Overview of Shield Tunnelling Technology

Griffith Univ., 29, Sept.
, 2010
Overview of
Shield Tunnelling Technology
Lecturer: Prof. M. Sugimoto
Nagaoka University of Technology
CONTENTS
1. Selection of tunnelling methods
2. Shield technology
3. Advanced tecnology
4. Recent topics
1. SELECTION OF
TUNNELLING METHODS
NATM
Item
Shield
Cut &
cover
Ground Soil tupe

conditon
Soil
Soft rock
Hard rock
Ground water level

under
over
Face stabilization
unexpected
expected
Location Depth
near ground surface
shallow
deep
3
2. SHIELD TECHNOLOGY
Interaction between
tunnel & ground
Segment
TBM
4
2.1 TBM
Classification
Shield type
Open shield
EPBS
Slurry shield
Partially open shield
TBM
Dual mode
Classification
Manual excavation mode
Manual excavation
Open shield
Semi-mechanical mode
Excavation by hydraulic shovel etc.
Mechanical mode
Excavation by rotational cutter head
Shield tunnelling
Partially open shield
Blind mode
Soil removed by driving force
Closed shield
Earth pressure balanced mode

Face stability by excavated soil
Removing the excavated soil by screw
conveyor
Slurry mode
Face stability by slurry pressure
Removing the soil by fluid transport
6
Full face open shield - Manual excation mode
Full face open shield - Semi mechanical mode
Full face open shield - Mechanical mode
Partially open shield - Blind mode
10
Closed shield - Slurry mode
11
Closed shield - Earth pressure balance mode
12
Closed shield vs. Open shield

Item
Applicable ground
condition
Face stability
Efficiency of
construction
Closed shield
Can cope with a wide range of
ground conditions, i.e., from soft
clay, loose sand, gravel to soft
rock.
Relatively easy, since the shield
system have the function to
stabilize the face.
Advances in mechanization have
resulted in increasing efficiency
and labor saving. Excavation
rate is faster.
In principle, no auxiliary works
are required for tunnelling.
Open shield
In principle, the face must be
stable.
Relatively difficult.
It is difficult to increase
efficiency or save labor, since it
depends on labor. Excavation
rate is slower.
Ground stabilization
A ground stabilization work is
works
essential to secure the face
stability.
Construction cost
The unit cost per volume is about the same, depending on the ground
condition, sometimes cheaper with closed shield.
Troubles in construction Fewer troubles
Many troubles
13
Slurry shield vs. EPBS

Item
Applicable ground
condition
Slurry shield
Mainly sandy soils. Also can
cope with clay and sand-gravel
layers. Particularly excellent
against high ground water
pressures.
Applicable diameter
Used for medium-and small

diameter tunnels and some largediameter tunnels.
Slurry treatment plant is
necessary, then larger space is
required.
Small
Electric power increasingly
Size of facilities
Cutter torque
Cutter driving mode
Earth pressure balanced shield

Mainly clayey soils. Using mud
pressure shield, can cope with
sandy soils and sand- gravel.
Particularly excellent for handling
larger gravel size. Many
construction records.
Many construction records for
medium- and small-diameter
tunnels.
Relatively small.
Larger
Hydraulic power in many cases
14
Flow of shield selection

1. design condition
(1) shapes
(2) dimension
(3) length
(4) tunnel depth
(5) curve radius
(6) gradient
(7) lining method
2. ground condition
(1) composition and variation of ground

(2) soil condition
(3) ground water level
(4) pore water pressure
(1) face stability
(2) permeability
(3) ventage ratio (air permeability)
Supplemental method is necessary or not
3. environmental condition
(1) river, sea lake

(2) underground structure
(3) structure at ground surface
(4) neighboring structure
(5) road, traffic
(6) condition of the work area
(7) power supply
4. construction capability
(1) construction schedule

(2) safety
(3) working condition
(4) transportation condition
5. economics (cost saving)

6. selection of shield type
15
2.2 Segment
Classification
RC segment Plate type
Steel segment
RC segment Box type
Ductile segment
16
Classification
Material
Section configuration
Joint type
Reinforced concrete
Plate type
Straight bolt joint type
Steel
Ductile cast iron
Composite
Curved bolt joint type

Box type
Pin joint type

Hinge type
17
Design
Classification of structure model
(1) Lining model
1) Bender beam without the reduction of EI.
2) Bender beam with the reduction of EI.
3) Multi-hinge without rotation spring and shear spring.
4) Multi-hinge with rotation spring at hinge.
5) Multi-hinge with rotation spring at hinge and shear spring
between neighbor ring.
18
19
(2) Ground model
1) Continuous medium
2) Spring
4) Nothing
3) No-tension spring
(Winckler's ground model)
20
Classification of load model

(3) Earth pressure
1) V
2) H + V
(4) Resistance earth pressure
1) Resistance earth pressure can be calculated automatically in case that
ground model is composed of 1) continuous medium, 2) spring or
3) non-tension spring.
2) Resistance earth pressure is given apparently in case of 4) nothing in
ground model.
Classification of boundary
(5) Boundary condition between ground and lining
1) Slide in tangential direction
a. fix
b. slide
2) Initial displacement of ground
a. Initial displacement of ground is not omitted.
b. Initial displacement of ground is omitted.
21
Design loads (1)

Category
Main load
Design load
Earth pressure
Hydraulic pressure
Resistance earth pressure
Overburden load
Self-weight
Comment
1. Vertical earth pressure at crown, VU
1) Soft clay or
stiff clay with H/D<1 or
sand with H/D<1
VU = (effective) overburden load
2) Stiff clay with H/D>3 or
sand with H/D>3
VU = Terzaghi's loosening (effective) earth pressure
2. Horizontal earth pressure, H
H = V
V = VU + h
:lateral earth pressure ratio
:(submerged) density of ground
h :depth from crown
H :overburden depth
D :diameter of tunnel
1. Sandy ground
Consider effective earth pressure and hydraulic pressure
separately.
2. Clayey ground
Consider total earth pressure, which means the use of density (not
submerged density) in the calculation of earth pressure.
1. Vertical resistance earth pressure
Assume vertical resistance earth pressure at the bottom of tunnel
so as that vertical force has balanced.
2. Horizontal resistance earth pressure
This pressure is generated due to the deformation of lining.
This load is generated due to the structures on the ground surface.
The weight of lining
22
Design loads (2)

Category
Secondary
load
Design load
Inner-weight
Temporary load under
construction
Dynamic load in earthquake
Comment
The weight of facilities in tunnel.
This load is caused due to following items;
1)Jack thrust
2)Grouting pressure
3)Earth pressure at crown just behind tail
4)Handling
This load is considered in the following conditions;
1)The boundary of layers crosses the tunnel.
Stiff sand
Special load Additional load due to twin

tunnel
Additional load
due to ground settlement
Tunnel
Soft clay
2)Tunnel connects with the vertical shaft.

3)Overburden depth changes rapidly.
4)Soft ground
5)Liquefaction
Geometric shape of twin tunnel causes this load.
1)Additional vertical earth pressure is loaded on tunnel due to
ground settlement.
2)Differential settlement in longitudinal direction causes the
bending moment in the lining.
23
Design load models
Pe :vertical earth pressure

lateral earth pressure ratio
g : self weight of segment per unit length
g :resistance earth pressure due to self weight of segment
qH :resistance earth pressure in horizontal direction
qV: resistance earth pressure in vertical direction
qr: resistance earth pressure in radial direction
24
Moment and axial force on each analysis model
25
Flow of of segment design

START
(1) decide segment type, design load
(2) decide the segment dimension (thickness, reinforced steel)
(3) decide the physical properties (,. spring constant etc.)
(4) calculate sectional force
(5) calculate stress
(6) stress < allowable stress ?
(7) design the detail of segment
(8) check ?
END
26
2.3 Ground movement

Concepts
Ground surface settlement in longitudinal direction
27
Ground surface settlement in transverse direction
28
Three dimensional displacement around face

(a) Clay
(b) Sand
29
Measurements examples
1979 Mexico
1985 Mexico
30
1990s Japan
31
Analysis method
(1) Empirical method: error function form
32
(2) Conventional 2D FEM analysis
: Stress release ratio

33
(3) 3DFEM analysis: Akagi Komiya model

Excavation elements & remesh of ground (Akagi & Komiya)
(a) t=t0
Exca. E
Jack thrust
(c) t=t0+dt
(b) t=t0+dt
Shield
Exca. E
Shield
Ground
Ground
Exca. E
Shield
Ground
34
3D FEM model(NP=7194NE=6636) (Akagi & Komiya)
35
Vertical Disp. at 1.0m above crown (Akagi & Komiya)

Measurement point
0.03514 day
0.21924 day
0.40494 day
0.52266 day
1.12640 day
1.64357 day
36
Vertical Disp. (Akagi & Komiya)

2
Vertical disp. (mm)
Measured
Calculated
-2
-4
1m above crown
-6
-8
0.5
1.5
Time (day)
37
3. ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY
Technology for
safety,
high quality,
economy,
high speed.
3.1 TBM
Sharp curve
Articulated shield
38
Variation of cross section

Rectangular cross section
Swing drum type
Fixed drum type
Box type
DPLEX
39
Double circular cross section
Multi face shield
DOT shield
40
3 circular cross section
41
H & V shield
42
Excavation mechanism
Wing shield
43
DPLEX shield
44
Lattice shield
Lattice jack
Telescopic mechanism
45
Docking / Branching
Mechanical docking
46
Branching
47
3.2 Segment
Saving work
Pin coupler + Mortise & tenon joint Wedge joint
Pin coupler + Bolt joint
48
Segment shape
Honeycomb segment
49
4. RECENT TOPICS
4.1 TBM
Long distance
Wear resistance (cutter bit, seal)
High speed
Continuous excavation
Prediction & control: theoretical model
Lecture 3: Kinematic shield model
Docking / Branching
50
4.2 Segment
Construction loads
Thinner, wider segment
51
No secondary lining: water tight

Wrapping shield
52
Maintenance
Corrosion
Waterproof sheet
53
Renewal
Ex. Renewal of cut & cover tunnel
Advance direction
54
Ex. Renewal of shield tunnel
55
4.3 Ground movement

Neighboring construction
Analysis method
Deep tunnel
Design method (Design loads)
56
Thank you for your kind attention !!
57
Griffith Univ., 29, Sept., 2010
Case studies on shield tunnelling

- SENS Lecturer: Prof. M. Sugimoto
(Courtesy of JRTT and Kumagai-Gumi)
CONTENTS
1. What is SENS?
2. Sanbongihara Tunnel
2.1. Site description
2.2. Quality of primary lining concrete
2.3. Placing primary lining concrete
2.4. Construction records
2
Poster No.15
1. What is SENS ?
Concept of SENS
S hield tunnelling method

+
E xtruded concrete lining
+
N ATM
S ystem
Face stability
=shield tunnelling
Muck handling
=shield tunnelling
Cast-in-place concrete
= ECL
SENS
Primary lining
= NATM
Poster No.15
Target of SENS
G eologicalC haracteristics
AlluvialG round DiluvialG round
Low
Soft Rock
NATM in m ountain area
SENS
cost
NATM in urban area
high
Shield M ethod
4
DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF SENS
Poster No.15
Comparison of tunnelling methods
Placing
method
Function
of lining
Groundwat
er leakage
& cracking
NATM
Shield tunnnelling
ECL
Cast-in-place
concrete
Allowable
Not allowable
Not allowable
SENS
Cast-in-place
Segment
Shotcrete
concrete
Stabilizing the
Stabilizing the
Stabilizing the
Stabilizing the
excavated space excavated space excavated space excavated space
Watertight
Watertight
Allowable
2. Sanbongihara Tunnel
2.1. Site description
Location (1)
Sapporo
Aomori
Hachinohe
Morioka
Under construction
Sendai
Tohoku Shinkansen Line

Tokyo-hachinoke (on survice)
Omiya
Tokyo
Osaka
Location (2)
Tohoku Shinkansen Line
Shin-Aomori St.
Lake Ogawarako
Aomori City
Shichinohe St.
Pacific Ocean
Misawa City
Sambongihara Tunnel
Lake Towadako
Hachinohe St.
7
Geological profile
Sambongihara
tunnel
L=4,280
Sanbongi
hara Tunnel
,m
SENS
L=3,014.8
m.
SENSsection
Section
,
NATM
section
L=1,265.2
m
Section
,
.
ExplanatorLegend
y Notes ofStrata
Vol
cani
c Ashes
Strata
l
ta
ta
Volcanic
ash layer
nne
Tun
d
c Ashes
Strata
e Volcani
te
Volcanic
ash layer
oun P oint
Under ground
rgr ntunnel
P.
iSandy
Soi
lStrata Connection
nde ctiopoint
Nos1
Nos1Nohej
Noheji
sandy
layer
Uconection
e
n
Co
iCohesi
ve Soi
lStrata
Noc
Noc Nohej
Noheji
cohesive
layer
iSandy
Soi
lStrata
Nos2Nohej
Noheji
sandy
layer
Nos2
(Under
(Underconstruction)
Construction)
The starting point of SENSEN
ofS
nt
P oi
g
rtin de)
S ta e S i
The thioinoh
cc
(SHea
SENS
(Hachinohe side)
70.00
60.00
50.00
ta
ta
e
Nos1
40.00
ta
Nos1
30.00
20.00
10.00
Noc
A Nos2
Nos2
Noc
ta
Nos1
NATM
ta
Nos1
int
Po
t
r
c
Sta Seside) ide)
(Shin-Aomori
The N A TM oriS
m
of
Ao
in(Sh
The starting pointinofgNATM

tionsection
ta
Nos1
Noc
Nos2
Noc
Nos2
Noc
Noc
Nos2
Noc
Noc
Noc
Nos2
A
0.00
Tunnel length
NATM section length
SENS section length
Maximum
overburden
4,280 m
1,265.2
m
3,014.8
m
45 m
Poster No.15
Collapse at face using NATM

Safety: Collapses occurred twice.
Cost: Measure and restoration work against collapse
Performance: 40m per a month (average progress)
Poster No.15
Construction schedule
2001. 8 Excavation started from Shin-Aomori side by NATM.
2002. 3 Collapses occurred at face.
2002. 9
The development of SENS was started.
2003. 1 Excavation stopped by NATM.
2004. 7 Excavation started from Hachinohe side by SENS.
2006.11Sanbongihara tunnel was opened.
10
Poster No.15
2.2. Quality of primary lining concrete

Design method of ECL for urban tunnel
Secondary lining
Primary lining
At disassembling tubular form At completion of operation
Reinforced concrete
Plain concrete or steel fiver
Concrete reinforced concrete
Serviceability Ultimate limit
Ultimate
limit
state
Limit state
limit state
state
for design Limit state of destruction
Limit state of
Limit state of
Limit state of buoyancy
crack width
destruction
Lining
Timing
Design method of SENS

Lining
Timing
Concrete
Primary lining
At disassembling tubular form
Plain concrete
Limit state Ultimate limit state
for design Limit state of destruction
Limit state of buoyancy
Secondary lining
At completion of operation
Plain concrete
-
11
Poster No.15
Quality on workability
Performance
No.
1 Flowability
2 Self-compactibility
3 Segregation
resistance
4 Anti-washout
5 Pumpability
Quality standard
Flowability shall be maintained for the
time from mixing-up to casting.
Concrete shall entirely fill 330 mm thick
space (lining thickness).
Concrete shall not segregate during
pumping or filling.
Loss of cement particles from concrete
placed in water shall be limited.
The required flow of concrete can be
pumped under pressure, and the pumped
concrete quality shall not become worse.
The strength at one day shall be 15

6 Early age
compressive strength N/mm2 or more.
12
Poster No.15
Required quality of primary lining concrete

Control Value
Specified slump flow
60 cm 5cm
Specified slump (After 4 hours)
80% of specified
slump flow value
Volume ratio of air
4.5 1.5
Anti-washout test
pH 12
1-day compressive strength
More than 15N/mm2
28-day compressive strength
More than 30N/mm2
Unit water content
Specified water
content + 20kg
13
Poster No.15
Special slump flow
Anti-washout test
14
Poster No.15
2.3. Placing primary lining concrete

Procedure
Start of excavation,
placing primary lining
Disassemble tubular form at rear end
End of excavation
Start of tubular form erection
End of tubular form erection

Close shut-off valve
Clean pipelines and pumps
Open shut-off valve
15
Poster No.15
Concrete lining system

Inside the shield machine
Lining concrete
Remixer
Tubular form
Agitator truck
Batcher
plant
Concrete supply pump

Two-way
valve
Shut-off valve
Concrete pump
for casting
16
Poster No.15
Concrete supply pump
Remixer
17
Poster No.15
Concrete pump for casting
Two way valve
18
Poster No.15
Shut-off valve
Shield jack
concrete
Shut-off valve
close
open
Stop form jack
Stop form
19
Poster No.15
Placing primary lining concrete

1. Jacking start
Shield skin plate Stop form jack
2. Jacking end
Ground
Lining concrete
Tubular form
Shield jack
The shield jack is
extended with excavation,
Ground
Lining concrete and lining concrete is
placed in the tail void.
Tubular form
Lining concrete placing
Shield jack extended
3. Tubular form assembly
After the shield jack is

retracted, the tubular
Ground
Lining concrete form is assembled, which
was removed from the
Tubular form
rear end.
20
Shield jack retracted
Tubular form assembly
Poster No.15
Tubular form
10.780 m
1.2m
0.45m
21
Poster No.15
2.4. Construction records

TBM of SENS
1
ABC D
2
5
6
3
ABC D
10
Section A-A
1 Articulation jack
2 Shield jack
3 Shut-off valve jack
4 No.2 screw conveyor
B-B
12
11
C-C
D-D
5 No.1 screw conveyor 9 Tubular form removal device

6 Stop form jack
10 Cutter motor
22
7 Stop form
11 Stop form
8 Tubular form
Poster No.15
TBM and tubular form
Tubular Form
TBM
23
Tunnel cross section at SENS

Waterproof sheet
Structure Center
Primary lining t=330mm

(plain concrete)
Secondary lining t=300mm
(plain concrete)
300
330
R=
50
90
0
572
=
R
S.L
R=5
390
R.L
F.L
Invert
Central drain ditch
24
Tunnel dimension of SENS

Diameter of excavation
11,440 mm
Inner diameter of primary lining
10,780 mm
Inner diameter of secondary lining
10,180 mm
Thickness of primary lining
330 mm
Thickness of secondary lining
300 mm
Width of a ring
1,200 mm
25
Poster No.15
Entrance at Hachinohe side
26
Poster No.15
Launching of SENS (1)

Launching tunnel by NATM : 40m
27
Launching of SENS (2)
28
Poster No.15
Ground support mechanism

Work step
Placing
concrete
Ground support mechanism

Concrete casting pressure supports ground reaction
force, and this is finally supported by tubular form.
During
concrete
hardening
Load on the primary lining increases gradually, i.e.,

ground reaction force is supported by the tubular
form gradually.
Disassembling The primary lining bears the ground reaction, which

tubular form
was supported by the tubular form.
After concrete As the strength of primary lining develops, structual
safety increases.
hardening
29
Poster No.15
Crown settlement & convergence with time

Measureed position
615k 828m
Concrete age (days)

35.8
36.9
38.1
40.8
42.9
50.8
52.8
56.0
58.8
100
4.0
80
3.0
60
2.0
40
1.0
20
0.0
-1.0
-20
-2.0
-40
-3.0
-60
-4.0
-80
-5.0
8/4
8/5
8/6
8/9
8/11
8/19
8/21
8/24
8/27
Face position (m)
Displacement (mm)
5.0
T1
T2
T3
N1
N2
N3
Dist. from face
-100
Date
30
Poster No.15
Lining (1)
Primary lining
Invert
31
Poster No.15
Lining (2)
Waterproof sheet
Secondary lining
32
33
Case studies on shield tunnelling

- URUP Lecturer: Prof. M. Sugimoto
(Courtesy of Obayashi Corp.)
CONTENTS
1. What is URUP?
2. Demonstration work
3. OI area Tunnel
1. What is URUP ?
Background
Urban problem
Intersection with traffic jam

Need for intersection grade separation projects by
a construction method with less impact to the traffic.
3
Conventional method (Cut & cover method)

Road cover
Backfilling
Open cut & road cover
Back fill
Heavy secondary traffic jam

Noise and vibration generated by construction equipment
Long-term adverse effects on the local living environment
4
Conventional method (Non cut & cover method)
Construct shafts
Construct a tunnel
Secondary traffic jam

Noise and vibration generated by construction equipment
Long-term adverse effects on the local living environment
5
URUP Method (Ultra Rapid Under Pass)

End at ground level
Start from ground level
Shallow soil cover excavation
TBM excavates from and to the ground level.

(without shield shafts)
Shallow cover excavation under intersection
(Non cut & cover method)
6
Advantages of URUP Method

No tunnel shafts
Rapid construction
No piling machines
Mitigate noise and vibration
No need for Intersection occupancy

Relieve traffic jam
Intersection
Launch at
ground level
Arrival at
ground level
7
2. Demonstration work
Objective
To ensure
1) Start and end of shield tunnel with an angle
at the ground surface
2) Excavation under a thin overburden layer
Pilot TBM
Width 4.8mHeight 2.15mLength 5.65m

9
Alignment of Pilot Tunnel

Plan view
Plane curve
R=300
Start
Total Length = 100m
Arrival
Longitudinal sectional view

End at GL
Intersection area
(assumed)
Center 1.0D
Edge 0.7D
Edge 0.7D
2.2m
1.5m
1.5m
Approach area
20m
Tunnel area
60m
Vertical curve Vertical curve
R=100m
R=100m
Start From GL
GL
Approach area
20m
10
Excavation (1)
Setup
Excavation in Approach Area

(Ring 5)
11
Excavation (2)
Excavation in Tunnel Area
(Ring 16)

(Ring 79)
12
Excavation (3)

(Ring 84)
End of shield tunneling

at ground level
13
Measurement (1)
Face earth pressure
S
L
(Head
1,SL center
side)
100
90
Allowable upper limit

Passive earth pressure
(kP a ) (kPa)
Earth pressure
80
70
60
50
40
Total overburden pressure
30
20
Allowable lower limit

Earth pressure at rest
10
Tunnel excavation
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
(m
)
Distance
at face
(m)
Face earth pressure Passive earth

pressure(z2)
Z
2
70
Total
overburden pressure(z)
Z
80
90
100
Z
0 .at
5
Earth pressure
rest (z0.5)
Face earth pressure transmitted through lining ring
14
Measurement (2)
Final ground displacement
In approach area (at 1m laterally from the TBM)
5 0
Left side of machine

Right side of machine
(m m )
Disp.
(mm)
4 0
3 0
2 0
1 0
0
1 0
1 2
-1 0
1 4
1 7
2 0
2 3
7 4
7 7
8 0
8 3
N o
-2 0
Launch side
-3 0
8 6
8 9
9 2
9 5
9 8
N o
Arrival side
Measurement point number
-4 0
-5 0
In tunnel area
100
80
(m m )
Disp. (mm)
60
Trial section
Work area
(assumed)
Work area
(assumed)
Intersection
area (assumed)
40
20
0
-2 0
-4 0
60
26
29
32
35
38
41
44
47
50
53
56
59
62
65
68
71
74
N opoint
.
Measurement
number
15
Measurement (3)
Deviation of lining from the planed alignment
Horizontal alignment
Dev. (mm)
Left
2nd control p.
1st control p.
V. curve
V. curve
H. curve
1st control p.
2nd control p.
Right
Approach area
Dev. (mm)
Approach area
Vertical alignment
Up
Down
Tunnel area
2nd control p.
1st control p.
V. curve
V. curve
H. curve
1st control p.
2nd control p.
16
3. OI area tunnel
Location(1)
Metropolitan Expressway
Central Circular
Shinjuku Route
Central Circular
Shinagawa Route
The Central Circular Route
Central Circular Sinagawa Route
Central Circular Sinjuku Route
Route in service
Route under project
section under project
17
(Pamphlet outlining the Central Circular Shinagawa Route construction project)
Location(2)
The Shinagawa Line of the Central Circular Route
About 9.4-km-long route linking Oi Junction and Ohashi Junction
Pamphlet outlining the Central Circular Shinagawa Route construction project
The OI area tunnel

liking the Bayshore Route of the Metropolitan Expressways and
the Central Circular Shinagawa Route
18
Construction method
Construction conditions
The ground is composed of soft cohesive soil.
The maximum overburden depth is about 25 m.
Near the tunnel site, there are structures such as largescale water outlets of a thermal power plant and
power cable tunnels.
There are housing complexes near the construction site.
URUP method
19
Advantage of URUP method
1. Smaller cut-and-cover construction area

The URUP method reduces the excavation area by
82 percent, compared with cut and cover method.
2. Reducing the influence on existing structures

The URUP method does not require any special auxiliary
work, and the influence on existing structures can be reduced.
3. Reduction in environmental loading

Noise and vibration can be reduced.
The volume of excavated material can be reduced.
20
Outline of the OI area tunnel

Project data
Project name
Construction period
Owner
Central Circular Shinagawa Route, OI

area tunnel construction project
June 25, 2008 to June 30, 2011
Tokyo Metropolitan Government
21
Construction data
Tunnel
Shield type
Outside diameter of shield
Outside diameter of
segment
Inside diameter of segment
Width of segment lining
ring
Shield tunneling length
OI bound tunnel
Ohashi bound tunnel
Retaning walls and culverts
Retaining wall length
Culvert length
Ventilation station
Shape of structure in plan
Inside cross section
Excavation depth
Bridge section
Bridge length
URUP method
EPBS
13.6 m
13.4 m
12.5 m
1.7 m
895 m
345 m
550 m
Cut & cover method
265 m
80 m
Pneumatic caisson method
39 m X 35 m
32 m X 28 m
44 m
2 span prestressed concrete
bridge
22
Overview of the OI area tunnel

View from launching point to ventilation station
OI Kita Ventilation Station
OI-bound tunnnel
Ohashi-bound tunnnel
23
View from ventilation station to launching point
24
Tunnel construction procedure

Arrival at ground level
Launch at ground level
TBM
Turning around and

lifting the TBM
Oi Kita Ventilation Station
25
Turning around and lifting the TBM
Arriving at the
ventilation station
Turning the TBM around
Moving the TBM horizontally
Vertically moving and

launching the TBM
26
27
Case studies on shield

tunnelling
Lecturer: Prof. M. Sugimoto
CONTENTS
I
Development of kinematic shield model
II Kinematic model of Articulated shield

III Effect of shield behavior on
ground deformation
IV Recent research
2
I Development of
kinematic shield model
1. INTRODUCTION
2. MODEL
3. SIMULATION
4. VERIFICATION
5. CONCLUSIONS
3
1. INTRODUCTION
Design of equipped capacity
Development of new type shield
Neighboring construction Precise excavation
Empirical control
Theoretical control
Theoretical model on shield behavior

Simulation:shield behavior, ground disp.
Control :shield
Reverse analysis: ground properties
2. MODEL
(1) Site experience
(2) Force on shield
(3) Model of loads acting on shield
(4) Characteristics of proposed
model
(5) Configuration of proposed
model
(1) Site experience

1. Crease mechanism & copy cutter
Sharp curve excavation
Interaction between shield & excavation area
2. Contact between shield & segment

at sharp curve
Tail clearance
3. Jack thrust up Excavation speed

up
Kinematic model
6
4. Rotation direction of CF yawing

angle
Model includes influence of rotation dir. of CF
5. Shield direction Tunnel direction at

curve
Shield slide
6. Loosening earth pressure at segment

design
Loosening earth pressure
1. Interaction between shield & excavation area

Excavated area
Shield
Lining
Shield
Passive state of earth pressure
SECTION A-A
Excavated area
Active state of earth pressure
2. Contact between shield & segment

See Detail A
Shield tail Wire brush
Bulk head
Chamber
C
B
Segment ring
Cutter face
Shield tail
A
f21
DETAIL A
Applied grease pressure

Deformation of wire brush
f22
f21 : Contact force between shield and segment

f22 : Force due to deformation of wire brush and
applied grease pressure
5. Shield direction Tunnel direction
Planned
alignment
Center of cutter face
Excavated area
10
6. Loosening earth pressure (TEPCO, 1985)
Shield
2.70 m
+10 mm
Lining
5.100 m
5.214 m
Horizontal ground movement in front of cutter face

Loosening zone
Void or fill up by cutter foam GL -13.00 m
Cutter face
Chamber
High mud pressure zone
Passive earth pressure developed
Tightening zone
-10 mm
11
(2) Force on shield

f4:Force at face
f3:Jack force
f1:Self weight of shield
f2:Force on shield tail

f5:Force on skin plate
12
(3) Model of loads acting on shield

f5
A
C
A
B
Segment ring
f3
f4
f3
f2
f5
f2
q
f1
f5
f2
A
B
A
C
SECTION A-A
Segment ring
p
A
SECTION B-B
f1 : Self-weight of shield
f2 : Forces on shield tail
f3 : Jack force
f4 : Force at face
f5 : Force on skin plate
SECTION C-C
13
f4: Force at face

no
Chamber
Bulk head
Wmud
CF
mud
mud
no
mud
Cutter face
f41:Normal earth pressure distribution on front face

f42:Normal earth pressure acting along
the outer circumference of the cutter face
14
f43:Weight of slurry or mud
av Un
Kv (Un ) Kvo Kv min tanh

Kvo
Kvo Kv min
ah Un
Kh (Un ) Kho Khmin tanh

Kho
Kho Khmin
Coefficient of earth pressure, K
f5: Force on skin plate

Khmax
ah Un
Kh (Un ) Kho Khmax tanh
Kho Khmax
Kho
Kvmax
av Un
Kv (Un ) Kvo Kvmax tanh

Kvo
Kvo Kvmax
Kvo
Kho
Kvmin
Khmin
Un
Inward normal displacement 0 Outward normal displacement

(Extension)
(Compression)
Proposed ground reaction curve

15
Definition of ground displacement
Ground surface (after deformation)

Ground surface (original)
Shield skin plate
16
Status of overcutting area
Segment
Tail void
Rest of muck
Grouting
material
Ground
Overcutting area atempts to be filled up by rest of muck. 17
(4) Characteristics of proposed

model
FEM
Kinematics
Proposed
Ground Tail clance Kinematic

CF
disp.
Rotation
dir.
FEM
Proposed
Method
Slide
Loosening
earth
pressure
Kinematics
18
(5) Configuration of proposed

model
Jack control
Model
Ground property
Analysis
Simulation
Control
Reverse
analysis
Shield behavior
unknown
given
given
Shield behavior
Jack control
given
unknown
given
Ground property
given
given
unknown
19
3. SIMULATION
(1) Index of shield tunnelling
behavior
(2) Objective function
(3) Flow chart of simulation
20
(1) Index of shield tunneling behavior

Shield behavior
Representatives
x
y
z
h and xT
v and yT
y
p
vs
y
p
21
(2) Objective function

FM
i 1
v
5
M
Mi
i
1
5
SSQ v v Minimum(0)
22
(3) Flow chart of simulation

START
Input parameters:
Ground/Slurry properties, Shield dimension and Jack thrust
Initial value x, y, z, y, p,
x, y, z, y, p,
Shield position
Velocity of shield
Normal earth pressure at rest
Ground displacement
Earth pressure acting

on cutter face
Revised
x, y, z, y,p,
Ground reaction curve

Earth pressure acting on
shield periphery
External load on
cutter face
F 5 & M5
F 4 & M4
F 1, F 2, F 3
M 1 , M 2, M 3
Fp, Fq, Fr
Mp, Mq, Mr
Convergence
Yes
END
No
Levenberg-Marquardt
Method
23
4. VERIFICATION
(1) Numerical tests
Sensitive analysis
Copy cutter effect
(2) Questionnaire survey for site

engineers
3D Shield simulator
(3) Application
Ex. Hiromachi Tunnel
24
(1) Numerical tests

Copy cutter effect
25
Dimension of Shield & Ground

Properties
Dimension of shield
Shield
Jack
Outer diameter
Total length
Self weight
Center of gravity in CM
Center of erector in CM
Open ratio of CF
Thickness of CF
Rotating speed of CF
Radius of chamber
Length of chamber
Number of jack
Cross section area
Radius of jack
Center of jack from CF
4.00 m
4.00 m
1000.00 KN
(0.0,0.0,0.0) m
(0.0,0.0,-1.6)m
0.10
0.30 m
0.90 rpm
1.95 m
0.40 m
12
314.16 cm2
1.75 m
1.20 m
Parameters used for sandy ground layer

Khmin Kho
0.00 0.50
Khmax
5.00
Kvmin
0.00
Kvo
1.00
Kvmax
5.00
kh
cm
Kv
cms
ms
m a b
t
mud
3
3
2
2
3
(KN/m ) (KN/m ) (KN/m )
(KN/m )
(KN/m ) (KN/m2) (K
5000
5000
0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 30 1
20
200
26
Simulation condition
After 15 m advance of the shield
in a horizontal straight line
Jack force and moment

F3r = 5000 kN
M3p = -1590 kN-m
M3q = -1247 kN-m
Time
Total simulation time = 60 hrs (360
steps)
Time interval
= 10 minutes
27
Analysis
Case
Case A without the copy cutter

Case B with the copy cutter
length 4 cm at 22.5 to 157.5 deg
157.5 deg
Range of copy cutter used
q
22.5 deg.
Front face view

28
Shield trace
x -coordinate (m)
19
Case A
20
Case B
21
Vertical plane
22
0
20
40
Advanced distance (m)
60
80
40
y -coordinate (m)
Horizontal plane
30
20
Case B
10
0
Case A
-10
0
10
20
30
40
z -coordinate (m)
50
60
70
29
0.05
0.00
-0.05
0.001
0.000
-0.001
0.06
0.04
-200
3
2
1
0
-1
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
-2000
-4000
p (min)
yT (min)
0.02
0.00
100
0
-100
y (min)
xT (min) vs (m/min) v (1/m)
h (1/m)
Parameter during shield simulation
-6000
150
100
50
0
C ase A
C ase B
20
40
60
Advanced distance (m)
80
30
Length of shield (m)
Cutter face
Case A
2.0
0.0
4.0
Shield tail
Cutter face
Case B
2.0
0.0
0
Invert
Spring line
Crown
4.0
Spring line
Invert
Normal ground displacement

around the shield for step 100 (cm)
90
180
270
Circumferential direction (degree)
Shield tail
360
31
Invert
Spring line
Crown
4.0
Spring line
Invert
Normal earth pressure acting on shield

for step 100 (kN/m2)
Cutter face
2.0
Case A
0.0
4.0
Shield tail
Cutter face
2.0
Case B
0.0
0
90
180
270
Shield tail
360
32
Force and Moment Components

F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F
Case A (MN, MN-m)

Fp
Fq
Fr
1.00 0.00 0.00
-0.50 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 5.00
0.04 0.03 -4.20
-0.54 -0.03 -0.80
0.00 0.00 0.00
Mp
0.00
0.00
-1.59
-0.03
1.62
0.00
Mq
0.00
0.40
-1.25
0.20
0.65
0.00
Mr
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.92
-0.92
0.00
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F
Case B (MN, MN-m)

Fp
Fq
Fr
1.00 0.00 0.02
-0.50 0.00 -0.01
0.00 0.00 5.00
0.04 0.03 -4.53
-0.54 -0.03 -0.48
0.00 0.00 0.00
Mp
0.00
0.00
-1.59
-0.02
1.61
0.00
Mq
0.00
0.40
-1.25
0.21
0.64
0.00
Mr
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.95
-0.95
0.00
33
Summary
1. Steady state -Sensitive analysisQualitatively reasonable results
2. Unsteady state -Copy cutter effect(Tunnel alignment & jack force change)
Qualitatively reasonable results
Confirm the validity of the proposed model

34
(2) Questionnaire survey

for shield operator
35
3DSSPC -real time shield simulator-
36
Respondents
Over 21Y
21%
05Y
25%
1620Y
19%
610Y
9%
1115Y
26%
Skilled shield operators43 persons

Cooperate companies: 10 companies
37
Results
Tunnel alignment
1.2
80.2
18.6
5.8
69.8
24.4
15.1
44.2
38.4
22.1
16.3
59.3
4.7
7.0
86.0
5.8
1.2
90.7
Jack pattern
Copy cutter
Thrust
Dir. of CF
Slurry pressure
Slurry density
0.0
0.0
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
ave.
0.98
0.92
0.65
0.34
0.31
-0.17
1.2
0.0
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
Rotation direction
ave.
1.2
66.3
31.4
0.94
5.8
53.5
40.7
0.90
12.8
38.4
46.5
0.68
19.8
15.1
62.8
0.34
4.7
7.0
86.0
0.31
5.8
1.2
90.7
-0.17
-: can not evaluate unit:%
100
100
100
100
80
80
80
80
60
60
60
60
40
40
40
40
20
20
20
20
Tunnal Alignment
Rotation direction
Jack pattern (%)
Tunnal Alignment
Rotation direction
Slurry pressure (%)
38
Summary
1. Jack pattern, Thrust, Copy cutter
Good agreement with operators experience
2. Dir. of CF, Slurry pressure, Slurry density

Can not evaluate
Small influence on Tunnel alignment
& Shield rotation
Good agreement with operators experience

39
(3) Application
Ex. Hiromachi Tunnel
40
Ooimachi St.
Site map
Plain view
Hiromatchi tunnel
Geological profile
Advance dir.
Analysis area
Site description
Ground
Soil type
Tokyo clay (Dc3) (N=122)
Depth
10.700 13.360 m
Underground water level
GL -4.506 -9.154 m
Alignment min Radius
H 245 m V 4000m
Slope
up 19.05 down 32.50
Shield
Type
Slurry type
Outer diameter
Length of machine
7.260 m
8.685 m
x-coordinate(m)
5.0
Dev. = 2 cm
6.0
Observed
Calculated
end
start
7.0
9000
y-coordinate(m)
H alignment
V alignment
Results -shield trace-
start
8990
Dev. = 3 cm
8980
end
8970
-43795
-43785
-43775
z-coordinate(m)
-43765
-43755
Results -shield rotation & velocityy (min)
Observed
Calculated
8700
8200
p (m in )
-100
100
0.10
v s (m/min)
Velocity Pitching Yawing
9200
Observed
Calculated
0.05
0.00
127
131
135
139
143
147
151
155
159
Distance (m)
44
3.0
2.0
1.0
Kh
Kv
0.0
-0.02
-0.01
0.00
Un (m)
0.01
0.02
Ground reaction curve (Ku)
Invert
Spring line
Crown
Spring line
Invert
Length of shield(m)
4.0
8.565
90
180
270
8.565
Cutter
face
Shield
tail tail
Shield
360
Cutter face
Cutter
face
Length of shield(m)
5.0
Normal earth pressure (kN/m2) Normal disp. (cm)
Results -ground disp. & earth pressure- (L=157.2 m)
Shield
tailtail
Shield
0
90
180
270
360
Circumferential direction(deg)
Summary
1. Shield behavior
Good agreement with measured data
2. Normal disp. of ground around shield

Normal earth pressure around shiel
Good agreement with tunnel alignment

46
5. CONCLUSIONS
1. Development of kinematic shield
model
Site experience
Model of loads acting on shield
Simulation algorithm
Real time shield simulator
2. Validation
1) Numerical tests
2) Questionnaire survey for site engineers
3) Application

47
II Kinematic model of
Articulated shield
1. INTRODUCTION
2. MODEL
3. SITE DESCRIPTION
4. SIMULATION RESULTS
5. CONCLUSIONS
48
1. INTRODUCTION
Operation at sharp curve
Applying jack moment by selecting jack pattern .
Using copy cutter to increase excavated area.
Articulation of the shield to negotiate a curve.
Decrease ground reaction force against the shield.

Prevent excess over cutting.
Minimize ground disturbance.
49
Copy cutter
End Position
q
Length of CC used
Range of CC used
Start Position
p
View from cutter face

50
Articulated shield
Rear body
Front body
Articulated
mechanism
51
Cross section of articulated shield

Segmental lining
Spreader
Chamber
Cutter spoke
Front section
Articulated jack
Shield jack
Articulation point
Rear section
Articulated seal
52
2. MODEL
Model of loads acting on articulated
A
shield
B
C
A
f5
f5
f4
rF
f32
rR
f1
f31
f5
f31
f2
f1
f2
f32
qF
qR
f2
A
f5 B
Front Section
f5
CA
Segment ring
pF
Segment ring
A
pR
A
Rear Section
SECTION A - A
SECTION B - B
SECTION C - C
f32 : Force due to articulated jack

f1 : Self-weight of shield
f2 : Forces on shield tail
f4 : Earth pressure acting at face
f31 : Force due to shield jack f5 : Earth pressure acting on skin 53
plate
Proposed ground reaction curve

Coef. of earth pressure, K
f5: Force on skin plate

Khmax
Kh
Kvmax
Kv
Kv0
Kvmin
Khmin
Inward normal disp.
(Extension)
Kh0
0
Un
Outward normal disp.
(Compression)
54
Simulation of shield behavior

Shield operations
Ground properties
Kinematic shield model
M
M
FFi FRi
i 1
0
5
M
M
M Fi M Ri
i 1
Simulation
Shield behavior
Shield positions
x y z
= Shield postures
p
r
y
55
3. SITE DESCRIPTION
Test site location
End
Analysis area 87168Ring
Start
56
Geological profile at test site
Ds1
Dc2
Analysis area 87168Ring
Ground properties
Ground layer
Unit weight (kN/m3)
Cohesion (kN/m2)
Internal friction angle (deg)
Kho
Kvo
kh kv (MN/m3)
Ds1
17.9
0
34.0
0.441
1.000
365.4
Dc2
17.8
163
0.0
0.750
1.000
866.6
57
Ground reaction curve

5
Kh
Kv
Kh
Kv
4
Ds1
Dc2
0
-0.010
-0.005
0.000
Un (m)
0.005
0
0.010 -0.010
-0.005
0.000
0.005
0.010
Un (m)
58
Dimensions of tunnel and shield

Item
Tunnel
Segment
Shield
Component
Horizontal radius: leftward
Horizontal radius: rightward
Vertical radius
Overburden depth
Hydraulic pressure
Outer diameter
Width: straight alignment
: curve alignment
Thickness
Outer diamter
Total length
Value
100 m
100 m
m
35 - 39 m
0.34 MPa
6.90 m
1.00 m
0.75 m
0.25 m
7.060 m
8.405 m
59
F 3r(MN)
H(min) CC range(deg)CT (MN-m) M 3q(MN-m) M 3p(MN-m)
Shield operation
30
-40
20
10
0
40
-40
0
40
2
0
-2
0
90
180
270
360
180
3 cm
2 cm
Start
End
2 cm
3 cm
0
-180
60
70
80
90 100 110 120 130 140

Distance(m)
60
y(min)
p(min)
-20
v s(m/min)
m(kPa)
3
Mucking data
20
-60
-30
0
30
60
0.04
400
380
360
340
16
14
12
10
1.2
1.0
m(kN/m )
Slurry operation
Rv
r(min)
Shield behaviour
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
0.02
0.00
0.8
60
70
80
90 100 110 120 130 140

Distance(m)
61
4. SIMULATION RESULTS
x-coordinate (m)
Vertical
plane
Measured
Simulation
10
60
50
y-coordinate (m)
Shield trace
-10
40
30
20
Horizontal
plane
10
65
75
85
95
z-coordinate (m)
105
115
125
62
-3000
-2000
-1000
v (m/min)
p (min)
y (min)
Shield behavior
Measured
Simulation
0
-30
-15
0
15
30
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
Distance (m)
63
Invert
SL
Crown
SL
Invert
Distance (shield ground) Un(cm) (L=128.56 m)
4.300
180
4.105
90
0
270
360
0
0
90
180
270
360
64
Invert
90
SL
SL
Crown
Invert
Distance (shield ground) Un(cm) (L=128.56 m)
180
270
360
4.300
4.105
0
Right turn
65
Invert
SL
Crown
SL
Invert
Normal earth pressure n(kN/m2) (L= 128.56 m)

Kh
Kv
4.300
Ds1
Ds1
K
1
-200
0
-0.010
5
-400
0
-600
-0.005
0.005
0.010
0.005
0.010
Kh
Kv
-800
-1000
4
Dc2
Dc2
-1200
-1400
0.000
Un (m)
-1800
-1600
2
-2000
-2200
-2400
-2600
-2800
0
90
180
270
360
0
-0.010
-0.005
0.000
Un (m)
66
Force and moment acting on shield (L=128.56 m)

Type Body Force and moment components (MN, MN-m)
Fp
f1
f2
f3
f4
f5
f
Front
Rear
Front
Rear
Front
Rear
Front
Rear
Front
Rear
Fq
Fr
Mp
Mq
2339
0
0
0 4582
1564
0
0
0 -1797
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
993 22831
0 -2927
312
-11 -22697
36 2833
0
0
0
0
0
-2609
423
-71 -4749 -8933
-1606 -1405
-63 4712 6239
0
0
0
0
0
Mr
0
78
0
0
0
127
-763
0
303
255
0
67
5. CONCLUSIONS
1. Shield behavior
Good agreement with measured data
2. Dist. (shield ground)

Normal earth pressure around shield
Good agreement with tunnel alignment
3. Ground displacement
Copy cutter
Articulation of shield
Predominant factor of shield behavior

(It defines ground reaction force on the shield.)
68
III Effect of shield behavior on

ground deformation
1. GROUND DISP. AT SITE
2. SIMULATION OF SHIELD BEHAVIOR
3. FEM ANALYSIS ON
GROUND DISPLACEMENT
4. CONCLUSIONS
69
Site map
1000m to Tunnel
Shinkan-sen
crossing
sub
se-c
tio
ma
secintio
1. GROUND DISP. AT SITE

excavation direction
A
P5
Measurement section
P4
P6
P4
No.10
No.5
No.5
NO.26+3m No.9 No.4
No.4
No.8
No.3
Ishiyama High School
NO.25+42m
No.7
No.3
tennis
court
Ground
No.2
No.2
Oh
B No.6 No.1
t
P7
trainning
room
R=R=
404000
m
m
P7
NOO
No.1
P8
P5
P3
tennis
court
tennis
court
su
-ho
us
uir
o
Sh
iel
d
measurement points
w ay
pres s
x
E
n
hi
Meis
nnel
d Tu
l
e
i
h
S
P2
Oo
tsu
F
NA
loo
dw
ay
T
TM
Tu
P1
unn
e
nne
l
en
Op
settlement
Ishiyama surface
high school
ground5
measure
mainsection inclinometer
differential
settlement gauge
surface settlement
submeasure
section differential
settlement gauge
thermo meter
62
34
5
6
1
t
Cu
70
Geological profile
130
110
Tr
100
Kzc
Kzg
Kzc
Kzs
90
Tunnel top
Test area
80
Kzc
Tunnel bottom
300
200
250
Kzs
150
70
100
Elevation (m)
120
Distance (m)
Tr = River terrain
Kzc = Sandy clay
Kzg = Sandy gravel

Kzs = Gravely sand
71
SPT N-Value
60
River terrain Tr
20.82m
40
11.5m
20
10.0m
10
Sandy clay Kzc

20
Gravely sand Kzsg
1.7 m
1.3 m
5.7 m
Sandy gravel Kzg
25
13.5m
Depth (m)
15
3.3 m
Sandy clay Kzc
30
35
40
Sandy clay Kzcs
Gravely sand Kzs
Geological Profile at Test Site
72
TBM
D=12.64m
L=10.25m
73
Site description
Ground
Soil type
Sandy soil (N30)
Depth
12 23.5 m
Underground water level
GL -10 m
min Radius
R 400m Left turn
Alignment
Slope
up 2.49
Type
Slurry type
Shield
Outer diameter
12640 mm
Length of machine
10250 mm
74
Ground displacement instrumentation

Vertical disp.
Horizontal disp.
No.1 No.2 No.3 No.4 No.5
No.1 No.2
No.3 No.4 No.5
4
5
6
4
5
6
7
8
4
5
6
4
5
6
7
8
4
5
6
H=20.5m
1
=
6
2.
4m
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
75
Vertical displacement
2.0
(mm)
2.0
1.0
1.0
No.3-6
No. 3-6
0.0
0.0
Ground
surface
-1.0
-1.0
Final 1.7mm
-2.0
-2.0
-3.0
-3.0
TBM
passing
-4.0
-4.0
2000/6/26 0:00
6/26
2000/6/27 0:00
6/27
2000/6/28 0:00
6/28
2000/6/29 0:00
6/29
1.8m
(No.3-6)
1.8m above crown
2000/6/30 0:00
6/30
2000/7/1 0:00
7/1
2000/7/2 0
7/2
76
Vertical displacement
(mm)
1.5
No. 3-6
Vertical Ground Movement at No. 3-6
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
Cutter face
Tail
77
Horizontal displacement at inward of

curve
3.00
3.0
(mm)
Final 2.0mm
No. 2-13
No.2
2.00
2.0
1.0
1.00
Inward
0.00
0.0
Outward
-1.0
-1.00
K2-13
No. 2-13
-2.0
-2.00
TBM
passing
-3.0
6/26
-3.00
2000/6/26 0:00
2000/6/27 0:00
6/27
2000/6/28 0:00
6/28
2000/6/29 0:00
6/29
2000/6/30 0:00
6/30
2000/7/1 0:00
7/1
2000/7/2 0:
7/2
78
Horizontal displacement at inward of

curve
(mm)
3.0
No.Horizontal
2-13 Ground Movement at No. 2-13
2.0
1.0
0.0
-1.0
-2.0
Cutter face
Tail
79
Horizontal displacement at outward of

curve
(mm)
3.00
3.0
No.4
Final 2.0mm
TBM passing
No. 4-13
2.00
2.0
Inward
1.00
1.0
0.00
0.0
Outward
-1.00
-1.0
-2.00
-2.0
No.K4-13
4-13
-3.0
-3.00
-4.0
-4.00
6/26
6/27
6/28
6/29
6/30
7/1
7/2
80
Horizontal displacement at outward of

curve
(mm)
4.0
No. Horizontal
4-13 Ground Movement at No. 4-13
3.0
2.0
R145
FACE
R146
R147
R148
R149
R150
R151
R152
TAIL
1.0
0.0
-1.0
-2.0
-3.0
-4.0
Cutter face
Tail
81
Interaction between TBM & Excavation Surface
400R Left curve
82
Summary
1. Ground displacement
1D from face 1D behind tail
Ground disp. fluctuates due to excavation.
Around face
Outward ground disp. appears due to excavation
(slurry pressure & jack thrust).
Around tail
Passive ground disp. appears at outward of curve due
to shield rotation.
At final stage
Symmetric inward ground disp. appears due to
shrinkage of
83
grouting & force balance.
2. Vertical ground displacement

V. disp. converged behind 2D from tail due to no consolidation.
V. disp. at final is about 1.7 mm.
V. disp. Difference along depth appears after shield passing.
V. disp. above crown = V. disp. at ground surface x 2 at final.
3. Horizontal ground displacement
H. disp. at final is about 2 mm only.
Ground is self-stabilized due to stiff ground.
84
2. SIMULATION OF
SHIELD BEHAVIOR
2.1. MODEL
Kinematic shield model
85
x -coordinate (m)
Shield trace
Vertical plane
-88.4
-88.2
End
Start
-88.0
9170
Horizontal plane
9165
y -coordinate (m)
2.2 RESULTS
-88.6
9160
End
R = 400 m
9155
9150
Observed
Predicted
Start
9145
-14655
-14650
-14645
-14640
z -coordinate (m)
-14635
-14630
86
Shield behavior
y (min)
17400
17600
vs (m/min)
p (min)
17800
-20
-10
0
0.10
Observed
0.05
Predicted
0.00
175
180
185
190
Distance (m)
195
200
87
Results -ground disp. & earth pressure- (L=197.7 m)

(m) Normal
10.25
disp. of ground (cm) Normal earth pressure (kN/m2)
0.00
90
180
270
360 (deg) 0
90
180
270
360 (deg)
2.3 Summary
1. Kinematic shield model
Site experience
Model of loads acting on shield
Simulation method
Application to site data
Simulation of shield behavior

2. Excavated area:
predominant factor of shield behavior
89
3. FEM ANALYSIS ON
GROUND DISPLACEMENT
3.1 Conventional method
1. Analysis
conditions
Stress release ratio
Youngs modulus
Analysis area
2. Analysis results
Symmetric results
Passive state ?
90
3.2 2D FEM Model

0
40
58.62m
20
240.64m
Tr
Kzc
Kzg
Kzc
Kzg
Kzs
Kzs
Depth
m
-11.5
-13.2
-16.5
-17.8
-23.5
-37.0
-58.6
N
value
33
11
50
13
50
48
48
kN/m3
18
14
20
14
20
19
19
c
kN/m2
0
66
50
78
50
30
30
30
35
35
40
40
E
kN/m2
16,000
13,800
35,000
16,300
52,000
35,000
83,000
0.4
0.45
0.4
0.45
0.4
0.3
0.3
91
Enforced disp. at tail
Enforced Disp.
=15%
27.1mm
13.6mm
30 15 0 15
14.5mm
92
2D FEM results
Horizontal disp.
Depth (m)
0
Vertical disp.
(mm)
Depth
5 (m)
(mm)
-5
2.4
0
-10
-15
-5
5.4
5.3
-20
-25
-10
2.6
7.2
-15
-30
-20
-35
-27.1
-40
:Observed
-45
:Predicted
:=15%
-50
-25
-20
Time for FEM 2000/6/29 8:50:00
Time for disp. 2000/6/29 8:49:29
:Observed
:Predicted
:=15%
-10
10
20
Time for FEM: 2000/6/29 8:50:00

Time for disp.: 2000/6/29 8:49:29
93
Summary
1. 2D FEM analysis with enforced disp. was proposed.
2. Advantages
Passive ground disp. at outward curve can be
simulated.
Asymmetric ground disp. at curve can be simulated.
3. Problems
Horizontal disp. at outward curve is excessive.
Ground surface at outward curve shows heave.
94
3.3 3D FEM Model

0
52.0 m
20
40
58.62 m m
240.64 m
Tr
Kzc
Kzg
Kzc
Kzg
Kzs
Kzs
Depth
m
-11.5
-13.2
-16.5
-17.8
-23.5
-37.0
-58.6
N
value
33
11
50
13
50
48
48
kN/m3
18
14
20
14
20
19
19
c
kN/m2
0
66
50
78
50
30
30
30
35
35
40
40
E
kN/m2
16,000
13,800
35,000
16,300
52,000
35,000
83,000
0.4
0.45
0.4
0.45
0.4
0.3
0.3
95
Enforced disp. (view from tail)

0.013
0.012
Cutter face
0.011
0.01
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
0.01359
Tail
0.
-0.001
-0.002
-0.003
-0.004
-0.005
-0.0085
-0.006
-0.007
-0.008
96
3D FEM results
Horizontal disp.
(mm)
Depth (m)
Vertical disp.
Depth
(m)
5
(mm)
-5
2.4
0.1
-10
-5
-15
-10
-20
-25
2.2
2.5
-30
2.6
2.7
-15
7.2
-20
-35
-25
-20
-40
-45
:Observed
:2DFEM
:3DFEM
-50
22000/6/29 8:50:00
Time for FEM:
Time for disp.: 2000/6/29 8:49:29
:Observed
:2DFEM
:3DFEM
-10
0
10
T ime for FEM: 2000/6/29 8:50:00
T ime for disp. :2000/6/29 8:49:29
20
97
Comparison of vertical ground disp.
Measurements
2DFEM Disp. input
3DFEM Disp. input
2DFEM =15%
At tunnel crown
(mm)
-0.8
-2.7
-0.5
-27.1
At ground surface
(mm)
-0.5
0.3
-0.1
-13.1
98
Summary
1. 3D FEM analysis with enforced disp. can simulate
asymmetric ground disp. at curve.
ground disp. during tunneling with high accuracy.
Disp. at excavated surface: predominant factor of ground
disp.
2.
2D FEM vs. 3D FEM
2D FEM overestimates passive ground disp. at tail.
3D FEM has a good agreement with measured data.
3D FEM can take account of dist. of enforced disp. in
axial dir..
behavior
3. Simulation
Advantagesof
of shield
proposed
methodgives reasonable ground
disp..
Relative stiffness of ground gives influence on analysis
99
results.
4. CONCLUSIONS
1. Ground displacement at site
1D from face 1D behind tail
Ground disp. fluctuates due to excavation.
Around face
Outward ground disp. appears due to excavation
(slurry pressure & jack thrust).
Around tail
Passive ground disp. appears at outward curve due to
shield
rotation.
Final stage
Symmetric inward ground disp. appears due to
shrinkage of
grouting & force balance.
100
2. Simulation of shield behavior

Shield behavior has a good agreement with measured data.
Distance between shield and ground &
normal earth pressure around shield
has a good agreement with tunnel alignment.
Excavated area: a predominant factor of shield behavior
3. FEM analysis on ground displacement
Proposed 3D FEM model with enforced disp. can simulate
asymmetric ground disp. at curve.
ground disp. during tunneling with high accuracy.
Disp. at excavated surface: a predominant factor of ground disp.
101
IV Recent research
1. Simulation
Kinematic model of articulated shield
Training on shield operation
Evaluation on new type shield behavior
2. Simulation
Control
Reverse analysis
Integration
Development of
shield steering control system
102
Model of loads acting on articulated shield
Notation
f1 : Self-weight of machine
f4 : Force at face
f2 : Force on shield tail
f5 : Force acting on skin plate
f31 : Shield jack force
A : Articulated angle
f32 : Articulated jack force
Influence of horizontal articulated angle
y -coordinate (m)
15
Horizontal jack moment (Turn right)

No horizontal jack moment
+180 min
0 min
-5
180 min
-15
10
20
30
z -coordinate (m)
40
50
Length of rear body (m)

Length of front body (m)
CC length
10 cm
Length of front body (m)
CC length
6 cm
Length of fornt body (m)
CC length
0 cm
Influence of copy cutter and articulation

2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
0
90
180
Un(mm)
270
3600
90
180
270
n(kN/m2)
360
Effective copy cutter length (cm)
Influence of copy cutter and articulation

10
9
Horizontal radius
8
7
600
Optimum curve radius boundary
400
200
80
60
50
40
30 (m)
1
0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Articulated angle (min)
Interactive shield simulator -3DSSPC -
107
Invert
Spring line
5.8
Invert
SL
Crown
SL
Invert
Crown
Face
-0.3
-0.5
Front body
-0.7
Front
Ground displacement &

earth pressure
by continuous excavation
TBM
-0.9
-1.1
-1.5
-1.7
-1.9
-2.1
-2.3
-2.5
-2.7
190
180
Front body
170
Front
160
0.0
5.1
Articulated Point
150
140
130
120
110
Rear
100
Rear body
Shield pushes ground due to

change of vertical moment.
Piching is changed periodically in

each ring.
Tail
Face
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
0.0
Tail
90
180
270
360
Earth pressure (kN/m2)
0.0
5.8
Ground displacement (mm)
Rear body
Articulated Point
Rear
-1.3
0.0
5.1
20
108
109

Overview of Shield Tunnelling Technology

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Griffith Univ., 29, Sept.

Ground Soil tupe

Ground water level

Partially open shield

Earth pressure balanced mode

Full face open shield - Manual excation mode

Full face open shield - Semi mechanical mode

Full face open shield - Mechanical mode

Partially open shield - Blind mode

Closed shield - Slurry mode

Closed shield - Earth pressure balance mode

Closed shield vs. Open shield

Slurry shield vs. EPBS

Used for medium-and small

Earth pressure balanced shield

Flow of shield selection

(1) composition and variation of ground

(1) river, sea lake

(1) construction schedule

5. economics (cost saving)

RC segment Box type

Straight bolt joint type

Curved bolt joint type

Pin joint type

(2) Ground model

Classification of load model

Design loads (1)

Resistance earth pressure

Design loads (2)

Dynamic load in earthquake

Special load Additional load due to twin

2)Tunnel connects with the vertical shaft.

Design load models

Pe :vertical earth pressure

Moment and axial force on each analysis model

Flow of of segment design

2.3 Ground movement

Ground surface settlement in transverse direction

Three dimensional displacement around face

(2) Conventional 2D FEM analysis

: Stress release ratio

(3) 3DFEM analysis: Akagi Komiya model

3D FEM model(NP=7194NE=6636) (Akagi & Komiya)

Vertical Disp. at 1.0m above crown (Akagi & Komiya)

Vertical Disp. (Akagi & Komiya)

Vertical disp. (mm)

Variation of cross section

Swing drum type

Fixed drum type

Double circular cross section

Multi face shield

3 circular cross section

Pin coupler + Bolt joint

No secondary lining: water tight

Ex. Renewal of shield tunnel

4.3 Ground movement

Thank you for your kind attention !!

Griffith Univ., 29, Sept., 2010

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