Rooftop Solar Does It Make Sense for Residences?

A Solar Mango Guide for Residential Energy Consumers

Energy Alternatives India

October 2014

Rooftop Solar Does It Make Sense for Residences?

A Solar Mango Guide for Residential Energy Consumers

Key Takeaways

A solar PV plant costs approximately Rs. 1 Lakh per kW with installation

without batteries or subsidies, and will last 25 years
o 1 kW of solar plant generates about 4 kWh of electricity per day
on average over a year
o The inverter is the only major component likely to need
replacement
If you are considering solar to save on your EB bills, we recommend
evaluating solar only if your residential EB tariff is Rs. 5.00/kWh or
greater, subject to state specific incentive schemes that can lower the
cost of solar
As solar plants generate power during the day when most residents are
not at home, the plant has to sized carefully for daytime load rather than
peak load which is usually experienced only at night
Solar PV plants can be installed in apartment buildings provided installing
solar panels on the common rooftop is permitted
A solar water heater is a better choice for heating water than a solar PV
plant

Solar Mango is a one-stop resource for all things related to rooftop solar power generation
(aka captive solar) in India. Solar Mango provides solar solutions for industrial and
commercial energy consumers, but we do receive a large number of enquiries from
residential consumers on the feasibility of rooftop solar PV for their dwellings. As we are
unable to reply to many such enquiries, we prepared this guide to address many of the
common concerns surrounding residential rooftop solar power and help residential
consumers decide on a solar plant.
More on our services here - www.solarmango.com/in/our-services/

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Contents
Overview of solar PV .................................................................................................................... 3
Kinds of solar plants ..................................................................................................................... 4
What kind of a roof do I need for a solar plant? ............................................................................ 4
How much of roof space do I require? ............................................................................................... 5
Can a solar plant be installed only in individual homes, or also in residential apartments? ............. 5
Can I run my entire home on solar PV? ......................................................................................... 5
How do I know my electrical load? ............................................................................................... 6
What should be the solar plant capacity based on my load? ............................................................. 7
What would happen if my solar plant does not match the load? ...................................................... 7
If the plant is smaller than required ............................................................................................... 7
If the plant is larger than required .................................................................................................. 7
What is the cost of a solar PV plant? ............................................................................................. 8
Are any subsidies provided? ............................................................................................................... 8
Can I benefit from Accelerated Depreciation? ................................................................................... 8
What are the operating/running costs? ............................................................................................. 8
What is net metering? ........................................................................................................................ 9
Will using solar power be cheaper than using grid power? ............................................................... 9
Can I use batteries to obtain power at night? .............................................................................. 10
What certifications/warranties should I look for in my solar PV plant? ........................................ 10
Should I use a solar PV plant or a solar water heater to heat water?............................................ 10

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Overview of solar PV
Solar PV converts sunlight (not heat) to generate electricity through a photovoltaic process. A solar
plant consists of

Solar Panels These are mounted

on the roof and convert sunlight
into DC power
Mounting Structures These
secure the solar panels to the roof
of your building
o Most mounting structures
require your roof to be
penetrated. If you are
worried about water seepage,
non-penetrating options are
also available
o Mounting structures should
be strong enough to hold
your solar panels even at high wind speeds, such as during cyclones
Inverter This converts the generated DC power into the AC power that is required by your
appliances. Through a charge controller it also regulates battery charging if required
Balance of Systems (BoS) All the other components of the solar plant, such as cables,
junction boxes, fuses, etc.

The size of solar plant you require depends on your electrical load and the number of kWh (units)
you consume. The size of solar plant you can install is limited by the extent of shade-free rooftop
space available.
The expected lifetime of a solar PV plant is 25 years.

How Solar PV Works

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Kinds of solar plants

Solar plants can be

Grid-tied The plant works in conjunction with grid power. Such a solar plant will turn off if
grid power is not available, and may not suit locations with frequent power failure
Hybrid In conjunction with a diesel generator or battery bank, the plant can deliver solar
power even during a power failure
Off-grid The plant only works off-grid. It can sync with batteries or a diesel generator but
not grid power. Such plants can be installed in areas where the grid is absent, but not
recommended for areas where grid is present, even if grid power is only available
intermittently

The only difference between the three kinds of plants is in the type of inverter used.

It should be noted that a solar PV plant must have another source of power (grid/DG/battery) to
function the other source is used to provide a reference voltage as solar power is continuously
varying. In the absence of reference power, the solar plant will not generate electricity even in
bright sunlight.

A grid-tied plant synchronises only with the grid and will shutdown in the absence of grid
power
A hybrid plant can synchronise with either gird or DG or battery and will shutdown if all
three are absent
An off-grid plant can synchronise with DG or battery and will shutdown if both are absent

What kind of a roof do I need for a solar plant?

Solar PV plants require a south-facing roof (in the northern hemisphere). The roof should also be
free from shadows; portions of the roof that have shadows should be excluded while calculating the
roof space available for the solar plant. Shadows falling on solar panels reduce power generation,
and may also damage the panels.
The kind of roof determines if solar panels can be installed. Ability of the roof to support the weight
of the panels and mounting structure even in strong
winds is the critical parameter.

Approximately
100 sq.ft of roof
space is required
for 1 kW of solar
plant

Concrete Roofs Solar PV plants can be easily

installed on flat concrete roofs. Inclined roofs may
pose a challenge depending on the angle and
direction of the inclination
Metal Roofs This will depend on the type of
structure and the weight it can withstand
Asbestos/Other Sheet Roofs These are the least
likely of the 3 to be able to support solar panels, though it is possible in some cases.

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How much of roof space do I require?

Approximately 100 SF is required for 1 kW of solar plant.

Can a solar plant be installed only in individual homes, or also in

residential apartments?
Solar PV plants can be installed on the rooftops of residential apartment complexes. A few issues
should be considered when evaluating rooftop plants for apartments

Roof ownership In many apartment buildings the roof is considered common area.
Therefore permission from the building society/association may be required before an
individual can install the solar plant
Distance from roof to apartment Since apartment complexes typically feature multistoreyed buildings, the number of floors between the apartment where solar power is to be
used and the roof where the power is generated may be an issue as DC power provided by
the solar panels suffers a great deal of loss as distance increases
o Using thicker DC cables is a possible solution to minimise loss
o Another solution is to place the inverter on the roof as the AC power from the
inverter does not suffer much loss over distances compared to DC power. Issues
such as permission to install the inverter and location of inverter (it needs a wellventilated room) need to be addressed
Earthing The solar plant generates both AC and DC power and both need to be earthed.
While AC earthing can be combined with existing building earthing, DC will require separate
earthing for which permission will be required as well

It is also possible that rather than an individual apartment owner having a personal solar plant, the
building association as a whole can install a solar plant to supply common facilities such as common
area lighting.

Can I run my entire home on solar PV?

This will depend on the kind of loads you run, but usually running the entire load off solar PV is not
recommended

Solar power is only generated during daytime. With heavy rain or mist solar power may not
be generated even during the day (30-60 days of generation may be lost in a year due to
these factors)
The solar plant may not run loads with heavy starting current requirements, such as water
pumps. Air conditioning also may not be supported
o It may be possible to run inverter air conditioners off your solar plant

In such situations a solar plant can be used to support part of the load, similar to a home
inverter/UPS.

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How do I know my electrical load?

The sum of the wattage of individual appliances represents the load i.e., a 60 W fan and 40 W light
represent a 100 W load. If these two appliances run continuously for an hour they consume 100
watt-hours. If they run 10 hours they will consume 1,000 watt-hours or 1 kilowatt hour (kWh), also
known as one unit.
We can illustrate this calculation with an example:

Number

Wattage

Total
Wattage

Hours used
between
10 and 4

Lights

40

160

800

Fans

60

180

1,080

TV

120

120

360

Refrigerator

300

300

1,200

Appliance

760

Energy
(Wh/day)

3,440

Dividing the Total Wattage and Energy by 1,000 gives us the load in kW and energy consumed in
kWh i.e., Total Load = 0.76 kW; Total Energy Consumed = 3.44 kWh.
Your electricity consumption is billed on the basis of number of kWh consumed. Since solar is only
available during daytime, it is the load and energy consumption during daytime that will need to be
ascertained to calculate the size of the plant. Residents are usually away from home during the day
and most energy consumption is at night. It is therefore important to calculate the size of the plant
based on daytime use to avoid oversizing the plant.
The above example gives a simple calculation to calculate the load and energy consumption. In real
world situations it may be difficult to determine the number of hours that appliances are used
during the day. We can instead ascertain the energy consumption by noting the electricity meter
reading at 10 AM and 4 PM for a few days. The difference between the readings is the energy
consumption (kWh) for that period. If the electricity meter is a digital meter it usually also provides
the load in amperes and kW. This can be noted several times each day to determine the average
load.
A detailed note on estimating electrical load and energy consumption can be found here www.solarmango.com/in/faq/8#calculating-the

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What should be the solar plant capacity based on my load?

Solar plant capacity is typically calculated as load + 25% safety margin i.e., an 8 kW load will require a
10 kW solar plant.
In the example given previously, we can calculate the solar plant capacity for the 0.76 kW load as
Load (kW)
% before safety margin

0.76
(100-25)%

1.0133 kW

This load can be supported (without batteries) by a 1 kW solar PV plant.

Please note that the capacity of the solar plant is determined by the capacity of the solar panels and
inverter i.e., both the panel and inverter capacity will have to be 10 kW for the plant to be a 10 kW
plant.
A detailed note on sizing the solar plant can be found here
www.solarmango.com/in/faq/8#Sizing

What would happen if my solar plant does not match the load?
If the plant is smaller than required

Grid-tie system
o When grid power is present The deficit will be compensated by electricity from
the grid
o During power failure The solar plant will not provide power (irrespective of size of
plant)
Hybrid system
o When grid power is present The deficit will be compensated by electricity from
the grid
o During power failure The inverter may register an overload and be
shutdown/damaged, unless another source of power (DG or batteries) can
compensate
Off-grid system
o As this is an off-grid system, there is no question of grid power being present. The
inverter may register an overload and be shutdown/damaged, unless another source
of power (DG or batteries) can compensate

If the plant is larger than required

Grid-tie system
o When grid power is present Excess solar generation is fed into the grid
o During power failure The solar plant will not provide power (irrespective of size of
plant)
Hybrid system
o When grid power is present Excess solar generation is fed into the grid

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During power failure The solar plant will generate only as much energy as
required by the load i.e., the excess plant capacity is wasted
Off-grid system
o As this is an off-grid system, there is no question of power being exported to the
grid. The solar plant will generate only as much energy as required by the load i.e.,
the excess plant capacity is wasted

Please note that if you do not have a net meter, feeding excess solar generation into the
grid will cause your electricity meter to turn in the forward direction for energy supplied
i.e., the power sent to the grid will be added to your electricity bill.

What is the cost of a solar PV plant?

The approximate cost of a rooftop solar PV plant is Rs. 1 Lakh per kW, before considering incentives.
This includes installation and all components other than batteries. Batteries can add 30% or more to
the cost of the plant, depending on the extent of backup required.
The cost of a rooftop solar PV plant is discussed in detail here - www.solarmango.com/in/faq/2.
1 kW of solar plant will occupy 100 SF and generate 4 kWh of power per day on average over a year.

Are any subsidies provided?

The MNRE previously provided a 30% subsidy on capital cost of a rooftop solar plant, but that
subsidy is currently not available for residential plants.
Individual states may have special schemes for residential rooftop solar. Please check with the
Energy Development Agency of your state.

Can I benefit from Accelerated Depreciation?

Depreciation can be claimed only on business assets therefore residential solar plants cannot benefit
from accelerated depreciation.

What are the operating/running costs?

Other than washing of solar panels once in every few weeks,
solar plants require little by way of maintenance as there are
no moving parts; operating and running costs are minimal.
The inverter is the only major component that may need to
be replaced during the 25-year lifetime of the plant.
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Approximate cost
of a rooftop solar
PV is Rs. 1 Lakh
per kW
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What is net metering?

Net metering is a method by which solar PV
plant owners can be compensated for any
excess solar power that they supply to the
grid. The conventional uni-directional
electricity meter is replaced with a bidirectional meter that spins in reverse for
energy that is supplied to the grid. The
consumer is billed by the utility only on the
net energy consumption indicated by the
meter.
In the absence of net metering any energy supplied to the grid will be added to the consumers
electricity bill.

Will using solar power be cheaper than using grid power?

This depends on your current EB tariff.
A 1 kW solar plant (without batteries) will last for 25 years and give you about 4 kWh (units) of
power per day. Assuming the power output degrades by 0.5% a year, we will get about 34,000 kWh
over 25 years. As this is a grid-tied (no batteries) plant, we can consider 30,000 kWh as total usable
energy generation after adjusting for losses during power failure.
At Rs. 1 lakh per kW, the per kWh cost is
Rs. 1,00,000
30,000 kWh

Rs. 3.33/kWh

Please note that this does not include any cost other than direct upfront cost for the plant. Other
costs such as inverter replacement and AMC can push the cost/kWh higher.

Adding some margin for unforeseen costs, Solar Mango recommends considering solar
power for your residence only if your current residential tariff is Rs. 5.00/kWh or
greater. We urge you to conduct a thorough due diligence on costs by speaking to
vendors with experience installing in and around your location before deciding on your
solar plant.

It should be noted that cost of power from your solar plant is fixed for the next 25 years while the EB
power tariff keeps rising.

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Can I use batteries to obtain power at night?

With the appropriate hybrid inverter, a battery backed system will charge batteries during the day
and the energy can be used at night. When evaluating such a configuration, the consumer should be
aware that

Batteries are expensive, and need to be replaced every few years

Repeatedly draining the batteries will shorten battery life even further
Some amount of energy is lost both when charging and discharging a battery; batteries
deliver only about 75% of the energy that is fed to them

What certifications/warranties should I look for in my solar PV plant?

Solar Panels
o Warranty At least 5-year manufacturing defect warranty and a 25-year output
warranty (typically 90% of power output at year 10 and 80% of power output at year
25)
o Certifications - IEC 61215/IS 14286, IEC 61730, and IEC 61701/IS 61701 if coastal
location
Inverter
o Warranty 1 year, extendable to 5 years
o Certifications - IEC 61683/IS 61683, IEC 60068-2
Other components 1 year warranty

A detailed examination of warranties and certifications, including failures not covered by warranties,
can be found here - www.solarmango.com/in/faq/7

Should I use a solar PV plant or a solar water heater to heat water?

Using a solar water heater is a more cost-effective option than using solar PV to generate electricity
which is then used to heat water.
Solar water heaters are a different kind of solar technology where the heat from the sun, rather than
the light, is collected to heat water.

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Interested in Solar Power for Your Industrial/Commercial Rooftop?

Solar Mangos FREE Assistance to
Get the Optimal Rooftop Solar Solution for Your Needs
Solar Mango is a division of Energy Alternatives India (EAI), Indias largest renewable energy
and clean technology research and consulting firm. Solar Mango provides up-to-date,
relevant, and practical information on rooftop solar in India, as well as help industrial and
commercial consumers get the best rooftop plant possible.
Solar Mangos Solar Assist service specially focusses on helping commercial and industrial
energy consumers gain high quality solar plants using

Best components and systems available

Most appropriate system architecture for your needs
Industry best practices in design and construction

You gain a world class solar system that significantly boosts your green credentials, reduces
grid dependence, and helps reduce your diesel consumption.
Read more on our Solar Assist service from here www.solarmango.com/our-services/

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