on Figure 10. No published data
are
available to compare results obtained from analysis by

this method of a plate supported by elastic ribs attached
to the soffit.
84
CHAPTER V
APPLICATION OF THE EXTENDED FINITE STRIP METHOD
The Extended Finite Strip Method is applied to
several structures of different types to demonstrate the
verstality and potential of the method.
The method is
also applied to several rectangular plate structures

having various boundary conditions to develop
non-
dimensional coefficients for displacement, stress and

moment resultants at critical points on these plates.
The structures analyzed for the demonstration are
a) a rectangular plate with overhang, b) a series of folded
plates, c) a circular cylindrical shell with a canopy,
and d) a continuous plate subjected to support settlement.
Detailed discussion of these structures follows.
Rectangular Plate with Overhang
An isotropic rectangular plate of constant thickness, hinged part length along two parallel edges and
over hanging the remaining length, and fixed along the
fourth edge, is shown in Figure 11. The deflected shape
of this plate obtained from analysis by EFS, along
various lines shown is plotted on the same figure. A
value of V equal to 0.3 is used.
85
\L>NUNl/\l/Nb\l/Nb\U\b
sbNl^xIXxl/Nlxslxvl/Nl/sbxl/q
--<T>
w = a -^f for ^ = 1.5
Deflection
Along
Line 1
0
.01
^^ 1t-
.02
.03 -j-
1.0a
1.5a
Deflection
'i 1 ong
Line 2
a
Deflection
Along
Line 3
Figure 11.
Isotropic Rectangular Plate with Overhang.
86
A ôljded Plate Structure

A single span folded plate structure supported on
integrally built-in columns and employing i) the conventional rigid end diaphragm,
ii) the unconventional
elastic end ribs of various sizes, and
iii) a north
light window feature, is shown in the Figure 12. The

deflected shapes of these structure in the xz-plane, along
the middle and end sections are plotted in Figure 13 (a).
The maximum values of the stress and moments resultants
along the midline of these structures are plotted in
Figures 13 (b) , (c) , (d) , (e) , (f) and (g) . Values of
these resultants in the rib members are produced in
Figures 14 (a) , (b) and (c) .
A Circular Cylindrical Shell with Canopy
A circular cylindrical shell conventionally
supported by rigid stiffeners in the transverse direction
and employing a circular cylindrical canopy on both ends
is shown in Figure 15. The deflected shape of the
structure in xz-plane is shown on the Figure 16 (a).
The maximum values of stress resultants are plotted on
Figure 16 (b) and those of moment resultants in Figure
16 (c).
87
3.0'
1.0' 2.0' 1.0
0- psf
2'-3'
I n"
5'-0
3'-0'
9'-0'
50.0'
Elevation
Description
Diaphragm
Rib No. 1
Rib No. 2
Rib No. 3
Figure 12. Folded Plate Structure vith Elastic End-^îbs a North Light Window Details.
'
88
EJ Rigid End Diaphragm
A Rib No. 1
V Rib No. 2
O Rib No. 3
X North Light Window with
Rib No. 3
(i) Displaced Shape Along Mid-Section.
(ii) Displaced Shape Along End-Section.

Figure 13(a). Displaced Shapes of the Folded Plate Ttrujlur-
-2.0
-k.o
cn
O
X
X
-6.0
-10.0
Figure 13(b).
Transverse Stress Resultant T

Section of Plates.
(H^/ft) Alcr.c "'i
90
12.0
10.0
-2.0
Figure 13(c). Longitudinal Stress Resultant T (lb/ft) Alon?

Section of Plates.
91
k.o
Q R i g i d End Diaphragm
A Rib No. 1
V Rib No. 2
O Rib No. ']
2.0
N o r t h L i g h t Window
w i t h Rib No. 3
3 N o r t h L i g h t Edges
>o^c
drff
0.0
-2.0
-U.O
1 /
14-. \
^
*
\L/\\
jw \ \
/ fv
III
\ \ \
'
'
G\
/
/
7/
CO
^*^^'s<r^ \
i*
/
/
i
Mil
-6.0
M ^
CK
Fold
Line
/
/
Center
Fold
-8.0
-10.0
^Vee
Kdge
Fold
Line
1
I
-12. d
Figure 13(d).
Membrane Shear T
Section.
(lb/ft) in Plates A.rr.c ti.o ?.rKi
92
-8.0
CNI
o
H
-12.0
X
X
-]6.0
-20.0
-2U.0
-28.0
Figure 1 3 ( e ) .
Transverse Moments M ( i b - f t / f ' t )

of the P l a t e s .
Alor.f, " i i-Tect

i
icn:
93
-2.0
Figure 13(f)
Longitudinal Moment M
of Plates.
(Ib-ft/ft) Along Mid-f-ecti, n
94
m R i g i d End Diaphragm
A R i b No. 1
10.0
V Rib No. 2
Q Rib No. 3
O North Light Window

with Rib No. 3
J North Light Window
Edge
Fold
Line
Center
Fold
CO
O
H
2.0
0.0
-2.0
Figure 13(g).
Twisting Moment M
Section.
(ib-ft/ft) in Plates Alcrp
Lûrrc:
95
^ ^ ^
Columns
Fold
Line
Center
Fold
Fold
Line
1.0
0.0
in
O
X
(^
-1.0
A Rib No. 1
V Rib No. 2
Rib No. 3
O North Light Window
with Rib No. 3
-2.0
Figure lU(a).
Axial Force P
(lb) in the Rib l':er^.\ ers.
96
J-
o
X
t^
-3.0
Figure lU(b).
Shear Force V
(lb) in the Rib Elements
97
0 North Light Window

with Rib No. 3
Fold
Line
Figure ll+(c).
The Moment M
Center
Fold
(lb-ft) in the Rib Members.
98
I 1 1 11 M i i 1 1 i M 1 m
2 1/2"
X' ^''
Rigid
End
Stiffeners
31.2 ps^
R=8.0'
12.0'
V
figure 15.
Fig
Uo.o'
cylindrical Shell Structure with Canopy,
99
(i) Along Mid Section
(ii) Along End Section
Figure 16(a).
Displaced Shape
of Shell Along Mid and End fectlcr
100
10.0
CO
-p
H
:3
CO
<u
<0
CO
-p
CO
-2.0
-10.0
-12.0
Figure l 6 ( b ) .
S t r e s s R e s u l t a n t s in S h e l l Alont^
"id-recticr
101
Crown
Springing
6.0
U.O-
2.0!
M -^
iO
xy
0.0
^-O""^^
CO
4J
-.2.0
0
CO
(U
K
+J
C
-k.o
<u
e
o
0 M
^
-6.0
X 102
X
Q M
y
X 10^
A M
X 102
xy
-8.0
-10.0
-12.0
Figure l 6 ( c ) .
Moment Resultants in Shell Along Mii-fection
Free
Edge
102
A Continuous Plate with Settling Support

A rectangular plate continuous over two spans is
analyzed to study the distribution of displacements and
the moments due to settlement of the central support.
The plate structures and plots of w-displacements and
the moments M
are shown in Figure 17.

Nondimensional Coefficients
A series of isotropic rectangular plates of

uniform thickness supported in different manners at the
boundaries, carrying different types of loads and bearing
overall width to length ratios of 0.2 to 2 are analyzed^
to obtain the nondimensional coefficients for the
deflections and moment resultants at critical points on
the plates.
The results obtained are produced in
Appendix B in the form of tables 4^d in some cases in

plots.
The description of these plates and the loads
carried by them is:

Case I:
Corner Supported Plates:

a) Carrying uniformly distributed load .
b) Carrying a central point load.
c) Carrying uniformly varying load.
103
10.0'
Hnr
lOTO'
0.1
Hinge
(b)
Vertical Displacement w Along Mid-Section.'
Hinge
(c) M
Along Mid-Section.
Figure IT. Continuous Plate Subjected tc ?upp;

Settler.ent.
104
Case II:
Case III:
Case IV:
Plates hinged along two parallel edges?

a)
Carrying uniformly distributed load.
b)
Carrying a central point load.
c)
Carrying uniformly varying load.
Plates fixed along two parallel edges:

a)
b)
Carrying a central point load.
c)
Plates fixed along one edge and corner

supported at the opposite edge:
Case V:
a)
b)
Plates fixed along one edge and hinged along

the opposite edge?
Case VI:
a)
b)
Plates hinged along one edge and corner

supported at the opposite edge:
Case VII:
a)
b)
Cantilever plates:
a)
b)
Carrying concentrated load at mid point

of free edge.
c)
Carrying symmetrically applied

concentrated loads at outer corners.
105
d)
Carrying uniformly varying load,
c)
Carrying antisymmetrically applied

concentrated loads at outer corners.
CHAPTER VI
CONCLUSIONS, OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The following conclusions may be drawn from this
study of the extended finite strip method.
1)
Prismatic plate and shell structures which
are free to rotate about their transverse edges can be

analyzed by the method.
2)
The inclusion of rib elements along the trans-
verse edges makes the method versatile for analyzing

structures; a)
b)
supported on integrally built-in columns;
carried on elastic ribs instead of conventional rigid
end diaphragms and employing features such as north light

windows.
3)
The number of unknowns involved in the method
is small for equally accurate results when compared to

the finite element method.
The fine mesh analysis of the
folded plate structure, 50 ft x 41 ft overall projected

area, required only 240 unknowns.
4)
The contribution from the fifth and sixth base
function are significantly small and therefore exclusion

of higher base functions is justified.
5)
The convergence tests show that the values of
displacements stablize with the division of half structure

into 3 or 4 strips while the values of stress and moment
106
107
resultants stablize with this division into 6 or 8 strips.
6)
for a ratio
In the case of plate structures in bending,

of strip width to length (b/a) of 0.05, the
end results from 15 digit arithmetic may become inaccurate

due to round off errors on computer.
However, the number
of strips required also depends upon the boundary conditions along the transverse edges.
7)
The method also permits the study of redis-
tribution of stresses due to support settlement.

8)
Representation of loads, especially the
uniformly distributed, constant and varying loads is

simple because of the first and the second base functions
used.
Some observations about the method developed
indicating its capabilities and limitations are:
1)
The method is set up for analyzing these
structures made from orthotropic material although an

analysis of such structure is not included in the report.
2)
The function space used is nonorthogonal.
The first two base functions are nonorthogonal with the

remaining six while these six are orthogonal between
themselves.
The terms in stiffness matrix equation
pertaining to the first two base functions, therefore,

get coupled with those pertaining to the remaining six
base functions.
This results in increased band width of
108
32 elements of the stiffness matrix equation for each
case of symmetric and antisymmetric displaced shapes.
The Gram Schmidt process was employed to orthogonalize
the function space but due to nonorthogonality of the
first and second derivatives of these functions, the
matter was not pursued.
3)
The method has specific application to the
folded plate roof structures of cold-formed steel which

are made from orthotropic plate members and supported by
elastic end stiffeners.
4)
The method as developed here considers column-
members to be integrally built- in the xz-plane alone.

The following recommendations for future research
are made:
1)
The stiffness matrix equation for anti-
symmetrically displaced shape under membrane action may

be developed.
2)
Function space of Tables 4 and 5 may be
employed to develop stiffness matrix equation of bending

action for hinged-clamped and clamped-clamped conditions
along the transverse edges.
3)
The soil-structure interaction may be
developed to analyze pipe culverts and any other

pipe structures with end stiffeners that are buried under
the ground.
109
4)
The method may be adopted to an advantage for
the study of stability and vibrational analysis of

prismatic plate and shell structures that have end
stiffeners.
LIST OF REFERENCES
1.
Timoshenko,S.,and Woinowsky-Krieger,S., Theory of

Plates and Shells, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill,
New York,1959.
2.
Nadai,A., Elastische Platten,
3.
Margurre,K.,Woernle,H., Elastic Plates,

Publishing Co. ,Massachusettes ,1969'.
4.
American Concrete Institute,"Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete," ACI Standard 318-6 3,
Detroit,Michigan,196 3.
5.
Report of the Task Committee on Folded Plate Construction," Journal of the StrUctural^Division,
ASCE,December,196 3.
'
6.
Cheung,Y.K.,"Folded Plate Structures by Finite Strip

Method," Journal of the Structural Division,ASCE,Vol.
95, No. ST12. Proc. Paper 6985',December, 1969.
7.
Goldberg,J.E.,and Leve,H.L.,"Theory of Folded Plate

Structures," International Association of Bridge and
Structural Engineering,Publications,Vol.17,1957.
8.
DeFries-Skene,A.,and Scordelis,A.C.,"Direct Stiffness

Solution for Folded Plates," Journal of the
Striîctural Division,ASCE ,August,1964 .
9.
Goldberg,J.,Glauz,W.,and Setlur,A.,"Computer Analysis

of Folded Plate Structures," International Association of Bridge and Structural Engineering,Publications ,Seventh Congress,196 4.
Springer, Berlin,1925.
Blaisdell
10.
Mast.P.,"New Method of Exact Analysis of Folded

Plates," Journal of the Structural Division,ASCE,
Vol.93,ST2,April,1967.
11.
Goldberg,J.,Gutzwiller,M.,and Lee,R.,"Analytical and

Model Studies of Continuous Folded Plates," Journal
of the Engineering Mechanics Division,ASCE,Vol.9 4,
EMS,October,1968.
12.
Zienkiewicz,O.C.,and Cheung,Y.K.,"Finite Element

Method of Analysis for Arch Dam Shells and Comparison with Finite Difference Procedures," Proceedings,
Symposium of Theory of Arch Dams,Southampton
University,1964,Pergamon Press,1965.
110
Ill
13.
Rockey,K.C.,and Evans,H.R.,"A Finite Element Solution for Folded Plate Structures," Proceedings,
International Conference on Space Structures,
University of Surrey,1966.
14.
Williamson,F.A.,"Stress Analysis of Folded Plate

Structures with Flexible End-Diaphragms," Doctoral
Dissertation, Department of Civil Engineering,Texas
Tech University,May197o.
15.
Cheung,Y.K.,"Finite Strip Method Analysis of Elastic

Slabs," Journal of the Engineering Mechanics
Division,ASCE,Vol. 94.No. EM6 .Df^nf^mh^r , l^fi^
16.
American Society of Civil Engineers,"Design of

Cylindrical Concrete Shell Roofs," Manual No.31,
ASCE,New York,1952.
" ~
17.
Rudiger,D.,and Urban,D., Circular Cylindrical

Shells, Teubner,Liepzig,19 55.
~
18.
Holland,!., Design of Circular Cylindrical Shells,

Oslo University Press,Oslo,1957.
19.
Portland Cement Association,"Design Constants for

Interior Cylindrical Concrete Shells," Advanced
Engineering Bulletin No.1,PCI,Chicago,1960.
20.
Scordelis,A.C.,and LO,K.S.,"Computer Analysis of

Cylindrical Shells," Journal of the American Concrete Institute, Proc. V.61,May,1964.
21.
Clough,R.W.,and Johnson,C.P.,"A Finite Element Approximation for Analysis of Thin Shells," International Journal of Solids and Structures,Vol.4,196 8.
22.
Mercea Scare, Application of Finite Difference

Equations to Shell Analysis, First English Edition,
Pergamon Press,New York,1967.
23.
Fung,Y.C., Foundations of Solid Mechanics,

Prentice-Hall,Inc.,Englewood Cliffs,New Jersey,1965.
24.
Crandall,S.H. , Engineering Analysis,

New York,1956.
25.
Kantrovich,L.V.,and Krylov,V.I., Approximate

Methods of Higher Analysis, Interscience Publishers,
New York,19 56.
McGraw-Hill,
112
26.
Willems,N.,Lucas,W.M., Matrix Analysis for Structural Engineers,Prentice-Hall,Inc.,Enqlewood Cliffs,

New Jersey,1968.
27.
Zienkiewicz,O.C.,and Cheung,Y.K.,"The Finite Element

Method for Analysis of Elastic Isotropic and Orthotropic Slabs," Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng.,28,1964.
28.
Troitsky,M.S.,Orthotropic Bridges Theory and Design,

The James F. Lincln Arc Welding Foundation,Cleveland,
Ohio,1967.
APPENDIX
A.
S t i f f n e s s , Force and Transformation Matrices
B.
Nondimensional C o e f f i c i e n t s for Rectangular P l a t e s
113
114
APPENDIX A:
STIFFNESS, FORCE AND TRANSFORMATION MATRICES
K"^^ and force vector {f"^^}
are subdivided into matrices of size eight as
,ms =
[K"^^]
Kms
11
Kms
12
(K-)t
and
.ms =
{f--}
Kms
22
(f ms
1
<
fms
,bs ] is subdivided into matrices of

The stifness matrix [K
size eight as
,bs
[K^"J
bs"
K 12
bs
K 11
=
(K^^)^
bs
K 22_
The stiffness matrix [ K,ba

" ] is subdivided in the same way
,bs also.
as [K^^]
The superscript 'bs' is replaced by 'ba'
in this case.
The lower quadrant of [ K ^ ^ ]
noted by [K^^]
^m
and
[K^^]
^m
and [K-^^]
respectively.
are de-
The elements
in these quadrants are functions of a parameter y^

they repeat themselves
in the upper left and lower right
quadrants of [K^^ ] and [K^^]
with a changed value of y^.
All these submatrices and the force vectors (f

{f^^}
and
are produced on the following pages.
and
The transfor-
mation matrices [TJ and [T2] , the stiffness matrix [ K ] ,

and the nodal force vector {f^} are given thereafter.
115
,
IH
IH Xi
.
fd
ro
\
t1
IH
IH xn
CM
t=
fd
Xi
"^
C>J
^
^-^
1
IH
1
Xi
y ^
- ^
3
fd
CNJ
CN
fd
CM
CN
\
CN
Iw
CM
fd
*X
t=
ro
fd
fd
Xi
-^
ro
IH
1
IH
fd
r>j
fd
CN
CN
r-i
IH
X^
fd
.H
ro
\
Xi
ro
\
fd
CN
^
--1
t=
^
fd
:>
\
^
1
XI
\
fd
Xi
"^
v--
CM
fd
^ +
IH
fd
KD
Xi
\
CN Xi
CM
CM
t=
IH
O
IH
t=
CN
+ o
--
Xi
(d
IH
IH
CM
CN
CM
^
\
^^
^
;>
t=
fd
VD
\
CM
^
Xi
CN
(d
. x'fd
IH
^
^
\
JQ Xi
IH
CNJ
\
CN
IH O
'fd 3
XI
IH
fd
\
\
^-^
Xi
(d
CM
IH
Xi
Xi
^ ^
IH
.
IH
IH
IH
Xi
CN
H
CM
Xi
IH
'fd
\
1i
IH
^^
fd
IH
"^
IH
t=
ro
fd
IH
^
CM
- - ^
CM
fd
IH O
'fd 3
IH
1
ro
ro
Xi
^
fd
^-^
1
1
IH
IH
Xi
\
r-l
IH
fd
1
I
fd
IH O
'fd 3
r-l
IH
ro
\
Xi
ro
\
fd
u
-H
IH
m-<
1.- ^
fd
116
^.
'j*
r*-.
**-*
(0
"7
"
H>r
>
<
lOKo
>i
i
1
CM
^
(0
ro
\
t=
in
CN|
\
1
1
n)
Si
.-4
CM
>,
IOIP
'T
ro
^
X,
1 .
IW
.Si^^
Iw
^^
t=
\CN
^1
t=
in
;
1
(N
"a*
^1
'
i
'
'-'
^^
(0
'
!
,
j
i
'
i
'
1
!
i'
1
1
1
1
"3 j
I1
^.j .â
t:
>i
|w
^
(d
ro
ro
\
ja
CM
r^
IW
"
3i nt=
\
IW
(4
\10
CM
\CM
*"^
CM
^-^
1
1
!
1
!
1
!
!
i
1
*^
(0
+J
C
(u
6
IW
^^
(0
ro
IW
\Si
>i
' ^
(=
\
!
I"
- ^
"a*
IW
1
r.4
IW^
CM
\ (0
IW
IW
IW
*~^
Id
CO
"
-X!
>i
c^
t=
cn
\
Si
^
\
<tJ
I-
^^
11
(0
ro
lu
IW"
>-*f:
t=
*^
10
(N
ro
IW
"a
p
ro
\(0
>
Si
CM
t t=.
<n
'
'
..
>
"O
^
Iw"
'
^^
^
ro
CN
CM
*1*
CM
^
1
. -
o1
IW
j
1
1
:
i:;- '
^ 1
.><
IW
'
'
j
^_^
''
\
^
1
1
!
i
1
I
\
CM
11
t=
_\
"
C?
1
t
'
'
B
(U
1
1
3COt=
1
1
'
ro
n)
0)
>-i
<o
"0
^.t=^
tN
ro
-H
^-^
CP
c^
t=
cn
>
^
X
nJ
.-^
fO
CO
\
CM
1
'
Si
1
1
1
OI
1=
i
1
Si
<o
1
1
|W
cn
+J
0
H
(u
N
0)
H
1
i
>1
Iw
^-^
^-*
^
in
\CM
t=
in
in
+ .-<
<^^
Si
1=
in
CN
\
10
^
_
o
, X
IW
IW
^^
O
(0
IW
. >l
IW
^
1
in
CM
\A
Srs"
in
\
CM
""^
1
CM
1
j
<a
Iw
'
'
'
t:
in
in
\n)
\Si
-^
O
IW
'
(^
^
(0
1 Ci
<>i
o*
CN
Si
Iw
3i tn:
,,
ja
fl
jal
t=
^-x
IW
1
ja
lu
[/)
>
^
^ H '
<o ~
(Ol^
'
^
ja
jal
"^
OH^
x>|
'
.-^
i
O
'
I
-4
rolcg
ItjjvO
^tH
lu
^^
}j
'
^-^
^r
".^
SU !
-^^
117
an
ja
(0
CN
(Ojfo
N
t:
cn
0\
10
flJiro
in
(Ojin
CM I
CN
10 hn
ja h=
lOJin
CMJCN
Iw
"(0
CN
Iw
O
l ^ '
IW
Iw
Io
-
: \
X)
vo
XI
10" j
in
in
in
CN
o
<0
CN
I 3
0)
M
lO
ja
CM
CN
i >
-I
7>
vo
\
XJ
10 !
-'
a
-g
o
u
(U
rH
f^
(0
3
10
VO
>X
>'
CN
e cr
(U
in
in
Iw
Ifl
Iw
rH
IW
^
XI
CN
Ul
4J
>
in
in
CM
(0
O
10
vo
Iw
*A^*
CN
\10
\Si
r4
t:
in
CN
.>
Iw
Iw O
* I*-^
\ X *
\t:
?
t=
ro
ro
^^
--
. X . <o
Iw
t^l
Si
CN
Si
en
-a-
P^
t:
ro
>
ro
>
'-^
a
Io
;^
0)
iw
^
vo
XI
CN
V,
cn
lO
(N
r-t
\X)
t:
a>
l>'
Iw
Iw
<**
.>1
^rm^
10
vo
^.
^
XI
\X)
CN
\lO
^-^
ro
CO
<n
-^
Iw
Iw
ro
CN
(0
'5
CN
\
cn
X)
CN
V
10
^-'
vc
XI
t=
<n
-^
'(0
O
J'-..
"io
.
X
7>
t=
ro
1=
(0
in
in
Iw'
i IW
ja
CN
CN
in
CN
in
<N
<0
118
[* K^^]
:
1 1 *
(12a/bMD^
(6a/b2)D^
-(12a/bMD^
-(Ga/b2)D^
(2a/b)D
'
(iT/5a)D
-(6a/b2)D
-(24a/TTbMD
(4a/b)D
(4a/Trb)D
-(llTT/5a)D
V5ab)D
(3a/b^)D^+(3y
+ (lly
(12y
+ (y
xy
'*bV420a^)D
V5a)D
IT
+ (y
+ (4p
+ (4Trb/15a)D
1
-(6a/b^)D -(6y
2b/15a)D
1
'*bV210aMD
1
2b/15a)D
-(3a/b2)D -(y
1
xy
+ (13y
-(y
-(13y
+{12y
^b/30a)D
-(y
V5ab) D
1
'*b/70a')D
^/5ab)D
'*bV280aMD
-(y^2b/15a)D^y
(6a/b')D^+(6y
+ (13y
+ (a/b)D -(y
2/10a)D
xy
'*bV840a^)D
- ( y 1 V5a)D
'
xy
'*bV840a^)D
V5a)D
'*b/140a^)D
1
y
-(12y^V5ab)Djjy
(3a/b^)D +(y V l O a ) D
V5ab)D
1
+ (9y
xy
/^bsY
Symmetric
(8a/TTb)D^
+ (13y "^b/TOaMD +
V5ab)D
V5a)D
( 2 a / b ) D +(2y
=
X
-(TT/5a)D
-(12a/Trb^)D
(6a/b^)D^+(6y
-(12a/Trb2)D
+ (12Tr/5ab)D
(b7T/15a)D
1
+ (TT/5a)D
-(bTT/15a)D
1
(4a/TTb)D
(24a/TTbMD
(12a/TTb^)D
X
-{TT/5a)D
-(12a/Trb2)D
(Tr/5a)D
-(12a/7rb2)D
+ (iT/5a)D
-(127r/5ab)D
(4bTT/15a)D
-(12Ti/5ab)D
(8a/Trb)D +
(12a/irb2)D
-(24a/TTb^)D
(12a/7Tb2)D +
X
(llTT/5a)D
(12a/bMD^
(12a/7rb2)D +
(12TT/5ab)D
(4a/b)D^
(24a/7rbMD +
(6a/b2)D
xy
-(3a/b2)D--(3y
1
-dly
V5a)D
1
'b%420aMD
1
-(y//5a)D^y
( 2 a / b ) D +(2y
X
2b/15a)D
+ (y '*bV210aMD,,
+ (4y
2b/15a)D
xy
119
Si
X5
Q
.-
^
in
\
<o
<o
\
CN
nH
t:
~-'
~-
XI
XJ
t=
in
Id
(0
XI
10
ro
in
1=
CM
t=
in
Io
\
+
10
CN
in
Id
Id
Id
CM
CN
'
lO
00
XI
in
Io
(=
Id
CM
Q
^
X3
^
Id
ro
in
\
Id
00
t=
Si
^
-^
(=
'-^
"id
\
t:
in
Id
CM
-^
XI
Id
Si
in
ro
Id
in
lO
CM
s
i
X)
Id
CM
CN
Q
1=
in
in
X)
XI
Id
Si
in
Io
10
CN
XI
XI
X)
XI
XI
10
ro
X)
Id
Id
r>4
in
ja
'-
Si
XJ
in
Id
Id
^
CM
I
'
t:
CN
iH
^
I
1=
in
\
10
CN
Q
^
<0
\
f:
t=
n
u o
c u
0) (U
(U
X
Id
in
X)
XI
t:
lO
in
ro
\
\
t=
Id
10
ro
'
ja
10
in
Si
Id
vo
ro
Id
X
Q
^
t:
Id
in
X}
Id
00
10
in
Si
t=
10
00
XI
Id
in
Si
ro
\Idt=
Id
XJ
t=
m
\
Id
*!
XJ
10
in
10
1=
ro
+
X
a
^.^
XI
XI
t=
ro
\
\
(=
Si
Id
Id
00
1"
-'
Q
-
Id
in
XI
(=
\10
\
^
vo
ro
,^
OJ
XI
p
\(0
^
Q
^
lO
in
CO
t=
Si
Id
1 Q
ia
(=
\
10
in
*-v
^^
1
ro
X)
10
00
ro
'
Id
in
,^
\t=
^--'
+
X
' Q
ro
10
in
00
'Id
Si
tn
Si >6
Q
^
(=
ro
ro
00
CI
Q
^
<
' XI
(:
sr
VO
\(0
ro
"S-
^
1
Id
g 0)
0) M
OS Id
t=
vo
ro
c cr
H w
^
'
X
X
Q
tyi rH
C lO
rl 3
\
ja
XJ
ro
ro
X)
rH O
W -tJ
-^
10
in
t=
ro
'-^
+
120
CO
P o
0) <u
g tq
0)
H O
H 4J
in
II
,
CO >o
in
Xi :x
p.
&VT--1-
C fd
H :3
^^
H H
fd
g <u
fd
t^ '
ro
II
CO
CO
Xi p.
0)
p-
fc<
-H
-p
0)
1
1
t
1
1
>
t ' ~1
0)
Xi
CM
CM
121
{ f'^=}:
L-Load
q-Load
(ab/2)
(abVl2)
(ab/2)
[f
-1
(ab/ir)
-1
-1
-1
(abVlSTT)
q
1
(ab/3TT)
q
-1
-(abVlSTT)
q
-1
(ab/5TT)
(abV30TT)
q
-1
-(abV30TT)
aL
[f
-1
[f
^)L
(Sin^^J^)P
a
[f
[f
[f
[f
[f
[f
[f
[f
[f
[f
TT
TT
2a )L
TT
3TT
JTT
2a
I
)L
3TT'
3TT
5TT'
(Sinll^)P
a
[f
(Sin^^^)P
a
[f
(Sin^^^)P
a
[f
3^yo
(Sinî-^lJ^)P
a
[f
,2iZo.
(Sin:^^:i^)P
a
[f
(Sin^^^^J-ii-)P
a
[f
(S i n l l I ^ ) P
[f
(SinllIXo.)p
[f
(Sin^^-^^J^)?
a
[f
(Sin^Î^)P
3TTyo
5 T T ^
q
-1
(ab/5TT)
[f
[f
-1
TT
-1
aL
[f
-(abV6TT)
(ab/3TT)
-1
(abV67T)
aL
[f
-1
(ab/iT)
[f
-1
-(abVl2)
aL
[f
-1
P-Load
q
-1
[f
DTT
[f
[f
DTT
2a.
[f
(Sin5Î^)P
a
122
11
(4a/b3)D^+
(2a/b2)D^+
-(4a/b3)D^-
(2a/b2)D^+
(12a/Trb3)D +
(96/5ab)D^y
(8/5a)D^y
(96/5ab)D^y
(8/5a)D^y
(4a/3b)D^+
-(2a/b2)D^-
(2a/3b)D
(2Tr/5a)Di
-C24Tr/5ab)Di
(6a/Trb2)D +
(4a/TTb)D +
'
X
t8Trb/15a)Di
-(6a/Trb2)Dj^
(2a/,rb)D^
-(2Tr/5a)Di
-(2Trb/15a)Di
(12a/irb3)D +
-(6a/^b2)D
(24Tr/5ab)Di
-(2Tr/5a)Di
-(6a/Trb2)D
(4a/Trb)D +
x
'
(8/5a)D^y
(8b/15a)D^y
(22Tr/5a)Di
(4a/b3)D^+
-(2a/b2)D^
-(12a/Trb3)D^
(96/5ab)D
'
xy
-(8/5a)D
-(24Tr/5ab)Di
-C6a/Trb2)D
'
X
-(2TT/5a)Di
(6a/Tvb2)D^+
C2a/Trb)D
xy
(4a/3b)D^+
-(12a/Trb3)D
'
x
(24Tr/5ab)Dj
(32b/15a)D^y
C6a/Trb2)D +
(6a/Trb2)D +
X
(2Tr/5a)Di
'
(32b/15a)D
(2TT/5a)Di
-t2Trb/15a)Di
X
-C22Tr/5a)Di
(6a/b3)D^+C6u2/5ab)Di
(3a/b2)D^+(3u2/5a)Di
-(6a/b3)D^-(6p^/5ab)Di
(3a/b2)D^+(p2/10a)Di
+ (13ii5b/70a3)Dy
+ (llu2b^/240a3)D
+(9pJb/140a3)D
- ( 1 3 p 5 b V 8 4 0 a )D
-(12y2/5ab)D^y
+ (P2/5a)D^^
(2a/b)D +C2p2b/15a)Di
-(3a/b2)D^-(u2/10a)Di
+ Cy5b3/210a3)D
+ (13y2b^/840a^)D
+ (a/b)D^-(y2b/30a)Di
"+2
3
- ( U 2 b / 2 8 0 a )D
y
-(p5b/15a)D^y
xy
+ a2y2/5ab)D^y
y2" = 2-n
2'
xy
+(4M2b/15a)D
xy
^
/
Symmet r i c
-(y2/5a)D^y
.
(8Trb/15a)Di
(6a/b3)D^+(6y2/5ab)D
-(3a/b2)D^-(3p2/5a)Di
+ C13v2b/70a^)D
-dlujb
+ a2p^/5ab)D^y
-(y2/5a)D^y
/420a^)D
(2a/b)D^+(2u2b/15a)Di
+ (P2bV210a^)D
+ (4w2b/15a)D^y
123
II
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125
{ f''^} :
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3
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a
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(Smi-ii
X
h
126
CD
CM
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sin
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U)
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128
O l
CN
CO
J-
tn
vo
CN
CN
CM
CM
CM
X
W
IX)
CN
<
w
u
CM
H
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Si
\
>.
XI
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<
X
>-l
OJ
[r]
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X
^
cn
CM
Si
\
>1
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tn
CM
.H
1
CN
X)
\
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<N
VD
JCM
r1
Si
\
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i3
\
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Si
\
<
to
i-H
CM
Si
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<
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\
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u
lt
CM
X
^
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w
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C VH
0) (U
B N
(U
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w
cn
--I
::$
1
1
<U -P
CD
Si
-
<
^^_J
129
5-n
{f"}^:
aN
aN
(2a/TT)N
(2a/TT)N,
0
(2a/3TT)N
(2a/3TT)N,
(2a/5TT)N
0
(2a/5TT)N,
APPENDIX B:
NONDIMENSIONAL COEFFICIENTS FOR RECTANGULAR

PLATES
Nondimensional coefficients for displacements

and moment resultants at critical points on rectangular
plates of homogeneous isotropic material
and uniform
thi^ckness are given, in tabular and graphical form on the

following pages.
The information given is for plates of
overall width to length ratios of 0.2 to 2.0 supported in

different ways at their boundaries and carrying different
types of loads. These plates are listed in Chapter V.
130
131
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in
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CASE -
B/a
1(a)
2.0
133
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tA^<^.

EXTENDED FINITE STRIP METHOD FOR PRISMATIC

PLATE AND SHELL STRUCTURES

I am grateful to Dr. Kishor C. Mehta, Dr. James

R. Mcdonald, Professor Albert J. Sanger and Dr. Donald

Finite Strip Method

The Extended Finite Strip Method

Comparison with Finite Eleiaent Method

Scope of this Study

EXTENDED FINITE STRIP METHOD

Some Basic Theorems in Solid Mechanics

Geometry and Frames of Reference

Theory of Thin Plates

Philosophy of the Extended Finite Strip

STIFFNESS MATRIX EQUATION

Stiffness Matrix Equation of Membrane

Stiffness Matrix Equation of Bending

Combined Stiffness Matrix Equation

Rib Stiffness Matrix

Transformation to Global Coordinates

Overall Stiffness Matrix

Nodal Line Forces

Solution by Gaussian Elimination

ANALYSIS OF PROBLEMS WITH KNOWN SOLUTIONS

The Displacement Contributions of the

Plate Structures under Bending Action . .

Structures under Combined Membrane

APPLICATION OF THE E X T E N D E D FINITE STRIP

A Folded Plate Structure

A Circular Cylindrical Shell with Canopy .

A Continuous Plate with Settling Support .

CONCLUSIONS, OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Stiffness, Force and Transformation Matrices

Nondimensional Coefficients for Rectangular

Base Functions ip and fi for Symmetric

Base Functions ip and n for Antisymmetric

Base Functions for Bending Action

Base Functions for Hinged-Clamped Condition ,

Base Functions for Clamped-Clamped

Corner Supported Plate Carr'ying Uniformly

Plate Hinged Along Opposite Edges (Free

Pifismatic Plate and Shell Structures and

Global and Elemental Frames of Reference . .

Ribs Along x-edges of Strips

Symmetrically Displaced Shape of

Antisymmetrically Displaced Shape

Plate Structures of Different Bomidary

Cylindrical Shell Structure

Plots of Stress Functions of the

Plots of Stress Functions of the

Square Hinged Plate with Elastic Ribs

Isotropic Rectangular Plate with Overhang

Folded Plate Structure with Elastic End-Ribs

Longitudinal Stress Resultant T

Mid Section of Plates

Along Mid Section of Plates

Plates Along Support Section

(lb) in Rib Members

(lb) in Rib Members

Cylindrical Shell Structure with Canopy . . .

Displaced Shape of Shell Along Mid

= Area of rib; amplitude of displacement.

= Length of a structure and a strip