SPM 2014 lesson 3

form 4 Chap. 7 (CHE)

Chapter 7 : acids and bases

.

A weak acid is an acid that dissociates partially in water to produce a solution of

low concentration of hydrogen ions.
(a) Ethanoic acid
Basicity of an acid
The basicity of an acid is the number of ionisable hydrogen atoms per acid
molecule.
Acid

Ionic equation

No. of ionisable
hydrogen atoms

Basicity

Hydrochloric
acid
Sulphuric acid
Phosphoric acid

The properties of acid

Physical properties of acid
(a) Sour taste
(b) Corrosive
(c) Moist blue litmus paper turn red
(d) Changes universal indicator from green to red
(e) Changes methyl orange to red

A strong acid is an acid that dissociates completely in water to produce a solution

of high concentration of hydrogen ions.
(a) Sulphuric acid
(b) Hydrochloric acid
(c) Nitric acid

form 4 Chap. 7 (CHE)

SPM 2014 lesson 3

form 4 Chap. 7 (CHE)

SPM 2014 lesson 3

A strong alkali is an alkali that dissociates completely in water to produce a

solution of high concentration of hydroxide ions.
(a) Sodium oxide
(b) Sodium hydroxide
(c) Potassium hydroxide
A weak alkali is an alkali that dissociates partially in water to produce a solution
of low concentration of hydroxide ions.
(a) Ammonia
The properties of alkali
Physical properties of alkali
(a) Bitter taste
(b) Corrosive
(c) Turns moist red litmus paper blue
(d) Changes universal indicator from green to blue or purple
(e) Changes methyl orange to yellow

form 4 Chap. 7 (CHE)

SPM 2014 lesson 3

form 4 Chap. 7 (CHE)

SPM 2014 lesson 3

SPM 2014 lesson 3

form 4 Chap. 7 (CHE)

Preparing A standard Solution
A standard solution is a solution in which its concentration is known.

Dilution

Describe the preparation of 250cm3 of 2.0moldm-3 sodium hydroxide solution in

the laboratory. [RAM : Na = 23; O=16; H=1]
1. Calculate the mass of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) required:

Dilution is a process of adding water to the standard solution lowered the

concentration of the solution.
*****Number of mol of solute before dilution = Number of mole of solute
after dilution
M1V1=M2V2

2. Weigh accurately 20.0g of solid sodium hydroxide in a weighing bottle by

using an electronic balance.
3. Transfer all the solid sodium hydroxide into a small beaker containing some
(about 100cm3) distilled water.
4. Stir the solution until all the solid sodium hydroxide in the small beaker has
dissolved.
5. Pour all the solution from the small beaker into a 250cm3 volumetric flask
through a filter funnel.
6. Rinse the weighing bottle, the small beaker and the filter funnel several times
with distilled water and pour all the washings into the volumetric flask.
7. Add distilled water slowly (drop by drop) into the volumetric flask until the
meniscus level of the solution is exactly at (in line with) the 250cm3 mark on
the volumetric flask.
8. Close the volumetric flask with its stopper and shake and invert the volumetric
flask to mix the solution thoroughly.
9. Keep the volumetric flask stoppered after the standard solution is prepared.

M1 = Molarity before dilution

M2 = Molarity after dilution
V1 = Volume before dilution
V2 = Volume after dilution
Example 1
100cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 sodium chloride solution is diluted with distilled
water to produce 250 cm3 of solution. Calculate the concentration (in mol
dm-3) of the sodium chloride solution after the dilution. [Ans : 0.2mol/dm3]

Example 2
Find the volume of 2 mol/dm3 nitric acid that needs to be diluted with distill
water to produce 500cm3 of 0.05 mol/dm3 nitric acid.[Ans : 12.5cm3]

form 4 Chap. 7 (CHE)

SPM 2014 lesson 3

form 4 Chap. 7 (CHE)

SPM 2014 lesson 2