Brakes & Clutches

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
ENERGY TO BRAKES
881.
A motor operates a hoist through a pair of spur gears, with a velocity ratio of 4.
The drum on which the cable wraps is on the same shaft as the gear, and the
torque cause by the weight of the load and hoist is 12,000 ft-lb. The pinion is on
the motor shaft. Consider first on which shaft to mount the brake drum; in the
process make trial calculations, and try to think of pros and cons. Make a
decision and determine the size of a drum that will not have a temperature rise
greater than t 150 F when a 4000-lb. load moves down 200 ft. at a constant
speed. Include a calculation for the frp/sq. in. of the drums surface.
Solution:
Consider that brake drum is mounted on motor shaft that has lesser torque.
T f
12,000 ft lb
3000 ft lb 36,000 in lb
4
From Table AT 29,

Assume f 0.35 , p 75 psi , max. vm 5000 fpm
FD
2
Tf
F fN
N
2T f
D
2T f
fD
N
A
A Db
p
2T f
N
2 36,000
75
2
Db D bf D 2b 0.35
D 2b 873
use D 2b 873
873
b 2
D
Then,
t F
U f ft lb
Wm c
Assume a cast-iron,
0.253 lb in 3
c 101
Wm V
2
D2
D t t Db
4
4
U f 4000 200 800,000 ft lb

V Dbt
Page 1 of 52

t 150 F
Wm V
Uf
ct
800,000
0.253V
150101
V 208.7 in 3
But
D2
V t Db
4
873
D2
873 D 2
4
D
V t
For minimum V :
dV
873 D
t
0
2
dD
2
D
D 3 2 873
D 12 in
For t :
873 12 2
4
12
V 208.7 t
t 0.611 in
say t
5
in
8
873
1
6.0625 in 6
in
2
16
12
5
1
in
Therefore use D 12 in , t in , b 6
8
16
b
For fhp sq. in.
fhp
A
Fvm
33,000
2T f
2 36,000
F
6000 lb
D
12
fhp
vm 5000 fpm (max.)

6000 5000 909 hp
fhp
33,000
1
A Db 12 6 in 2
16
Page 2 of 52

fhp
909
3.98 (peak value)

A
228.55
fhp sq. in.
882.
A 3500-lb. automobile moving on level ground at 60 mph, is to be stopped in a

distance of 260 ft. Tire diameter is 30 in.; all frictional energy except for the
brake is to be neglected. (a) What total averaging braking torque must be
applied? (b) What must be the minimum coefficient of friction between the tires
and the road in order for the wheels not to skid if it is assumed that weight is
equally distributed among the four wheels (not true)? (c) If the frictional energy
is momentarily stored in 50 lb. of cast iron brake drums, what is the average
temperature rise of the drums?
Solution:
(a) Solving for the total braking torque.
U f KE
W 2
vs vs22
2g 1
W 3500 lb
vs1 60 mph 88 fps

vs2 0 mph 0 fps
g 32.2 fps 2
3500
882 0 2 421,000 ft lb
2 32.2
T ft lb m
T in lb n
fhp f
f
33,000
63,000
Uf
0 88
a
14.892 fps 2
2s
2 260
vs vs1
0 88
t 2
5.91 sec
a
14.892
vs22 vs21
fhp
Uf
KE
421,000
130 hp
t 550 550t 550 5.91
1
88 fps 60 sec min
vm
2
n
336 rpm
D
30
ft
12
fhp
Tf
Tf n
63,000
63,000130
24,375 in lb
336
(b) f
F
N
for each wheel, N
Page 3 of 52
3500
875 lb
4

24,375
6094 in lb
4
2T
2 6094
F f
406 in lb
D
30
F 406
f
0.464
N 875
Tf
(c) t
Uf
Wm c
U f 421,000 ft lb
Wm 50 lb
c 101 ft lb lb F
for cast-iron
421,000
t
83.4 F
50101
884.
An overhead traveling crane weighs 160,000 lb. with its load and runs 253 fpm. It
is driven by a 25-hp motor operating at 1750 rpm.The speed reduction from the
motor to the 18-in. wheels is 32 to 1. Frictional energy other than at the brake is
negligible. (a) How much energy must be absorbed by the brake to stop this crane
in a distance of 18 ft.? (b) Determine the constant average braking torque that
must be exerted on the motor shaft. (c) If all the energy is absorbed by the rim of
the cast-iron brake drum, which is 8 in. in diameter, 1 in. thick, with a 3 -in.
face, what will be its temperature rise? (d) Compute the average rate at which the
energy is absorbed during the first second (fhp). Is it reasonable?
Solution:
W 2
vs vs22
2g 1
W 160,000 lb
g 32.2 fps 2
U f KE
vs1 253 fpm 4.22 fps

vs2 0 fps
Uf
160,000
4.22 2 0 2 44,245 ft lb
2 32.2
(b) T f
fhp 63,000
n
0 4.22
a
0.495 fps 2
2s
218
vs vs1 0 4.22
t 2
8.53 sec
a
0.495
vs22 vs21
Page 4 of 52
fhp
Uf
44,245
9.43 hp
550 8.53
550t
fhp 63,000 9.43 63,000

Tf
68 in lb
1
on the motor shaft.
n
1750
2
(c) t
Uf
Wm c
V Dbt (rim
D 8 in
b 3.25 in
t 0.5 in
only) on the motor shaft
V 8 3.25 0.5 40.84 in 3

Wm V
0.253 lb in 3 for cast iron

c 101 ft lb lb F
for cast-iron
Wm 0.253 40.84 10.33 lb

44,245
t
42.4 F
10.33101
(d) First second:

vs1 4.22 fps
a 0.495 fps 2
vs2 vs1 at 4.22 0.4951 3.73 fps

U f KE
fhp
885.
Uf
550t
160,000
4.22 2 3.73 2 9680 ft lb
2 32.2
9680
17.6 hp 25 hp , therefore reasonable.
5501
The diagrammatic hoist shown with its load weighs 6000 lb. The drum weighs
8000 lb., has a radius of gyration k 1.8 ft ; D 4 ft . A brake on the drum
shaft brings the hoist to rest in 10 ft. from vs 8 fps (down). Only the brake
frictional energy is significant, and it can be reasonably assumed that the
acceleration is constant. (a) From the frictional energy, compute the average
braking torque. (b) If the average fhp/sq. in. is limited to 0.15 during the first
second, what brake contact area is needed?
Page 5 of 52
Problems 885, 886

Solution:
Tf
63,000 fhp
n
I1 2
W
1 22 2 vs21 vs21
2
2g
U f KE1 KE2
vs1 8 fps , vs2 0 fps
2vs1
D
2 8
4 rad s , 2 0 rad s
4
W1k 2
g
W1 8000 lb
I1
k 1.8 ft
W2 6000 lb
g 32.2 fps 2
Uf
I1 2
W
800001.8
1 22 2 vs21 vs21
2
2g
2 32.2
vs22 vs21
2s
s 10 ft
0 2 82
3.2 fps 2
210
vs2 vs1
fhp
08
2.5 sec
3.2
12,400
9 hp
550 2.5
a
Uf
550t
60
n
rpm
2
1
4 rad s 0 2 rad s 0
2
Page 6 of 52
4 2
60000
8 2 12,400 ft lb
2 32.2

60 2
19.1 rpm
2
63,000 fhp 63,000 9
Tf
29,700 in lb
n
19.1
n
(b) fhp sq. in. 0.15 (first second)

vs2 vs1 at 8 3.21 4.8 fps
2v s 2
D
2 4.8
2.4 rad sec
4
800001.8
4 2 2.4 2 60000 8 2 4.8 2 6106 ft lb
2 32.2
2 32.2
Uf
6106
fhp
11.10 hp
550t 5501
2
Uf
887.
fhp
11.10
74 in 2
fhp sq.in.
0.15
The same as 885, except that a traction drive, arranged as shown, is used; the
counterweight weighs 4000 lb. The ropes pass twice about the driving sheave; the
brake drum is on this same shaft.
Problem 887.
Solution:
WT 2
vs vs22
2g 1
WT 4000 lb 6000 lb 10,000 lb
(a) U f KE
KE of pulley is negligible
vs 8 fps , vs 0 fps
1
Page 7 of 52

Uf
a
t
10,000
8 2 9,940 ft lb
2 32.2
vs22 vs21
0 2 82
3.2 fps 2
210
2s
vs2 vs1
08
2.5 sec
3.2
9940
7.23 hp
550 2.5
fhp
Uf
550t
D 4 ft
2 8
4 rad sec
D
4
2v
2 0
2 s2
0 rad sec
D
4
2vs1
1
1 2 1 4 0 2 rad sec
2
2
60
60 2
n
19.1 rpm
2
2
63,000 fhp 63,000 7.23
23,850 in lb
Braking torque, T f
n
19.1
(b) fhp sq. in. 0.15 (first second)

vs1 8 fps
vs2 vs1 at
vs2 8 3.21
vs2 4.8 fps
10,000
8 2 4.8 2 6360 ft lb
2 32.2
Uf
6360
fhp
11.56 hp
550t 5501
Uf
fhp
11.56
2
Contact area = A fhp sq. in. 0.15 77.1 in
SINGLE-SHOE BRAKES
888.
For the single-shoe, short-block brake shown (solid lines) derive the expressions
for brake torque for (a) clockwise rotation, (b) counterclockwise rotation. (c) In
which direction of rotation does the brake have self-actuating properties? If
f 0.25 , for what proportions of e and c would the brake be self-actuating?
Page 8 of 52
Problems 888 891, 893.

Solution:
(a) Clockwise rotation (as shown)
Tf
FD
2
F fN
fN e Wa N c
N c fN e Wa
Wa
N
c fe
fWa
F
c fe
Tf
fWaD
2 c fe
(b) Counter Clockwise Rotation
Page 9 of 52
Tf
FD
2
F fN
Wa fN e N c
Wa
N
c fe
fWa
F
c fe
Tf
fWaD
2 c fe
(c) Clockwise rotation is self-actuating

c fe
with f 0.25
c 0.25e
889.
The same as 888, except that the wheel and brake shoe are grooved, 2 degrees
between the sides of the grooves (as in a sheave, Fig. 17.38, Text).
Solution:
Page 10 of 52
2 N1 sin N
F 2 f N1
N
fN
F 2f

sin
2 sin
(a) Clockwise rotation

Wa
c fe
fWa
F
c fe sin
fWaD
Tf
2 c fe sin
N
(b) Counter clockwise rotation

Wa
c fe
fWa
F
c fe sin
fWaD
Tf
2 c fe sin
N
Page 11 of 52
(c) Clockwise rotation is self-actuating

c fe
with f 0.25
c 0.25e
890.
Consider the single-shoe, short-block brake shown (solid lines) with the drum
rotating clockwise; let e be positive measured downward and D 1.6c . (a)
Plot the mechanical advantage MA (ordinate) against f values of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3,
0.4, 0.5 (abscissa) when e c has values 2, 0.5, 0, -0.5, -1. (b) If f may vary
from 0.3 to 0.4, which proportions give the more nearly constant brake response?
Are proportions good? (c) What proportions are best if braking is needed for both
directions of rotation?
Solution:
(a) MA
Tf
, Clockwise rotation
Wa
fD
MA
2 c fe
D 1.6c
1.6 fc
MA
2 c fe
0.8 f
MA
fe
1
c
Tabulation:
Page 12 of 52
Values of MA
e c
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
2
0.100
0.267
0.600
1.600
0.5
0.084
0.178
0.284
0.400
0.533
0
0.08
0.16
0.24
0.32
0.40
-0.5
0.076
0.145
0.209
0.267
0.320
-1
0.073
0.133
0.185
0.229
0.267
Plot:
(b) f 0.3 to 0.4 ,
e c 1 ,
They are good because 1
with MA constant .
fe
except e c 2 .
c
(c) e c 0 is the best if braking is needed for both directions of rotation with MA the
same.
Page 13 of 52
891.
A single-block brake has the dimensions: cast-iron wheel of D 15 in .,

a 32
1
3
11
in ., c 9 in ., e 4
in ., width of contact surface = 2 in. The
2
8
16
brake block lined with molded asbestos, subtends 80 o, symmetrical about the
center line; it is permitted to absorb energy at the rate of 0.4 hp/in.2; n 200 rpm
. Assume that p is constant, that F and N act at K , and compute (a) pvm
and the approximate braking torque, (b) the force W to produce this torque, (c)
the mechanical advantage, (d) the temperature rise of the 3/8-in.-thick rim, if it
absorbs all the energy with operation as specified, in 1 min. (e) How long could
this brake be so applied for t 400o F ? See 893.
Solution:
D 15 in
a 32.5 in
c 9.375 in
e 4.6875 in
b 2 in
(a) Solving for pvm

Fvm fpAv m ft lb min
Fvm
0.4 hp in 2
A
Fvm 0.4 hp 33,000 ft lb hp min 13,200 ft lb min
A
in 2
in 2
Fvm
fpvm
A
f 0.35 from Table AT 29, molded asbestos on cast iron
Fvm
13,200 0.35 pvm
A
pvm 37,700 ft lb sq in min
Page 14 of 52
Solving for braking torque

Fvm
13,200 ft lb sq. in. min
A
15
200 785 fpm
12
vm Dn
Db
2

80
1.3963 rad
180
Db 1.396315 2
A
21 sq. in.
2
2
A
F 785
13,200
21
F 353 lb
Tf
FD 35315
2650 in lb
2
2
(b) Solving for W

f Wa
c fe
F 353 lb
f 0.35
a 32.5 in
e 4.6875 in
c 9.375 in
F
F c fe 353 9.375 0.35 4.6875
240 lb
fa
0.35 32.5
(c) Solving for MA

MA
fD
0.3515
0.34
2 c fe 2 9.375 0.35 4.6875
(d) Solving for t

t F
U f , ft lb
Wm c
Wm Dbt
D 15 in
b 2 in
Page 15 of 52

t
3
in 0.375 in
8
Wm 0.253 15 2 0.375 8.942 lb

c 101 ft lb lb F
for cast iron
U f 550t fhp
t 1 min 60 sec
U f 550 60 fhp 33,000 fhp
2650 200 8.4127 hp
63,000
63,000
U f 33,000 8.4127 277,619 ft lb
fhp
Tf n
Uf
Wm c
277,619
310 F
8.942101
(e) Solving for t , (time) with t 400 F

U f Wm ct
U f 8.942 101 400 361,260 ft lb
550 fhp t U f
550 8.4127 t 361,260

t 78 sec 1.3 min
892.
For a single-block brake, as shown, a 26 in ., c 7

D 15 in .,
drum contact width b 3
1
in ., e 3.75 in .,
2
1
in . The molded asbestos lining subtends
2
60 , symmetrical about the vertical axis; force W 300 lb .; n 600 rpm .

Assume that p is constant, that F and N act at K , and compute (a) pvm
and the braking torque, (b) the energy rate in fhp/in. 2 of contact surface. (c) the
mechanical advantage, (d) the temperature of the 3/8-in.-thick rim, if it absorbs
all the energy with the operation as specified in 1 min. (e) How long could this
brake be so applied for t rim 400 F ? See 894.
Page 16 of 52
Problems 892, 894.

Solution:
For greater braking torque, T f , use counterclockwise rotation
aW efN cN
Wa
N
c ef
f Wa
F
c ef
From Table AT 29, f 0.35 for molded asbestos

W 300 lb
a 26 in
c 7.5 in
e 3.75
0.35 300 26 442 lb
F
7.5 3.75 0.35
(a) Solving for pvm

Fvm fpAv m
Page 17 of 52

vm
A
Dn 15 600
2536 fpm
12
12
Db
2

60
1.047 rad
180
1.047 15 3.5 27.5 in 2
A
2
Fvm 442 2536 0.35 27.5 pvm
pvm 116,500 ft lb sq. in. min
Solving for the braking torque,

FD 442 15
Tf
3315 in lb
2
2
(b) Energy rate, fhp.in2.
fhp
Tf n
3315 600
31.6 hp
63,000
63,000
A 27.5 in 2
31.6 hp
fhp in 2
1.15 hp in 2
27.5 in 2
Tf
3315
0.425
Wa 300 26
U f , ft lb
(d) t F
Wm c
Wm Dbt
3
t in 0.375 in
8
(c) MA
D 15 in
b 3.5 in

c 101 ft lb lb F
for cast iron
Wm 0.253 15 3.5 0.375 15.648 lb
For 1 min
U f 33,0001 fhp 33,0001 31.6 1,042,800 ft lb
1,042,800
15.648101
(e) t rim 400 F
Page 18 of 52
660 F

U f 400 15.648 101 632,179 ft lb

t min
Uf
33,000 fhp
632,179
0.61 min
33,000 31.6
LONG-SHOE BRAKES
FIXED SHOES
893.
The brake is as described in 891 and is to absorb energy at the same rate but the
pressure varies as p P sin . Derive the equations needed and compute (a) the
maximum pressure, (b) the moment M F H of F about H , (c) the moment
M N H of N about H , (d) the force W , (e) the braking torque, (f) the x and
y components of the force at H .
Solution:
p P sin P sin
Page 19 of 52

r
D
2
dN pbrd
dF fpbrd
rdF
fpbr
Tf
Tf
T f fbr P sin d
2
T f fbr 2 P cos 1 cos 2
(a) Solving for P

Tf
P
2
fbr cos 1 cos 2
r
D
2
tan
c
r e
c 9.375 in
15
7.5 in
2
e 4.6875 in
tan
9.375
7.5 4.6875
73.3
80
80
73.3
33.3
2
2
80
2 73.3
113.3
2
2
1
f 0.35
b 2 in
r 7.5 in
P
P
Tf
fbr cos 1 cos 2

2
Tf
0.35 2 7.5 cos 33.3 cos113 .3

2
63,000 fhp
n
fhp fhp in 2 A
Db
A
2

80
1.396 rad
180
Tf
Page 20 of 52
Tf
48.5
psi

A
1.39615 2
2
21 in 2
fhp in 2 0.4
fhp 0.4 21 8.4 hp
n 200 rpm
63,000 8.4
2646 in lb
200
Tf
2646
P
55 psi max .P 2 90
48.5 48.5
Tf
r R cos dF
r R cos fbrP sin d
fbrP r sin R sin cos d
(b) M F
H
MF
MF
MF
MF
fbrP r cos sin 2

2
fbrP
MF
MF
9.375 2 7.5 4.6875 2
9.788 in
1900 in lb
R sin dN
MN
RP sin 2 brd
MN
brRP sin 2 d
brRP 2
1 cos 2 d
1
2
brRP
1
MN H
sin
2
2
2
brRP
MN H
2 2 1 sin 22 sin 21
4
2 1 1.396 rad
H
22 2113 .3 226.6
21 2 33.3 66.6
2 7.5 9.788 55 21.396 sin 226.6 sin 66.6
MN H
4
MN
9.788
0.35 2 7.5 55 7.5 cos 33.3 cos 113 .3

sin 2 113 .3 sin 2 33.3
2
(c) M N
MN
r cos 1 cos 2 sin 2 2 sin 2 1

2
c 2 r e
8956 in lb
Page 21 of 52

(d)
Wa M F
MN
a 32.5 in
W 32.5 1900 8956 0

W 217 lb
(e) T f 2646 in lb
(f)
H x W cos dN sin dF cos 0

2
H x W cos Pbr sin 2 d fPbr sin cos d

brP
H x W cos
22 1 sin 22 sin 21 fbrP sin 2 2 sin 2 1
4
2
2 7.5 55 21.396 sin 226.6 sin 66.6
H x 217 cos 73.3
4
0.35 2 7.5 55
sin 2 113 .3 sin 2 113 .3

2
H x 931 lb
H x 931 lb
H y W sin dN cos dF sin 0

2
H y brP sin cos d
fbrP sin 2 d W sin
brP
fbrP
sin 2 2 sin 2 1
2 2 1 sin 22 sin 21 W sin
2
4
2 7.5 55 sin 2 113 .3 sin 2 33.3
Hy
2
0.35 2 7.5 55
21.396 sin 226.6 sin 66.6 217 sin 73.3

4
Hy
H y 305 lb
H y 305 lb
894.
The brake is as described in 892, but the pressure varies as p P sin . Assume
the direction of rotation for which a given W produces the greater T f , derive
the equations needed, and compute (a) the maximum pressure, (b) the moment of
F about A , (c) The moment of N about A , (d) the braking torque, (e) the x
and y components of the force at A .
Page 22 of 52
Solution:
p P sin
dN pbrd
dN Pbr sin d
dF fdN fPbr sin d
Solving for 1 and 2

tan
c
r e
D
7.5 in
2
7.5
tan
7.5 3.75
33.69
r
Page 23 of 52
60
33.69
3.69
2
2
60
1 33.69
63.69
2
2
1
R cos r dF
M F A R cos r fPbr sin d
MF
R sin cos r sin d
MF
fPbr
MF
fPbr
sin 2 2 sin 2 1 r cos 2 cos 1
2
c2 e r
7.5 2 3.75 7.5 2
13.52 in
13.52
2
2
0.35 P 3.5 7.5
sin 63.69 sin 3.69 7.5 cos 63.69 cos 3.69
2

MF
MF
11 .43P
MN
MN
R sin dN
2
RPbr sin 2 d
1
brPR 2
MN A
1 cos 2 d
2 1
brPR
MN A
22 1 sin 22 sin 21
4
2 1 1.047 rad
22 2 63.69 127.38
21 2 3.69 7.38
3.5 7.5 P13.52 21.047 sin 127.38 sin 7.38
MN A
4
MN
(a)
126.68 P
Wa M F
A
A
0
MN
W 300 lb
a 26 in
300 26 11.43P 126.68P 0

P 67.68 psi
max. p P sin 2 67.68 sin 63.69 60.67 psi

(b) M F A 11.43 67.68 774 in lb
(c) M N A 126.68 67.68 8575 in lb
(d) T f rdF
2
Tf
fPbr 2 sin d
Page 24 of 52

T f fPbr 2 cos 1 cos 2
T f 0.35 60.68 3.5 7.5 cos 3.69 cos 63.69
2
T f 2587 in lb
(e)
H x W cos dN sin dF cos 0

2
H x W cos Pbr sin 2 d fPbr sin cos d

Pbr
22 1 sin 22 sin 21 fPbr sin 2 2 sin 2 1
4
2
67.68 3.5 7.5 21.047 sin 127.38 sin 7.38
H x 300 cos 33.69
4
0.35 67.68 3.5 7.5
sin 2 63.69 sin 2 3.69

2
H x 136 lb
H x 136 lb
H x W cos
H y W sin dN cos dF sin 0

2
H y Pbr sin cos d fPbr sin 2 d W sin

Pbr
fPbr
sin 2 2 sin 2 1
22 1 sin 22 sin 21 W sin
2
4
67.68 3.5 7.5 sin 2 63.69 sin 2 3.69
Hy
2
0.35 67.68 3.5 7.5 21.047 sin 127.38 sin 7.38 300 sin 33.69
4
Hy
H y 766 lb
895.
(a) For the brake shown, assume p P cos and the direction of rotation for
which a given force W results in the greater braking torque, and derive
equations for T f in terms of W , f , and the dimensions of the brake. (b) Under
what circumstances will the brake be self-acting? (c) Determine the magnitude
and location of the resultant forces N and F .
Page 25 of 52
Solution:
(a) Clockwise rotation has greatest braking torque.

p P cos
dN pbrd Pbr cos d
dF fdN fpbrd fPbr cos d
2
MF
MF
r c sin dF
r c sin fPbr cos d
Page 26 of 52

2
MF
fPbr r sin c sin 2

2
MF
MF
MN
MN
fPbr r cos c sin cos d
MF
2
1
fPbr r sin 2 sin 1 c sin 2 2 sin 2 1

2

2
cos dN
cPbr cos 2 d
cPbr 2
1 cos 2 d
2 1
cPbr
MN H
2 sin 2 21
4
cPbr
MN H
2 2 1 sin 2 2 sin 21
4
MH 0
MN
Wa M F
MN
1
cPbr
Wa fPbr r sin 2 sin 1 c sin 2 2 sin 2 1

2 2 1 sin 2 2 sin 21
2
4
Wa
P
cbr
2 2 1 sin 2 2 sin 21 fbr 2r sin 2 sin 1 c sin 2 2 sin 2 1
4
2
4Wa
br c 2 2 1 sin 2 2 sin 21 2 f 2r sin 2 sin 1 c sin 2 2 sin 2 1
Tf
rdF
2
Tf
fPbr 2 cos d
T f fPbr 2 sin 21
T f fPbr 2 sin 2 sin 1
4 fWabr 2 sin 2 sin 1

Tf
br c 2 2 1 sin 2 2 sin 21 2 f 2r sin 2 sin 1 csin 2 2 sin 2 1
4 fWar sin 2 sin 1
Tf
c 2 2 1 sin 2 2 sin 21 2 f 2r sin 2 sin 1 c sin 2 2 sin 2 1
where r e
Page 27 of 52
D
2
c 2 2 1 sin 2 2 sin 21 2 f 2r sin 2 sin 1 c sin 2 2 sin 2 1

4 fr sin 2 sin 1
c
2 2 1 sin 2 2 sin 21 2 f sin 2 2 sin 2 1
(b)
(c) N dN
2
N Pbr cos d
1
N Pbr sin 21
N Pbr sin 2 sin 1
F fN
F fPbr sin 2 sin 1

Solving for the location of F and N .
Let A = vertical distance from O .
M F Loc. A r cos dF
2
P A cos r cos 2 fbrd
F Loc .
F Loc .
Pfbr
F Loc .
Pfbr
Then
A cos r cos d
Loc .
F Loc .
MF
A cos 2 r 1 cos 2 d
1
1

Pfbr A sin r sin 2
2
2
1
1

Pfbr A sin 2 sin 1 r 2 1 sin 2 2 sin 21
2
2

F Loc .
A sin 2 sin 1 1 r 2 1 1 sin 2 2 sin 21

2
2
1
1
A sin 2 sin 1 r 2 1 sin 2 2 sin 21

2
2
1
1
r 2 1 sin 2 2 sin 21
2
2
A
sin 2 sin 1
A
896.
r 2 2 1 sin 2 2 sin 21
4 sin 2 sin 1
For the brake shown with 1 2 , assume that the direction of rotation is such
that a given W results in the greater braking torque and that p P sin . (a)
Derive equations in terms of 1 and 2 for the braking torque, for the moment
Page 28 of 52

MF
and for M N H . (b) Reduce the foregoing equations for the condition
1 2 . (c) Now suppose that , taken as 1 2 , is small enough that
sin , cos 1 , 1 2 . What are the resulting equations?

H
Solution:
(a) Use clockwise rotation
p P sin
dN Pbr sin d
dF fdN fPbr sin d
1 90 1
2 90 2
Tf
rdF
T f fPbr 2 sin d
1
T f fPbr 2 cos 1 cos 2
T f fPbr 2 cos 90 1 cos 90 2
Page 29 of 52

T f fPbr 2 sin 1 sin 2
r c cos dF
fbPr r c cos sin d
MF
MF
MF
fPbr
fPbr r cos c sin 2

2
MF
MF
MF
MF
MF
MF
MN
MN
r sin c sin cos d

2
1
fPbr r cos 1 cos 2 c sin 2 2 sin 2 1

2
fPbr r cos 90 1 cos 90 2 c sin 2 90 2 sin 2 90 1

2
fPbr r sin 1 sin 2 c cos 2 2 cos 2 1

2
fPbr r sin 1 sin 2 c 1 sin 2 2 1 sin 2 1

2

2
r sindN
2
MN
MN
MN
MN
MN
MN
bPr 2 sin 2 d
1
Pbr 2
1 cos 2 d
2 1
Pbr 2
2 sin 2 12
4
Pbr 2
2 2 1 sin 22 sin 21
4
Pbr 2
2 90 2 90 1 sin 2 90 2 sin 2 90 1
4
Pbr 2
2 2 1 sin 2 2 sin 21
4
Pbr 2
2 2 1 sin 2 2 sin 21
(b) 1 2
T f fbPr 2 sin 1 sin 2
T f 2 fbPr 2 sin 1
MF

2
Page 30 of 52

MF
2 fPbr 2 sin 1
MN
MN
MN
MN
Pbr 2
2 2 1 sin 2 2 sin 21
4
bPr 2
41 2 sin 21
4
bPr 2
41 4 sin 1 cos 1
4
bPr 2 1 sin 1 cos 1
(c) 1 2
sin
cos 1
1 2
2
T f 2 fbPr 2 sin 1

2
2
2 fbPr fbPr
2
2

T f 2 fbPr 2 sin
MF
MF
MN
MN
897.
2 fPbr 2 sin 1

2
2
2 fbPr fbPr
2
2
2 fbPr 2 sin
bPr 2 1 sin 1 cos 1

1 bPr 2
2 2
bPr 2
The brake shown is lined with woven asbestos; the cast-iron wheel is turning at 60
rpm CC; width of contact surface is 4 in. A force W 1300 lb . is applied via
linkage systemnot shown; 90 . Let p P sin . (a) With the brake lever as a
free body, take moments about the pivot J and determine the maximum
pressure and compare with permissible values. Compute (b) the braking torque,
(c) the frictional energy in fhp. (d) Compute the normal force N , the average
pressure on the projected area, and decide if the brake application can safely be
continuous.
Page 31 of 52
Solution:
(a)
dF fdN
p P sin
dN pbrd Pbr sin d
dF fPbr sin d
MF
MF
MF
MF
R cos r dF
fPbr R cos r sin d
R sin cos r sin d
fPbr
fPbr R sin 2 r cos

2
2
1
fPbr R sin 2 2 sin 2 1 r cos 2 cos 1

2
12.5
tan
10
MF
51.34
Page 32 of 52

1
90
90
6.34
2
90
1 51.34
96.34
2
2
1 51.34
b 4 in
r 10 in
for woven asbestos f 0.4 (Table At 29)

2
2
R 12.5 10 16 in
fPbr R sin 2 2 sin 2 1 r cos 2 cos 1

2
16
0.4 P 4 10
sin 2 96.34 sin 2 6.34 10 cos 96.34 cos 6.34
2
MF
MF
MF
51.81P
MN
MN
R sin dN
2
MN
MN
MN
MN
PbrR sin 2 d
1
PbrR
1 cos 2 12
2
PbrR
22 1 sin 22 sin 21
4
P 4 10 16

2 96.34 6.34
sin 2 96.34 sin 2 6.34
4
180
572.9 P
Wa M F
MN
1300 25 51.81P 572.9 P 0
P 52 psi
max. p P 52 psi , 2 90
From Table AT 29, permissible p 50 psi

Therefore pmax p permissible
(b) T f rdF
2
T f fPbr sin d
1
T f fPbr cos 1 cos 2
T f 0.4 52 4 10 cos 6.34 cos 96.34 9188 in lb
(c) fhp
Tf n
63,000
Page 33 of 52
, n 60 rpm

fhp
9188 60
63,000
8.75 hp
(d) N dN
2
N Pbr sin d
1
N Pbr cos 1 cos 2
N 52 4 10 cos 6.34 cos 96.34 2297 lb
ave. p
N
2br sin
90
ave. p
2297
2 4 10 sin
90
2
40.6 psi
Dn

40.6
20 60 12,755 ft lb sq. in. min
12
12
pvm p
since pvm 28,000 ft lb sq. in. min (18.4)

Application is continuous.
PIVOTED-SHOE BRAKES
898.
In the brake shown, the shoe is lined with flexible woven asbestos, and pivoted at
point K in the lever; face width is 4 in.; 90 . The cast-iron wheel turns 60
rpm CL; let the maximum pressure be the value recommended in Table At 29. On
the assumption that K will be closely at the center of pressure, as planned,
compute (a) the brake torque, (b) the magnitude of force W , (c) the rate at
which frictional energy grows, (d) the time of an application if it is assumed that
all this energy is stored in the 1-in. thick rim with t rim 350 F , (e) the average
pressure on projected area. May this brake be applied for a long time without
damage? (f) What would change for CC rotation?
Page 34 of 52
Problem 898.
Solution:
a 27 in , b 4 in , n 60 rpm
2 D sin
2
c
sin
D 20 in , r 10 in
CL
90 1.571 rad
90
2 11.0 in
c
1.571 sin 90
2 20 sin
2
For woven asbestos, Table AT 29, f 0.4
(a) T f 2 fPbr 2 sin

P 50 psi
T f 2 0.4 50 4 10 sin
2
90
11,314 in lb
2
(b)
sin
1.571 sin 90
50 4 10
2571 lb
2
2
N Pbr
Wa 12 N
Page 35 of 52

W 15 12 2571
W 2057 lb
(c) fhp
Tf n
11,314 60
10.78 hp
63,000
rate of frictional energy 33,000 fhp 33,00010.78 355,740 ft lb min
63,000
(d) Time (min)
Uf
33,000 fhp
U f ft lb
t F
Wm c
Wm Dbt
For cast iron

0.253 lb in 3
c 101 ft lb lb F
t 1 in
Wm 0.253 20 4 1 63.6 lb
U f ft lb
t F 350
63.6 lb 101 ft lb lb F
U f 2,248,260 ft lb
Time (min)
2,248,260
6.32 min
33,00010.78
2571
45.45 psi
90
2br sin
2 4 10 sin
2
2
p Dn 45.45 20 60
pvm
14,280 ft lb sq.in. F
12
12
since pvm 28,000 , this brake may be applied for a long time.
(e) Ave.
(f) Since the moment arn of F is zero, no change or CC rotation.

899.
The pivoted-shoe brake shown is rated at 450 ft-lb. of torque; 90 ; contact

width is 6.25 in.; cast-iron wheel turns at 600 rpm; assume a symmetric
sinusoidal distribution of pressure. (a) Locate the center of pressure and compute
with the location of K. Compute (b) the maximum pressure and compare with
allowable value, (c) the value of force W , (d) the reaction at the pin H , (e) the
average pressure and pvm , and decide whether or not the application could be
continuous at the rated torque. (f) Compute the frictional work from T and
estimate the time it will take for the rim temperature to reach 450 F (ambient, 100
F).
Page 36 of 52
Problem 899.
Solution:
(a) c
2
sin
2 D sin
D 18 in
90 1.571 rad
90
2 9.9011 in
c
1.571 sin 90
but location of K = 9.8125 in
then, c location K
218 sin
(b) T f 2 fPbr 2 sin
T f 450 ft lb 5400 in lb
b 6.25 in
r 9 in
use f 0.4
(on cast-iron)
T f 2 fPbr sin
2
5400 2 0.4 P 6.25 9 sin

2
P 18.86 psi
< allowable (Table AT 9)
(c) W 20.375 N 10.375

sin
N Pbr
(d)
90
2
136410.375
20.375
1.571 sin 90
1364 lb
2
18.86 6.25 9
695 lb
H N W 1364 695 669 lb
Page 37 of 52

N
(e) Ave.
n 600 rpm
pvm
2br sin
2
1364
90
2 6.25 9 sin
2
17.15 psi
p Dn 17.15 18 600
48,490 ft lb sq.in. F
12
12
since pvm 28,000 , not continuous

2 600 rpm
28,275 ft lb per sec
60 sec min
(f) Frictional work T 450 ft lb

t F
U f ft lb
Wm c
Wm Dbt
For cast iron

0.253 lb in 3
c 101 ft lb lb F
18 2
Wm 0.253 18 6.25 t
t 154 t
4
t 450 100 350 F

U f tWm c 350 154 t 101 5,443,900 t ft lb
U f 2,248,260 ft lb
Time
5,443,900 t
192.5 t sec
28,275
Assume t
1
in
2
Time 96 sec
TWO-SHOE BRAKES
PIVOTED SHOES
900.
The double-block brake shown is to be used on a crane; the force W is applied

by a spring, and the brake is released by a magnet (not shown); 90 ; contact
width = 2.5 in. Assume that the shoes are pivoted at the center of pressure. The
maximum pressure is the permissible value of Table AT 29. Compute (a) the
braking torque, (b) the force W , (c) the rate of growth of frictional energy at
870 rpm, (d) the time it would take to raise the temperature of the 0.5-in.-thick
rim by t 300 F (usual assumption of energy storage), (e) pvm . (f) Where
should the pivot center be for the calculations to apply strictly?
Page 38 of 52
Problem 900.
Solution:
90
210 sin
2
2 5.5 in
c
sin
sin 90
2
2 D sin
R1
F1 5.5 0.875 12.75W 6.75 N1

fN1 4.625 12.75W 6.75 N1
N1
12.75W
6.25 4.625 f
Page 39 of 52
R2
12.75W F2 5.5 0.875 6.75 N 2

12.75W 4.625 fN 2 6.75 N 2
N2
12.75W
6.25 4.625 f
Assume flexible woven asbestos,

f 0.40 , p 50 psi
N1
12.75W
2.898W
6.25 4.625 0.40
F1 fN1 0.4 2.898W 1.16W

N2
12.75W
1.574W
6.25 4.625 0.40
F2 fN 2 0.4 1.574W 0.63W

max . T f T f1
2 fPbr sin
F1c
10
2 0.40 50 2.5
W 277 lb
sin
90
1.16W 5.5
2
(a) Braking torque = T f1 T f 2 F1 F2 c 1.16 0.63 277 5.5 2727 in lb

(b) W 277 lb
(c) fhp
Tf n
63,000
(d) Solving for tine:

t F
U f ft lb
Wm c
Page 40 of 52
2727 870
63,000
37.66 hp

t F 300 F
c 101 , 0.253
for cast iron
Wm V
D 2t
10 0.5
10 2.5 0.5
78.54 in 3
4
4
Wm 0.253 78.54 19.87 lb
2
V Dbt
U f 300 19.87 101 602,061 ft lb
Time
Uf
33,000 fhp
602,061
0.4844 min 29 sec
33,000 37.66
(e) pvm :
Dn 10 870
vm
2278 fpm
12
12
pvm 50 2278 113,900
(f) c 5.5 in
901.
A pivoted-shoe brake, rated at 900 ft-lb. torque, is shown. There are 180 sq. in. of
braking surface; woven asbestos lining; 600 rpm of the wheel; 90 o arc of brake
contact on each shoe. The effect of spring A is negligible. (a) Is the pin for the
shoe located at the center of pressure? (b) How does the maximum pressure
compare with that in Table AT 29? (c) What load W produces the rated torque?
(d) At what rate is energy absorbed? Express in horsepower. Is it likely that this
brake can operate continuously without overheating? (e) Does the direction of
rotation affect the effectiveness of this brake?
Problem 901.
Solution:
Page 41 of 52
90
218 sin
2
2 9.9 in
(a) c
sin
sin 90
2
2 D sin
and
13
16 9.9 in , therefore the pin located at the center of pressure
2
19
(b)
tan
4
13
19
16
11 .4
4 FA cos 8.5W
4 FA cos 11.4 8.5W
FA 2.168W
0 and FH 0
Qv FA sin W 2.168W sin 11.4 W 1.429W
Qh FA cos 2.168W cos 11.4 2.125W
V
R1
Page 42 of 52

N1 10.375 20.375Qh
N1 10.375 20.375 2.125W

N1 4.173W
F1 f N1
For woven asbestos lining, f 0.40 , p 50 psi
F1 0.40 4.173W 1.67W (either direction)
R2
10.375 N 2 20.375 FA cos

20.375
N2
2.168W cos11.4 4.174W
10.375
F2 0.40 4.174W 1.67W (either direction)
T f F1 F2 c
900 12 1.67 1.67 W 9.9

W 326.6 lb
T f1 T f 2 Fc 2 fPbr 2 sin
but A br
br 2
Ar
1.67 326.6 9.9

P 9.26 psi 50 psi
(c) W 326.6 lb
Page 43 of 52
2 0.4 P 180 9 sin
90
2
(d) fhp
vm
Tf n
63,000
90012 600
63,000
103 hp
Dn 18 600
2827 fpm
12
12
pvm 9.26 2827 26,178 ft lb sq.in. F
since pvm 28,000 , it is likely to operate continuously.

(e) Since the value of F is independent of rotation, the direction doesnt affect the
effectiveness of this brake.
902.
Refer to the diagrammatic representation of the brake of Fig. 18.2, Text, and let
the dimensions be: a b m t 4
9
9
, c 14 , D 15 , h 9 in ., and the
16
16
contact width is 4 in.; arc of contact = 90 o; lining is asbestos in resin binder,

wheel rotation of 100 rpm CC; applied load W 2000 lb . (a) Locate the center
of pressure for a symmetrical sinusoidal pressure distribution and compare with
the actual pin centers. Assume that this relationship is close enough for
approximate results and compute (b) the dimensions k and e if the braking
force on each shoe is to be the same, (c) the normal force and the maximum
pressure, (d) the braking torque, (e) pvm . Would more-or-less continuous
application be reasonable?
Figure 18.2
Solution:
90
215 sin
2
2 8.25 in
(a) c
sin
sin 90
2
2 D sin
Page 44 of 52
On Centers:
9
9
4
9.125 in c
16
16
9
9
B:ab 4 4
9.125 in c
16
16
K :t m 4
RC
eRF e c W
ec
W
e
RC RF W
RF
cW
ec
W W
e
e
RC
RH
N1h F1b RF a
N1h fN1b RF a
R a
N1 F
h fb
Page 45 of 52

fRF a
h fb
fa e c W
F1
e h fb
F1
RE
N 2 h F2t RC k
N 2 h fN 2t RC k
R k
N2 C
h ft
fRC k
h ft
fkcW
F2
e h ft
F2
(b) T f 1 T f 2
F1c F2 c
F1 F2
fa e c W
fkcW
e h fb
e h ft
a e c
kc
h fb
h ft
For asbestos in resin binder,

f 0.35 , Table AT 29
9
in 4.5625 in
16
9
b4
in 4.5625 in
16
9
m4
in 4.5625 in
16
a4
Page 46 of 52

t4
9
in 4.5625 in
16
c 14 in
9
in 9.5625 in
16
4.5625 e 14
k 14
9.5625 0.35 4.5625 9.5625 0.35 4.5625

e 14 2.1903k
but k m e
or e k 4.5625
then k 4.5625 14 2.1903k
h9
k 15.6 in
e 15.6 4.5625 20.1625 in
(c) N N1 N 2
kcW
15.614 2000
2720 lb
e h ft 20.1625 9.5625 0.35 4.5625
(d) T f T f 1 T f 2 f N1 N 2 c 0.35 2 2720 8.25 15,708 in lb

(e) vm
Dn 15100
393 fpm
12
12
pvm 64.11 393 25,195 ft lb sq. in. F
since pvm 28,000 , continuous application is reasonable.

FIXED SHOES
903.
A double-block brake has certain dimensions as shown. Shoes are lined with
woven asbestos; cast-iron wheel turns 60 rpm; applied force W 70 lb . For each
direction of rotation, compute (a) the braking torque, (b) the rate of generating
frictional energy (fhp). (c) If the maximum pressure is to be P 50 psi (Table
AT 29), what contact width should be used? (d) With this width, compute pvm
and decide whether or not the applications must be intermittent.
Page 47 of 52
Problems 903, 904.

Solution:
4Q 26W
Q 6.5W
2.25S 6Q 6 6.5W
S 17.33W
RH S 17.33W
RV Q 6.5W
Page 48 of 52
e 10 in
R 12.5 in
a 2.25 9 12.5 23.75 in
M
M
Sa M F1
M N1
0 (CC)
Sa M F1
M N1
0 (CL)
fbrP r cos 1 cos 2 sin 2 2 sin 2 1

2
brRP
M N1 H
2 2 1 sin 22 sin 21
4
T f1 2 fPbr 2 sin
2
M F1
T f1
Pbr
2 fr sin
r 10 in
11 in
2
210 sin 11 in
2
2r sin
66.43 1.165 rad
f 0.4
M F1
M F1
for woven asbestos

R
fT f1 r cos 1 cos 2 sin 2 2 sin 2 1

2
2 fr sin
2
R
T f r cos 1 cos 2 sin 2 2 sin 2 1

2
2r sin
2
1
Page 49 of 52

1 90
66.73
90
56.64 0.9886 rad
2
2
21 113 .28
2 90
66.73
90
123.36 2.1530 rad
2
2
22 246.72
2 1
M F1
M N1
M N1
12.5
T f1 10 cos 56.64 cos 123.36

sin 2 123.36 sin 2 56.64
2
f1
66.73
210 sin
2
RT f1 2 2 1 sin 22 sin 21
4 2 fr sin
2
12.5T f1 21.165 sin 246.72 sin 113.28
2.96T f1
66.73
8 0.4 10 sin
2
CC:
M H Sa M F1
M N1
17.33 70 23.75 T f
2.960T f1 0
T f1 7276 in lb
CL:
M H Sa M F1
M N1
17.33 70 23.75 T f
T f1 14,700 in lb
e 10 in
d 12.5 in
Page 50 of 52
2.960T f1 0
CC:
RH a RV d M F2
CL:
RH a RV d M F2
M N2
M N2
0
0
Tf2
M F2
M F1 H
Tf
2
Tf
1
T f2
2.960T f
H
2
Tf
M N2
M N1
CC:
RH a RV d M F2
M N2
17.33 21.5 6.512.5 70 T f
2.960T f 2 0
T f 2 10,405 in lb
CL:
RH a RV d M F2
M N2
17.33 21.5 6.512.5 70 T f
2.960T f 2 0
T f 2 5150 in lb
(a) Braking Torque T f1 T f 2

CC:
T f T f T f 7276 10,405 17,681 in lb
CL:
T f T f1 T f 2 14,700 5150 19,850 in lb
1
(b) Rate of generating frictional energy

fhp
Tf n
63,000
17,681 60 16.84 hp
CC: fhp
63,000
19,850 60 18.90 hp
CL: fhp
63,000
(c) p 50 psi
T f1 or T f 2 2 fPbr 2 sin
Page 51 of 52
T f1
2
10,405
4.73 in
66.73
2
2 fPr sin
2 0.4 50 10 sin
2
2
T f2
14,700
b
6.68 in
CL:
66.73
2
2
2 fPr sin
2 0.4 5010 sin
2
2
CC:
(d) pvm
Dn 20 60
vm
314 fpm
12
12
pvm 50 314 15,700 55,000
pvm 50 314 15,700 28,000
application can be continuous or intermittent.
Page 52 of 52

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SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES

From Table AT 29,

U f 4000 200 800,000 ft lb

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES

For fhp sq. in.

vm 5000 fpm (max.)

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES

3.98 (peak value)

fhp sq. in.

A 3500-lb. automobile moving on level ground at 60 mph, is to be stopped in a

vs1 60 mph 88 fps

for each wheel, N

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES

vs1 253 fpm 4.22 fps

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES

fhp 63,000 9.43 63,000

only) on the motor shaft

V 8 3.25 0.5 40.84 in 3

0.253 lb in 3 for cast iron

Wm 0.253 40.84 10.33 lb

(d) First second:

vs2 vs1 at 4.22 0.4951 3.73 fps

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES

Problems 885, 886

vs1 8 fps , vs2 0 fps

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES

(b) fhp sq. in. 0.15 (first second)

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES

(b) fhp sq. in. 0.15 (first second)

vs2 4.8 fps

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES

Problems 888 891, 893.

(b) Counter Clockwise Rotation

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES

(c) Clockwise rotation is self-actuating

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES

(a) Clockwise rotation

(b) Counter clockwise rotation

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES

(c) Clockwise rotation is self-actuating

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES

(b) f 0.3 to 0.4 ,

They are good because 1

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES

A single-block brake has the dimensions: cast-iron wheel of D 15 in .,

(a) Solving for pvm

Fvm 0.4 hp 33,000 ft lb hp min 13,200 ft lb min

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES

Solving for braking torque

(b) Solving for W

F c fe 353 9.375 0.35 4.6875

(c) Solving for MA

(d) Solving for t

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES

0.253 lb in 3 for cast iron

Wm 0.253 15 2 0.375 8.942 lb

for cast iron

U f 550 60 fhp 33,000 fhp

2650 200 8.4127 hp

(e) Solving for t , (time) with t 400 F

U f 8.942 101 400 361,260 ft lb

550 8.4127 t 361,260

For a single-block brake, as shown, a 26 in ., c 7

drum contact width b 3

Brakes & Clutches

Brakes & Clutches