Table of Contents

Introduction to RF Interference

RF Signaling Demodulation

Drive-Test Indoor and Outdoor with FTA

Drive-Test collection tool

Protocol Analyzer

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LTE Signal Analysis

Measurements
POWER

Signal Analysis
LTE Measurements

6
4

Modulation
Analysis

RF Analysis

Channel Power

Constellation
4

Occupied
Bandwidth

SEM

Control
Channel

3
ACLR

Spurious
Emissions

3
Power vs. Time

Data Channel

Over The Air

Analysis
6

6
Subframe

TIME

ID Scanner

1
3

Multipath

FREQUENCY

Control
Channel

5
7

Datagram

6
Frame

Time
Alignment

CCDF

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LTE Introduction - Modulation

The objective of LTE framework was towards a high-data-rate, low-latency and packetoptimized radio-access technology

Support flexible transmission bandwidths from 5MHz up to 20MHz.

Reduced CAPEX and OPEX considering an all-IP backhaul.

Significantly increased peak data rate e.g. 100 Mbps (downlink) and 50 Mbps (uplink).

Multiple Input Multiple Output

Introduction of new transmission schemes and

advanced multi-antenna technologies (MIMO).

The average UE throughput and spectral efficiency

will benefit significantly from MIMO. The target
average user throughput should be 3 to 4 times
greater than 3G (WCDMA/HSDPA).

LTE Scheduler (Modulation)

-

The frequency and time allocations to map

information for a certain UE to resource blocks are
determined by the eNB scheduler.
The channel-coding rate and the modulation scheme
(QPSK, 16QAM or 64QAM) are also determined by
the eNB scheduler and also depend on the reported
CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) from the UE.

Downlink (UE) Throughput

Assumptions

64 QAM, R=1
Signal overhead for reference signals and
control channel occupying one OFDM
symbol

Unit

Mbps in 20 MHz

b/s/Hz

Requirement

100

5.0

2x2 MIMO

172.8

8.6

4x4 MIMO

326.4

16.3

DL Peak rates for E-UTRA FDD/TDD (frame structure type 1)

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LTE Overview
Multiple Access MIMO
LTE significantly increased instantaneous peak data rates according to size of the
spectrum allocation.
Peak data rates depend on the number of transmit and receive antennas (MIMO)

LTE USER EQUIPMENT CATEGORIES

MIMO REFERENCE SIGNAL LOCATION

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LTE Conformance Testing

Downlink RS Power Sub Frame
Test Purpose
3GPP TS 36.141: 6.5.4
DL RS power is the resource element power of
Downlink Reference Symbol.
The absolute DL RS power is indicated on the BCH.
The absolute accuracy is defined as the maximum
deviation between the DL RS power indicated on the
BCH and the DL RS power at the BS antenna connector.

10log 1/600SC = -27.78dB (for 10MHz(B/W))

Example:
Base station maximum output power 27.78dB = RS Power(dBm)
43dBm 27.78dB = 15.21dBm(10MHz B/W)

Measurement (E-TM1.1)

Set the base station to transmit a signal according to E-TM1.1

Test Requirements : The test purpose is to verify that the DL RS
power is within 2dB.

Procedure

Setting sequence

Press Measure Setup Set the Bandwidth

Press Amp/Scale Input External Offset
Press Amp/Scale Press Auto Scale

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Transmission Analysis
LTE Physical Downlink Shared Channel - PDSCH
LTE Reference Signals (RS) and User Experience

Reference signals (RS) are constantly transmitted and used by the mobile for the assessment of
signal quality, transmitting to the eNB its signal quality indicator (CQI) from which data is
scheduled and modulated accordingly.
REFERENCE SIGNAL

RS
Channel State
Information

CQI

Channel Quality
Indicator

DOWLINK CHANNEL

CQI

PDSCH MODULATION

Out of range

1 to 6

QPSK

7 to 9

16QAM

10 to 15

64QAM

PDSCH

High Modulation Quality (RS) = High CQI = High Throughput

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LTE Signal Analysis

Throughput Case Channel Quality Indicator

Modulation quality in LTE will indicate the modulation scheme (data

throughput) assigned to each user.
MODULATION
QUALITY

DATA
THROUGHPUT

LOW MODULATION
QUALITY

LOW DATA
THROUGHPUT

HIGH MODULATION
QUALITY

HIGH DATA
THROUGHPUT

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USER
EXPERIENCE

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LTE Signal Analysis

Throughput Case Radio Synchronization

Modulation performance in LTE will indicate network impairments

that might affect user experience.
MODULATION
PERFORMANCE

USER
EXPERIENCE

DATA CHANNEL
eNB FREERUN

LOW DATA
THROUHGPUT

DATA CHANNEL
eNB GPS

HIGH DATA
THROUGHPUT

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LTE Signal Analysis

MIMO Case Antenna Failure

In spatial multiplexing throughput cuts by half with antenna failures

Over the Air Analysis

Radio Connection

ANTENNA 0

ANTENNA 0

ANTENNA 1

ANTENNA 1

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Frequency Error

When performing LTE demodulation measurement, there will

be 1 test itemfrequency error
3GPP requirement is

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Frequency Error

Sometimes, JD745A measured frequency error is as high as

5kHz. Compare to 15kHz sub-carrier spacing, thats very
bad result. Which will also make the demodulation fail.

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Real case of frequency error before restart RRU

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Real case of frequency error after restart RRU

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LTE Conformance Testing

Tx Signal Quality (Error Vector Magnitude) Sub Frame
Test Purpose
3GPP TS 36.141: 6.5.2
The Error Vector Magnitude is a measure of the
difference between the ideal symbols and the measured
symbols after the equalization. This difference is called
the error vector. The EVM result is defined as the
square root of the ratio of the mean error vector power
to the mean reference power expressed in percent.
Set the base station to transmit a signal according to E-TM2, E-TM
3.1, E-TM 3.2, E-TM 3.3

PDSCH-QPSK: 18.5% (E-TM 3.3)

PDSCH-16QAM: 13.5% (E-TM 3.2)
PDSCH-64QAM: 9% (E-TM 2 , E-TM 3.1)

Measurement (E-TM2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3)

Test Requirements : See the Table

Procedure

Setting sequence

Press Measure Setup Set the Bandwidth

Press Amp/Scale Input External Offset
Press Amp/Scale Press Auto Scale

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Wireless Test Solutions

Base Station Analyzers

AIR INTERFACE
Spectrum
Analysis

Interference
Analysis

Signal
Analysis

JD745A

RADIO
PERFORMANCE
Signal
Analysis

TRANSMISSION
SYSTEM

Multipath
Analysis

Cable & Antenna

Analysis

Spectrum
Analysis

Power
Measurements

BACKHAUL
E1, T1, Ethernet
Analysis

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Base Station Analysis

Spectrum Analysis

Key Features

Multi-trace management (Min/Max Hold).

AM/FM audio demodulation

Configurable limit line with PASS/FAIL

indicator

RF Source (-30 to 0 dBm)

Store and Replay Capability (JDViewer)

MULTI-TRACE MANAGEMENT

JDVIEWER SPECTRUM ANALYSIS - REPLAY

MULTI-SEGMENT LIMIT LINE

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Base Station Analysis

RF and Optical Power Testing

Power measurement methods:

Internal: RF power measurement

without external sensors.

External: with the assistance of

power sensors (RF or Optical).

Configurable min and max

limits for automated PASS /
FAIL Indication

INTERNAL RF POWER MEASUREMENT

(WITHOUT POWER SENSORS)

Power Measurement
Histogram

EXTERNAL OPTICAL POWER MEASUREMENT

(WITH POWER SENSORS)

EXTERNAL RF POWER MEASUREMENT

(WITH POWER SENSORS)

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Base Station Analysis

Cable and Antenna Testing
The BSA measures the cell site
function.
Key Measurements:

VSWR / Return Loss

Cable Loss

Distance to Fault

Insertion Gain/Loss

Configurable limits
for automated PASS
/ FAIL Indication

s feed line through its Antenna and Cable Analysis

VSWR - RL

DISTANCE TO FAULT

CABLE LOSS

INSERTION GAIN/LOSS

JD745A

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